Category: Journal Article

Please find details below of a new article added to our Bibliography:

Title: Communication behavior of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia): understanding marking-behavior patterns to optimize camera- trapping studies

Author: Krofel, M., Oliveira, T., Rovero, F., Groff, C., Augugliaro, C., Oberosler, V., Allen, M. L.

Abstract: Many carnivores rely on marking behavior for intraspecific communication with potential mates and competitors, using scent and visual markings to advertise their use of a territory and allow potential mates to assess their quality. However, obtaining data on communication behaviors of rare and elusive animals can be challenging. To better understand marking behavior of snow leopard (Panthera uncia), we combined camera-trapping, snow-tracking and transect counts of scrapes in the Altai Mountains, Mongolia, and measured frequencies of communication behaviors in both space and time. Next, we explored if this information could be used to improve the efficiency of snow leopard population monitoring through camera-trapping. Using the combination of all three methods, we detected seven communication behaviors. Most visits at marking sites began with sniffing (recorded at 56.4% visits) before progressing to other behaviors. Urine spraying (17.7% of visits) and scraping (16.8%) were exhibited at significantly more visits than other communication behaviors (flehmen, head/body rubbing, fecal deposition, claw marking). According to the snow-tracking data conducted in optimal habitats, scraping was the most frequent marking behavior with 12.8 scrapes/km, followed by urine marking with 10.5 marks/km. Along 32 transects, we recorded a mean of 8.0 cumulative scrapes/km, with highest marking rates recorded in gorges, which we recommend as prime habitats for deploying camera-traps. Finally, our results suggest that the number of scrapes observed at potential camera-trapping sites represents a good predictor of snow leopard visitation rate. Therefore, this parameter can be used when choosing camera-trapping locations to increase the efficiency of monitoring programs.

URL:  https://snowleopardnetwork.org/b/show.php?record=1771

Please find details below of a new article added to our Bibliography:

Title: Umbrella, keystone, or flagship? An integrated framework for identifying effective surrogate species

Author: Kau, M., Weckworth, B. V., Li, S., Pires, M.M., Jin, D., Pacifici, M., Rondinini, C., Boitani, L., McCarthy, T. M., Lu, Z., Schaller, G. B., Beissinger, S. R., Li, J.

Abstract: The global biodiversity crisis demands targeted conservation strategies that maximize impact despite limited
resources. Surrogate species approaches, particularly using umbrella, keystone, and flagship species, offer practical targets for conservation planning that may indirectly benefit ecosystems. However, selecting target species is often hindered by conceptual ambiguities and inconsistent methodologies. To address these challenges, we present an integrative framework that systematically identifies effective surrogate species through Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) combined with big data. Our framework quantifies each species’ conservation potential using three indices: an Umbrella index, a Keystone index, and a Flagship index. The Umbrella index assesses habitat overlap using Area of Habitat (AOH) data, the Keystone index is calculated through a network analysis of predator-prey relationships, and the Flagship index analyzes public interest via Google Trends and Baidu Index. These indices are integrated into a composite Effectiveness index using the Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) model, with sensitivity analysis to evaluate the robustness of species rankings. We applied this framework to Three-River-Source National Park in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Our results identified the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) as the most effective surrogate species among mammals, ranking first in both the Flagship and Keystone indices, and tenth in the Umbrella index, leading to its top position in the composite Effectiveness index. This data-driven, transparent approach enhances objectivity in surrogate species selection, promising more strategic and impactful biodiversity conservation efforts worldwide.

URL: https://snowleopardnetwork.org/b/show.php?record=1770

Please find details below of a new article added to our Bibliography:

Title: Insights on the evolution and adaptation toward high-­ altitude and cold environments in the snow leopard lineage

Author: Jiangzuo, Q., Madurell-Malapeira, J., Xinhai, L., Estraviz-Lopez, D., Mateus, O., Testu, A., Li, S., Wang, S., Deng, T.

Abstract: How snow leopard gradually adapted to the extreme environments in Tibet remains unexplored due to the scanty fossil record in Tibet. Here, we recognize five valid outside-­Tibet records of the snow leopard lineage. Our results suggest that the snow leopard dispersed out of the Tibetan Plateau multiple times during the Quaternary. The osteological anatomy of the modern snow leopard shows adaptation to the steep slope and, to a lesser extent, cold/high-­altitude environment. Fossils and phylogeny suggest that the snow leopard experienced a gradual strengthening of such adaptation, especially since the Middle Pleistocene (~0.8 million years). Species distribution modeling suggests that the locations of the fossil sites are not within most suitable area, and we argue that local landscape features are more influential factors than temperature and altitude alone. Our study underscores the importance of integrating morphology, fossil records, and species distribution modeling, to comprehensively understand the evolution, ecology, and inform conservation strategies for endangered species.

URL: https://snowleopardnetwork.org/b/show.php?record=1769

Please find details below of a new article added to our Bibliography:

Title: First large‑scale assessment of snow leopard population in China using existing data from multiple organizations

Author: Li, X., Wei, C., Chen, X., Jia, D., Li, P., Liang, S., Jikmed, A., Gao, Y., Zhao, X., Chu, M., Sharma, K., Alexander, J. A., Lu, Z., Xiao, L.

Abstract: Abundance estimation of large carnivores is essential for their effective conservation planning, yet estimating population size is challenging due to their elusive and wide-ranging nature. China is estimated to encompass 60% of the snow leopard Panthera uncia habitat, making it a crucial pillar for global snow leopard conservation. However, no large-scale population assessment has been conducted despite scattered survey effort accumulating rapidly in recent years. This study combined and standardized existing camera trap survey data from 12 sites collected by four organizations during 2015 ~ 2021 to estimate snow leopard population in an area of 360,000 ­ km2 on the Tibetan Plateau, China. The representativeness of existing survey was evaluated based on two habitat stratification approaches to achieve less biased population assessment. Spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) models were applied for snow leopard density estimation and the top-ranked model showed a significant positive correlation between conservation priority strata and density. An average snow leopard density of 0.90 /100 ­ km2 (95% CI: 0.68 ~ 1.21 /100 ­ km2) and a population size of 1,002 (95% CI: 755 ~ 1,341) individuals was estimated for the defined snow leopard habitat. Two more conservative estimates of 971 (95% CI: 732 ~ 1,287) and 978 (95% CI: 737 ~ 1,267) individuals were generated within two defined survey regions, in which our data had higher representativity. This study presents a practical approach to synthesize existing population survey data for large-scale population assessments of individually identifiable species. The estimated number represents 11 ~ 21% of the global snow leopard population, indicating high conservation value of this region.

URL: https://snowleopardnetwork.org/b/show.php?record=1768

Please find details below of a new article added to our Bibliography:

Title: Who’s the boss? Understanding the spatial relationship between snow leopard and Eurasian lynx in southern Mongolia

Author: Byambasuren, C., Johansson, O., Alexander, J. S., Lkhagvajav, P., Samelius, G., Sharma, K.

Abstract: Interspecific competition, a fundamental ecological process characterized by negative interactions between species, plays a vital role in shaping ecological communities. Despite the co-occurrence of the snow leopard Panthera uncia and the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx across vast landscapes in Asia, their interactions remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how the presence of snow leopards affected site-use by lynx and whether the presence of snow leopards resulted in behavioral adaptations by the lynx. Between 2017 and 2022, we conducted camera trap-based surveys across six sites in southern Mongolia and evaluated species co-occurrence by snow leopards and lynx using the occupancy framework. We assumed snow leopards to be the dominant species while using topographical and land cover variables as covariates. Our results show that the presence of snow leopards influenced site-use by lynx, leading to a shift in space use when snow leopards were present. Specifically, lynx used the entire range of ruggedness and did not select for shrubby areas in the absence of snow leopards, whereas they avoided rugged areas and had a strong preference for shrubby areas when snow leopards were present. Our findings emphasize the influence a larger predator can have on the space use of a smaller predator, and how the presence of snow leopards can alter the space-use of lynx. Understanding these interactions  and behavioral adaptations can be useful for developing effective conservation strategies in the region.

URL: https://snowleopardnetwork.org/b/show.php?record=1767

Please find details below of a new article added to our Bibliography:

Title: Reflections from a snow leopard eco-camp program in Mongolia

Author: Mijiddorj, T. N., Ganchudur, B., Samelius, G., Alexander, J. S.

Abstract: Environmental education can efficiently engage individuals in addressing environmental challenges and promote collaboration among stakeholders. The aim of this paper was to understand how children participating in eco-camps perceived nature and the environment. Additionally, we aim to share our experiences from eight years of eco-camp activities conducted for sixth-grade students (aged 12-13 years) in the Gobi region of southern Mongolia. The program utilized active learning in snow leopard habitats. We used creative expressions, specifically write-ups such as poems, to capture the children’s perceptions and feelings about nature. The findings revealed that the children participating in the program conveyed a sense of awe for nature and awareness of ecosystem services. Feedback from parents and teachers indicated that the program was effective at creating positive changes in the childrenʼs behavior. While short-term outcomes were evident, further investigation into the long-term sustainability of these changes are needed.

URL: https://snowleopardnetwork.org/b/show.php?record=1766

Please find details below of a new article added to our Bibliography:

Title: First Photographic Evidence of Pallas’s Cat (Otocolobus manul) from Himachal Pradesh, India

Author: Sharma, C., Thuktan, T., Tobge, R., Angrup, D., Chhering, D., Sherab, T., Chhering, T., Bajaj, D., Khanyari, M., Suryawanshi, K.

Abstract: While the study of carnivore ecology has made significant progress, our knowledge of small cats remains limited. For some species, their distribution remains largely unknown. We report the first photographic evidence of the Pallas’s cat in Himachal Pradesh, India. Of the 56 camera traps placed for snow leopard population estimation across Kinnaur region between March-May 2024, we recorded Pallas’s cat at three camera trap sites with 19 images from three instances during morning hours. These captures were at an elevation of 3900–4100 meters in rocky habitats largely dominated by boulders and cliffs. Sympatric carnivores captured were snow leopard (Panthera uncia), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), stone marten (Martes foina) and free-ranging dogs. This discovery not only extends the known distribution of Pallas’s cat but also underscores the urgent need for focused conservation research and action in this region, especially given the presence of free-ranging dogs. This can be achieved through coordinated, landscape level and trans-boundary efforts.

URL: https://snowleopardnetwork.org/b/show.php?record=1765

Please find details below of a new article added to our Bibliography:

Title: Return of the Eurasian lynx: using local stakeholder knowledge and experiences to inform lynx conservation in the French Alps

Author: Alexander, J. S., Christe, P., Zimmermann, F.

Abstract: Large carnivore conservation in human-dominated landscapes is a complex issue, often marked by the stark contrast between those who hold deep-rooted animosity towards these animals and those who welcome their presence. The survival of the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in Europe relies on effective coexistence with humans in multi-use areas. We explored the experiences and perceptions of local hunters and pastoralists regarding the return of the lynx to the Giffre Valley, France, and mapped lynx distribution based on the probability of site use while accounting for detection probability. We conducted in-depth interviews with 29 respondents to gather data on lynx sightings, rationale for hunting and pastoralism, and perceptions of lynxes. We found that 45% of respondents had detected lynxes in the last 40 years, with an estimated site use of 0.66 ± SE 0.33 over the last decade, indicating there was a 66% probability of lynxes using the sites during that time period. Our results suggest that hunting and pastoralism in the region are rooted in a desire to carry on local traditions and connect with the natural world. Respondents generally tolerated the presence of lynxes, perceiving few threats to their livelihoods and activities, and expressing a willingness to coexist peacefully. However, some identified future challenges that could arise with the return of large carnivores to the valley and highlighted scenarios that could lead to a decline in tolerance. This study emphasizes the valuable knowledge of local hunters and pastoralists and their potential role in lynx population monitoring and conservation. Integrating stakeholder values in decision- making processes is crucial for inclusive and sustainable responses to promote biodiversity.

URL: https://snowleopardnetwork.org/b/show.php?record=1764

Please find details below of a new article added to our Bibliography:

Title: Monitoring of snow leopards in the Sarychat-Ertash State Reserve (Kyrgyzstan), between 2011 and 2019, through scat genotyping

Author: Rode, J., Cabanat, A., Pelletier, A., Kaerle, C., Pirog, A., Dufaure de Citres, C., Queney, G., Chaix, B., Vereshagin, A., Casane, D.

Abstract: Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are a keystone species of Asia’s high mountain ecosystem. The species is assessed as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and is elusive, limiting accurate population assessments that could inform conservation actions. Non-invasive genetic monitoring conducted by citizen scientists offers avenues to provide key data on this species. From 2011 to 2019, OSI-Panthera citizen science expeditions tracked signs of presence of snow leopards and collected scat samples along transects in the main valleys and crests of the Sarychat-Ertash State Reserve (Kyrgyzstan). Scat samples were genotyped at twenty autosomal microsatellite loci and at a X/Y locus (sex identification), allowing an estimation of a minimum of 17 individuals. The genetic recapture of 12 of them provided indications of individuals’ habitat use throughout the reserve. We found putative family relationships between several individuals; however, further research is needed to validate these findings. Our results demonstrate the potential of a citizen science program to collect meaningful data that can inform the conservation management of snow leopards.

URL: https://snowleopardnetwork.org/b/show.php?record=1763

Please find details below of a new article added to our Bibliography:

Title: Collaborative conservation for snow leopards: Lessons learned from successful community-based interventions

Author: Young, J. C., Alexander, J. S., Agvaantseren, B., Bijoor, A., Butler, A., Nawaz, M. A., Piaopiao, T., Searle, K. R., Uulu, K. Z., Zhi, L., Suryawanshi, K. R., Redpath, S. M., Mishra, C.

Abstract: Collaborative conservation interventions based on engagement with local communities are increasingly common, especially for large carnivores that negatively impact people’s livelihoods and well-being. However, evaluating the effectiveness of large-scale community-based conservation interventions is rarely done, making it problematic to assess or justify their impact. In our study focused on snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in five countries, we show that bespoke and well- implemented community-based and conflict management intervention efforts can lead to more sustainable conservation outcomes. Collaborative interventions, spread over about 88,000 km2 of snow leopard habitat, reduced livestock depredation and disease and associated economic costs. Additionally, they generated conservation-linked livelihoods and enhanced community decision-making, leading to more positive behavioral intent toward snow leopards and improved communities’ cooperation, economic security, an
d confidence. Our results provide lessons learned and recommendations for practitioners and governments to alleviate conflicts and foster coexistence with snow leopards and large carnivores more broadly. These include prioritizing locally led tailored solutions based on the PARTNERS principles, recognizing local community rights in conservation decision-making, and recognizing the role of social norms in ensuring accountability.

URL: https://snowleopardnetwork.org/b/show.php?record=1762