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Author Schaller, G.B.
Title (up) Status of large mammals in the Taxkorgan Reserve, Xinjiang, China Type Journal Article
Year 1987 Publication Biological-Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume 42 Issue 1 Pages 53-71
Keywords Marco-Polo; sheep; Ovis-ammon-poli; Asiatic; ibex; Capra-ibex; blue-sheep; Pseudois-nayaur; snow; leopard; Panthera-uncia; wolf; Canis-lupus; brown; bear; Ursus-arctos; marmot; survey; status; China; Taxkorgan; reserve; capra ibex; snow leopard; blue; browse; marco polo; ovis; ammon; poli; capra; pseudois nayaur; panthera; uncia; canis; lupus; ursus arctos; 880
Abstract A status survey of large mammals was conducted in the W half of 14 000 km“SUP 2” Taxkorgan Reserve. Only one viable population of fewer than 150 Marco Polo sheep Ovis ammon poli survives; it appears to be augmented by adult males from Russia and Afghanistan during the winter rut. Asiatic ibex Capra ibex occur primarily in the western part of the reserve and blue sheep Pseudois nayaur – the most abundant wild ungulate – in the E and SE parts. The 2 species overlap in the area of contact. Counts revealed an average wild ungulate density of 0.34 animals km“SUP -2”. Snow leopard Panthera uncia were rare, with possibly 50-75 in the reserve, as were wolves Canis lupus and brown bear Ursus arctos. The principal spring food of snow leopard was blue sheep (60%) and marmot (29%). Local people have greatly decimated wildlife. Overgrazing by livestock and overuse of shrubs for fuelwood is turning this arid steppe habitat into desert. -from Authors
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 100 Serial 866
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Author Tumursukh, L., Suryawanshi, K. R., Mishra, C., McCarthy, T. M., Boldgiv, B.
Title (up) Status of the mountain ungulate prey of the Endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia in the Tost Local Protected Area, South Gobi, Mongolia Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-6
Keywords Argali, Central Asia, double-observer survey, ibex, Panthera uncia, snow leopard, ungulate prey
Abstract The availability of wild prey is a critical predictor of carnivore density. However, few conservation pro- grammes have focused on the estimation and monitoring of wild ungulate populations and their trends, especially in the remote mountains of Central Asia. We conducted double-observer surveys to estimate the populations of ibex Capra sibirica and argali Ovis ammon in the mountain- ous regions of Tost Local Protected Area, South Gobi prov- ince, Mongolia, which is being considered for designation as a Nature Reserve. We also conducted demographic surveys of the more abundant ibex to examine their sex-ratio and the survival of young during –. The estimated ibex population remained stable in  and  and the es- timated argali population increased from  in  to  in . The biomass of wild ungulates was c. % that of live- stock. Mortality in young ibex appeared to increase after weaning, at the age of  months. We estimated the popula- tion of wild ungulates was sufficient to support – adult snow leopards Panthera uncia. The adult snow leopard population in our study area during –, estimated independently using camera-trap-based mark–recapture methods, was –. Based on our results we identify the Tost Local Protected Area as an important habitat for the conservation of these ungulates and their predator, the Endangered snow leopard, and recommend elevation of its status to a Nature Reserve.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1425
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Author Fox, J.L.; Sinha, S.P.; Chundawat, R.S.; Das, P.K.
Title (up) Status of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in Northwest India Type Journal Article
Year 1991 Publication Biological Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 283-298
Keywords ibex; leopard; snow-leopard; blue-sheep; Asiatic-ibex; asia; Himalayas; India; Himalaya; Jammu; Kashmir; Ladakh; panthera; uncia; Pseudois; nayaur; Capra-ibex; parks; reserves; conservation; capra ibex; snow leopard; blue; sheep; browse; pseudois nayaur; capra; Asiatic; 790
Abstract Evidence of snow leopard presence was most abundant in C Ladakh, decreased southward toward the crest of the Himalaya, and was least on the S side of the main Himalaya. Prey populations, primarily blue sheep Pseudois nayaur and Asiatic ibex Capra ibex, were also more plentiful in the areas surveyed to the N of the main Himalaya. Perhaps 400 snow leopard occur throughout NW India. The stronghold of this species in India is apparently the trans- Himalayan ranges in Ladakh where new parks and reserves are being established, some in association with a snow leopard recovery programme of the state of Jammu and Kashmir and a 'Project Snow Leopard' of the central Indian government. Because of the generally low density of snow leopard, conservation measures must also be considered within the large areas of its range lying outside parks and reserves. -from Authors
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 174 Serial 297
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Author Reading, R.P.; Mix, H.; Lhagvasuren, B.; Blumer, E.S.
Title (up) Status of wild Bactrian camels and other large ungulates in south-western Mongolia Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume 33 Issue 3 Pages 247-255
Keywords argali; Asian wild ass; Bactrian camels; Camelus bactrianus; goitred gazelle; Mongolia.; 5230
Abstract Abstract Wild Bactrian camels Camelus bactrianus ferus are endangered. Surveys over the past several decades suggest a marked decline in camel numbers and reproductive success. However, most surveys were made using methods that precluded rigorous population estimation. The need for more accurate surveys resulted in an aerial survey of known and suspected camel habitat in Mongolia during March 1997. We estimated density, group density and population size of large mammals in south-western Mongolia using the interactive computer program DISTANCE. We recorded sufficient data for population modelling of wild Bactrian camels, goitred gazelles Gazella subgutturosa, Asian wild asses Equus hemionus and argali sheep Ovis ammon. We observed 277 camels in 27 groups (mean group size = 10.269 +- 2.38 SE camels: group). Modelling yielded a population estimate of 198 +- 802 SE camels in the survey area. Population modelling for other ungulates yielded estimates of 6046 +- 1398 SE goitred gazelles, 1674 +- 506 SE Asian wild asses and 909 +- 303 SE argalis. Discrepancies between population estimates of ungulates in our survey and previous surveys are discussed with regard to methods used and robustness of results obtained. We also discuss conservation implications for wild Bactrian camels and other Mongolian ungulates.
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Notes Full text available at URL Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 508 Serial 812
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Author Koshkarev, E.
Title (up) Strategy of Snow Leopard Conservation in the Range Type Conference Article
Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords snow; leopard; uncia; conservation; poaching; protected; areas; range; population; protection; asia; endangered; species; 4990
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Notes Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 485 Serial 568
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Author Novikov G.A.
Title (up) Sub-genus UNCIA Gray Type Miscellaneous
Year 1956 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 274-277
Keywords Ussr; Central Asia; uncia; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; habitats; highly mountain; reproduction; Migration; use.; 7760; Russian
Abstract Identification features of the sub-genus Uncia (colour; length of body and tail; shoulder height, and skull measurements) are given. Distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, commercial value of snow leopard in the USSR is described.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Predatory mammals of the USSR fauna. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 754 Serial 726
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Author Laptev M.K.
Title (up) The cats – Felidae Type Miscellaneous
Year 1929 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue I. Issue Pages 55-60
Keywords Central Asia; Felidae; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution.; 7550; Russian
Abstract It describes identification features of the Felidae family species (ItŒ¤ŒlŒbus, A¤inŒn¢o, L¢no, Oigris, D…rdus, Uncia, r†m…†lurus, ¥…a…¤…l, ¥atolynx, Felis): colour, body size and skull length, length of limbs, presence or absence of ear-brushes, cheek-bones width, nasal bones, palatine bone, rapacious tooth, and acoustical capsules.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Central Asia mammals Guide (insectivorous, bats, predators, and ungulates). Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 733 Serial 611
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Author Kogan M.I.
Title (up) The Kazakh SSR. The Kyrgyz SSR. The Uzbek and Tajik SSR. The Turkmen SSR Type Miscellaneous
Year 1931 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 47, 51-52,55-57, 59, 61-62.
Keywords Central Asia; game species; fur-trade; snow leopard.; 7160; Russian
Abstract It describes geographical, soil, climatic and hydrological features of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Types of economic activities including fur-trade are described, too. Game preserves are classified, and list of game fauna species inhabiting these republics is given. Snow leopard lives in rocky mountains and is hunted very rarely.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Soviet Asia as a fur-trade region. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 694 Serial 540
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Author Chumakova A.V.
Title (up) The Kyzylsu, Miraki, and Markakol nature reserves Type Miscellaneous
Year 1980 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 153-155
Keywords Central Asia; nature reserves; Kysylsu nature reserve; Miraki nature reserve; Markakol nature reserve; establishment; soil; climate; physiographic factors; researching; plants; Animals; snow leopard.; 6470; Russian
Abstract A description of the Kyzylsu, Miraki, and Markakol nature reserves is given and includes as follows: data of establishment, location, physic and geographic description, types of soils, climate, vegetation, altitude zones, and fauna. In the Kyzylsu nature reserve there are 28 mammal species; in Miraki 23, and in Mirkakol 39. Snow leopard can be found in all the three nature reserves.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 625 Serial 220
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Author Kuznetsov B.A.
Title (up) The mountainous province in Central Asia Type Miscellaneous
Year 1950 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Edition 20th. (XXXV). New series. Zoological secti Issue Pages 141-144
Keywords Central Asia; landscapes; biodiversity; mountain zone; fauna; snow leopard.; 7510; Russian
Abstract The landscape and biologic diversity of Central Asia's mountains are described. Different types of fauna complexes are segregated. Snow leopard, dhole, and ibex are referred to Central Asia's highland species.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Essay on geographical zoning in the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 729 Serial 600
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Author Bobrinskiy N.A.
Title (up) The mountains of Central Asia Type Miscellaneous
Year 1951 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 382
Keywords Central Asia; zoogeography; mountain fauna; snow leopard.; 6320; Russian
Abstract Given is a general characteristic of fauna complexes in the mountains of Central Asia (Jungar Ala-Tau, Tien Shan, Hissar Alai, Kopet-Dag), peculiarities of animal distribution in association with folded mountain relief, vertical zoning, anthropogenic influence and importance of mountain fauna for human beings. It provides a description of main animal groups and is an effort of zoning fauna of the mountains of Central Asia.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Geography of animals (a course of zoogeography). Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 610 Serial 179
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Author Johnson, D.
Title (up) The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation goes international Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Endangered Species Update, A Abbreviated Journal
Volume 11 Issue 10 Pages A10
Keywords Nfwf; India; asia; siberia; endangered-species; snow-leopard; managemnet; conservation; snow leopard; browse; endangered; species; 1150
Abstract Abstract: The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) which is a conservation organization created in 1984 aims to conserve the species on an international context before they are endangered which will enable a more effective conservation procedure. The NFWF has addressed the causes of endangered species in India and South Asia such as the tiger, Indian wolf and the snow leopard and has supported the conservation efforts of the Siberian tiger. It has cooperated with multi-national organizations to evaluate the best strategy that could be adopted to prevent a future extinction of several species and has supported CITES programs
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 254 Serial 500
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Author Mishra, C.; Allen, P.; McCarthy, T.; Madhusudan, M.D.; Agvaantserengiin, B.; Prins H.
Title (up) The role of incentive programs in conserving the snow leopard Type Miscellaneous
Year 2003 Publication Conservation Biology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 17 Issue Pages 1512-1520
Keywords Central Asia; community; conservation; herder; incentive program; India; livestock; Mongolia; pastoralists; poaching; retaliatory killing; snow leopard; Uncia uncia
Abstract Pastoralists and their livestock share much of the habitat of the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) across south and central Asia. The levels of livestock predation by the snow leopard and other carnivores are high, and retaliatory killing by the herders is a direct threat to carnivore populations. Depletion of wild prey by poaching and competition from livestock also poses an indirect threat to the region's carnivores. Conservationists working in these underdeveloped areas that face serious economic damage from livestock losses have turned to incentive programs to motivate local communities to protect carnivores. We describe a pilot incentive program in India that aims to offset losses due to livestock predation and to enhance wild prey density by creating livestock-free areas on common land. We also describe how income generation from handicrafts in Mongolia is helping curtail poaching and retaliatory killing of snow leopards. However, initiatives to offset the costs of living with carnivores and to make conservation beneficial to affected people have thus far been small, isolated, and heavily subsidized. Making these initiatives more comprehensive, expanding their coverage, and internalizing their costs are future challenged for the conservation of large carnivores such as the snow leopard.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 904 Serial 693
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Author Oli, M.K.
Title (up) The Snow Leopard Dilema: Will they Persist Type Conference Article
Year 1995 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 433-441
Keywords asia; Uncia-uncia; conservation; snow-leopard; protection; fur; medicine; livestock; predation; habitat; uncia; snow; leopard; snow leopard; browse; 920
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Notes Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Mississippi State University, Box 9690, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Title, Monographic: 1995 AZA Regional Conference Proceedings Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 274 Serial 749
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Author Schaller, G.B.; Hong, L.; Talipu, J.; Mingjiang, R.Q.
Title (up) The snow leopard in Xinjiang, China Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume 22 Issue 4 Pages 197-204
Keywords China; Xinjiang; asia; refuges; parks; reserves; snow-leopard; prey; livestock; predators; herders; fur; management; snow leopard; browse; 930
Abstract Snow leopards live in the mountains of Central Asia, their range stretching from Afganastan to Lake Baikal in Eastern Tibet. They are endangered throughout their range, being hunted as predators of mains livestock and for their skin. Much of the snow leopards range lies in China, but not enough is known about its staus there for effective conservation. As part of a project to assess China's high altitude wildlife resources the authors conducted a survey in Xinjiang- a vast arid region of deserts and mountains. Although the snow leopard and other wildlife have declined steeply in Xinjiang in recent decades, the cta still persists and one area has the potential to become one of the best refuges for the species in its entire range. Its future in XInjiang, howevere, depends on well protected reserves, enforcement of regulations against killing the animal, and proper managemnt of the prey species.
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Notes Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 129 Serial 868
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Author Kashkarov, E.
Title (up) THE SNOW LEOPARD OF KIRGIZIA: NATIONAL SHAME OR NATIONAL PRIDE Type Journal Article
Year 2017 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 239-253
Keywords snow leopard, irbis, ibex, mountain sheep, conservation, range, reserve, monitoring, cameratrap, Sarychat, Kirgizia, Central Asia.
Abstract Article examines the problems existing in conservation of the snow leopard in Kirgizia after break-up of the

USSR. Unfortunate situation is common to most of the 14 countries in the snow leopard range, but seems

especially sharp to Kirgizia. Yet half of the century ago Kirgizia has had about 1.5 thousand of the snow

leopards, and today there remains no more than 1/10. In Soviet time Kirgizia was a global supplier of the

snow leopards for the zoo-export � to create a reserve number of endangered cats in captivity. Today, at

least half of the snow leopards in the Zoos of the world are individuals, caught in Kirgizia or their

descendants.

Since independence, Kirgizia has set new records. In Sarychat-Irtash reserve � the best for the snow

leopard in Central Asia, and probably in the whole range � this species was completely destroyed after 3

years of reserve opening... and 17 years later � revived... Situation comes presently back to the worst-case

scenario, and not only for the snow leopard. Author shows how work in this direction social and economic

levers, and what kind future he would like to see in Kirgizia, where he lived for 12 years and was at the

forefront of pioneering research of the snow leopard and its conservation.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1454
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Author Mallon, D.
Title (up) The Snow Leopard, Panthera uncia, in Mongolia Type Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 4 Issue Pages 3-9
Keywords Mongolia; snow-leopard; gobi; distribution; status; asia; herders; snow leopard; browse; 950
Abstract In the International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards 3, Blomqvist and Sten notes (1982) that no information had been recieved on the snow leopard in Mongolia. The present paper sets out to repair that omission by summarising the information in print on snow leopards in Mongolia and giving a brief account of its distribution in the country. This is essentially a review paper and it is hoped that more precise data may be obtained from fieldwork carried out in the future by Mongolian zoologist. The author worked in Mongolia for two years 1975-1977, and during that time collected information on mammals of Mongolia. Information on the snow leopard was obtained from colleagues at the State University of Mongolia; from zoologists and hunters; from herdsmen and local informants from all parts of the country and from three journeys made by the author: to the eastern Gobi Altai; the Khangai mountains, and a 2000 km journey through western Altai. In this paper, the term “Mongolia” refers to the territory of the Mongolian peoples Republic
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 114 Serial 643
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Author Anandakrishnan, M.B.
Title (up) The snow leopard: Elusive and endangered Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication The Environmental Magazine Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 18-19
Keywords Himalayan; poaching; tourism; development; Nepal; asia; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; 1070
Abstract The snow leopard has never been common, but there may be fewer than 4,000 left in its Himalayan habitat, and poaching and tourism-related development in the region could drive its numbers down further.
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Notes Copyright Earth Action Network, Inc. Sep/Oct 1998 Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 352 Serial 71
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Author Darehshuri, B.F.
Title (up) Threatened cats of Asia Type Journal Article
Year 1978 Publication Wildlife Abbreviated Journal
Volume 20 Issue 9 Pages 396-400
Keywords Asia, Acinonyx jubatus, Asiatic cheetah, cheetah, Siberian tiger, snow leopard
Abstract Man's hand is turned against the wild cats wherever they occur, often due to the value of their fur, but also because of the danger they sometimes pose to domestic stock and even human beings. All the larger Asian cats are threatened, and on this and the following pages we look at three of them – the Asiatic cheetah, the Siberian tiger, and the snow leopard.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1116
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Author Jackson, R.
Title (up) Threatened Cats of Asia; Snow Leopard Type Journal Article
Year 1978 Publication Wildlife Abbreviated Journal
Volume 20 Issue Pages 403-405
Keywords asia; Nepal; browse; 3120
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 42 Serial 432
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Author International Snow Leopard Trust
Title (up) Trade Continues in Snow Leopard Skins Type Miscellaneous
Year 1996 Publication Snowline Abbreviated Journal
Volume xiv Issue Pages
Keywords poaching; pelts; trade; asia; Pakistan; China; Kashgar; browse; 4550
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 443 Serial 924
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Author Koshkarev E.
Title (up) What has happened to the snow leopard after the break-up of Soviet Union? Type Miscellaneous
Year 2000 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume 4 (19) Issue Pages 72
Keywords Central Asia; status; poaching; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7280; Russian
Abstract It describes status of snow leopard in republics of the former Soviet Union, main reasons for poaching and negative and positive experience on species conservation. The total number of snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the 1980's was at least 1200-1400. In Kazakhstan the snow leopard population totaled 180-200, in Uzbekistan around 100, and in Russia 150-200. The number and natural habitat of the species were in universal decline. Losses in Kyrgyzstan from poaching alone were no less than 30 animals per year in 1960-1980's. During this period the population in this area decreased by half, and the natural habitat by one third. With the break-up of the Soviet Union, poaching of the snow leopard and its pray grew by at least a factor of 3-4. It was estimated that 500-600 animals reduced the Kyrgyz snow leopard population in the 1990's. The population that remains today can barely be more than 150-200 individual snow leopards. The population has been physically decimated. Number of snow leopard in existence today in the former Soviet Union does not exceed 700-900 individual animals.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature conservation Journal. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 706 Serial 556
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Author Sunquist, F.
Title (up) Where cats and herders mix. (snow leopards in Tibet and Mongolia) Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication International Wildlife Abbreviated Journal
Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 27-33
Keywords Mongolia; Tibet; herder; livestock; snow-leopard; predator; prey; World-Wildlife-Foundation; habitat; reserve; park; refuge; Pakistan; China; herders; parks; protected-area; snow leopard; browse; Wwf; world wildlife foundation; 1110; snow; leopard; range; territory; central; Central Asia; asia; Animal; region; conservation; wildlife; foundation; border; sheep; Baltistan; enclosures; area; home; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; countries; country; Feed; Cats; cat; mountain; peoples; people
Abstract The snow leopard inhabits a huge range of territory which encompasses some of Central Asia's most bleak and inhospitable terrains. The animal herders in these regions are desperately poor and yet they have agreed to cooperate with conservation groups in protecting the snow leopard. The World Wildlife Foundation has worked to create a refuge on the Pakistan-China border. Sheep herders near Askole, a village in the Baltistan region of northern Paksitan, drive their flocks past stone enclosures. The area is also home to snow leopards. With their natural prey dminished, leopards in 13 countries of central Asia occasionally feed on livestock, putting the cats on a collision course with mountain peoples.
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Notes COPYRIGHT 1997 National Wildlife Federation , Jan-Feb 1997 v27 n1 p26(8) Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 330 Serial 950
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Author Tallian, A., Mattisson, J., Samelius, G., Odden, J., Mishra, C., Linnell, J. D. C., Lkhagvajav, P., Johansson, O.
Title (up) Wild versus domestic prey: Variation in the kill-site behavior of two large felids Type Journal Article
Year 2023 Publication Global Ecology and Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume 47 Issue e026750 Pages 1-13
Keywords Eurasian lynx, Handling time, Landscape, Livestock, Predation, Snow leopard
Abstract Livestock depredation is an important source of conflict for many terrestrial large carnivore

species. Understanding the foraging behavior of large carnivores on domestic prey is therefore

important for both mitigating conflict and conserving threatened carnivore populations. Handling

time is an important, albeit often overlooked, component of predatory behavior, as it directly

influences access to food biomass, which can affect predator foraging efficiency and subsequent

kill rates. We used long-term data on snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in Mongolia (Asia) and

Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Norway (Europe) to examine how large carnivore foraging patterns

varied between domestic and wild prey, and how the different landscape characteristics affected

those patterns. Our results suggest handling time was generally shorter for domestic compared to

wild prey. For snow leopards, rugged terrain was linked to increased handling time for larger

prey. For lynx, handling time increased with terrain ruggedness for domestic, but not wild, prey,

and was greater in closed compared to open habitats. There were also other differences in snow

leopard and lynx foraging behavior, e.g., snow leopards also stayed longer at, and remained closer

to, their kill sites than lynx. Shorter handling time suggests that felids may have utilized domestic

prey less effectively than wild prey, i.e., they spent less time consuming their prey. This could a)

result in an energetic or fitness cost related to decreased felid foraging efficiency caused by the

risk of anthropogenic disturbance, or b) exacerbate conflict if reduced handling time associated

with easy prey results in increased livestock depredation.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1737
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