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	Author	Schaller, G.B.
	Title	Status of large mammals in the Taxkorgan Reserve, Xinjiang, China			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Biological-Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	42	Issue	1	Pages	53-71
	Keywords	Marco-Polo; sheep; Ovis-ammon-poli; Asiatic; ibex; Capra-ibex; blue-sheep; Pseudois-nayaur; snow; leopard; Panthera-uncia; wolf; Canis-lupus; brown; bear; Ursus-arctos; marmot; survey; status; China; Taxkorgan; reserve; capra ibex; snow leopard; blue; browse; marco polo; ovis; ammon; poli; capra; pseudois nayaur; panthera; uncia; canis; lupus; ursus arctos; 880
	Abstract	A status survey of large mammals was conducted in the W half of 14 000 km“SUP 2” Taxkorgan Reserve. Only one viable population of fewer than 150 Marco Polo sheep Ovis ammon poli survives; it appears to be augmented by adult males from Russia and Afghanistan during the winter rut. Asiatic ibex Capra ibex occur primarily in the western part of the reserve and blue sheep Pseudois nayaur – the most abundant wild ungulate – in the E and SE parts. The 2 species overlap in the area of contact. Counts revealed an average wild ungulate density of 0.34 animals km“SUP -2”. Snow leopard Panthera uncia were rare, with possibly 50-75 in the reserve, as were wolves Canis lupus and brown bear Ursus arctos. The principal spring food of snow leopard was blue sheep (60%) and marmot (29%). Local people have greatly decimated wildlife. Overgrazing by livestock and overuse of shrubs for fuelwood is turning this arid steppe habitat into desert. -from Authors
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes	Full Text Available at URLDocument Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 100			Serial	866
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	Author	Riddell, Mand L.G.
	Title	Snow Leopard Expedition Kazakhstan 2004			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2004	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; snow leopard; expedition; Central Asia; ecotourism; map; 5730
	Abstract	This Newcastle University Expedition reviewed the conflict between man and snow leopard in the region east of Tekeli in the Dzhungarian Alatau range, Kazakhstan. After the soviet state breakup in 1991 snow leopards in Kazakhstan and in the other Asian republics were subjected to high levels of persecution. There are thought to be between 180-200 snow leopards in Kazakhstan, of which 37-40 individuals inhabit the Dzhungarian Mountains. No work has been done previously to review the present snow leopard-human conflicts in this region, and this project looked to update previous reports from Central Asia about predominant conflicts in these regions. The expedition team worked with the Institute of Zoology in Kazakhstan and two of the six person team were Kazakh students. Methods comparable to those used in previous studies were used to map and rank the threats in the western area of the range, over an eight week period. The expedition team lived in the mountains for periods of two-three weeks, carrying all their food and equipment and using local vehicles, horses and trekking to move from pasture to pasture. Semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and prey counts were used to assess snow leopard-human conflicts including poaching of snow leopard, poaching of leopard wild prey, human disturbance and livestock overgrazing. The results from the report support much previous work from Kazakhstan and other areas in Central Asia, but serve as a useful update shedding light on an optimistic future for snow leopard conservation while highlighting what the expedition team perceives to be the major threats to snow leopards. The threats to snow leopards, in order of relevance from most to least, are loss of prey predominantly through hunting by local people (both legal and illegal), direct hunting of snowleopard for pelt/medicine, disturbance by herders on the pastures, snow leopard habitat fragmentation around the mountain bases, and least importantly overgrazing by domestic livestock. Retaliatory kills by herders are not a threat in the region and on livestock were killed by snow leopards. Levels of all hunting, legal and illegal, need to be reduced in the range until wildlife populations have recovered significantly from the mid-1990's over-hunting period. Levels of rural corruption among many stakeholders were high around the mountain region, and are thought to contribute negatively to wildlife conservation in the area. Ecotourism in the area, that incorporates local people around the mountain region, is proposed as a solution to offer local people's incentives to lower hunting levels. This report makes the following main recommendations: ÿStrengthening law enforcement capacity ÿIncreasing the number of ecological rangers ÿIncreasing incentives of ecological rangers to prevent poaching ÿEquipping the ecological rangers more sufficiently ÿMore effective communication between ranger and National Park administrative regions ÿThe involvement of all stakeholders in wildlife conservation including military officials and local herders ÿWhistle blower policies to prevent illegal trade in all animals in the region ÿMore geographic consistency between present and proposed protected areas in the region Accurate snow leopard monitoring to build on valuable information previously collected in Kazakhstan Provision of local incentives (ecotourism and community based hunting reserves) to reduce local hunting and local unemployment around the mountains Increased interest and technical assistance in Kazakhstan from conservation International Non-Governmental Organizations More government fund for the Institute of Zoology Stronger cross border (Kazakhstan-China) legislation implementation Further research could involve establishing an annual, standardized, snow leopard survey in the range, or could compare these findings of threats to snow leopards to other regions in Kazakhstan (eg. The Altai) or Central Asia. This report has been replicated for all the expedition sponsors, put on the internet, and distributed among contacts in the snow leopard conservation community. The expedition team also spent some time exploring and photographing some of the remoter valleys around the study pastures, and made a short video of the teams exploits. Links were made between KIMEP University in Almaty, and Newcastle University, registered a research centre with the Royal Geographical Society, and lectured about the Dzhungarian range and snow leopard conservation at; the Royal Geographical Society, Newcastle University, Royal Zoological Society for Scotland(Edinburgh Zoo), and Wilderness Lecturers (Bristol).
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 283			Serial	816
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	Author	Reading, R.P.; Mix, H.; Lhagvasuren, B.; Blumer, E.S.
	Title	Status of wild Bactrian camels and other large ungulates in south-western Mongolia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	33	Issue	3	Pages	247-255
	Keywords	argali; Asian wild ass; Bactrian camels; Camelus bactrianus; goitred gazelle; Mongolia.; 5230
	Abstract	Abstract Wild Bactrian camels Camelus bactrianus ferus are endangered. Surveys over the past several decades suggest a marked decline in camel numbers and reproductive success. However, most surveys were made using methods that precluded rigorous population estimation. The need for more accurate surveys resulted in an aerial survey of known and suspected camel habitat in Mongolia during March 1997. We estimated density, group density and population size of large mammals in south-western Mongolia using the interactive computer program DISTANCE. We recorded sufficient data for population modelling of wild Bactrian camels, goitred gazelles Gazella subgutturosa, Asian wild asses Equus hemionus and argali sheep Ovis ammon. We observed 277 camels in 27 groups (mean group size = 10.269 +- 2.38 SE camels: group). Modelling yielded a population estimate of 198 +- 802 SE camels in the survey area. Population modelling for other ungulates yielded estimates of 6046 +- 1398 SE goitred gazelles, 1674 +- 506 SE Asian wild asses and 909 +- 303 SE argalis. Discrepancies between population estimates of ungulates in our survey and previous surveys are discussed with regard to methods used and robustness of results obtained. We also discuss conservation implications for wild Bactrian camels and other Mongolian ungulates.
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	Notes	Full text available at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 508			Serial	812
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	Author	Puzanov I.I.
	Title	Central Asia sub-area			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1938	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	240-244
	Keywords	Central Asia; fauna; snow leopard.; 8020; Russian
	Abstract	The author describes fauna of the Central Asia sub-area. Snow leopard is a typical inhabitant of the sub-area highlands.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoogeography.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 780			Serial	797
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	Author	Zakhidov T.Z.Meklenburtsev R.N., B.O.P.
	Title	*Snow leopard Uncia uncia* Schreb. Distribution of fauna elements over Central Asia**			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1971	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol. 2. Vertebrate animals.	Issue		Pages	234-235
	Keywords	Central Asia; snow leopard; distribution; preys; behavior; practical value.; 8670; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard inhabits the mountainous ecosystems from Tarbagatai to Hissar and Pamir. It feeds upon large animals such as ibex, argali, roe deer, and sometimes domestic sheep, rodents, and birds (most frequently snow cock). The skin of this animal is not of significant value and is rarely an item of trade. In many countries, zoos will readily buy snow leopards. There is no danger for a man to catch snow leopard since even being wounded during a hunt, the animal would never attack the man. An encounter with snow leopard in the mountains will always end safely for human being, as it is always first to spot a man and go away unnoticed.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature and fauna of Central Asia.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 844			Serial	1069
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	Author	Mishra, C.; Madhusudan, M.D.
	Title	An Incentive Scheme for Wildlife Conservation in the Indian Trans-Himalaya			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2002	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	snow; leopard; asia; south; central; uncia; depredation; livestock; India; Himalaya; Himalayan; conservation; prey; density; 5010
	Abstract	The habitat of the snow leopard Uncia uncia across South and Central Asia is subject to extensive pastoral use. Levels of livestock depredation by the snow leopard and other carnivores in the region are high, and often provokes retaliatory killing by the herders. This direct threat to large carnivores is further aggravated by a depletion of wild prey due to poaching and out-competition by livestock. In this paper, we describe a pilot project in the Indian Trans-Himalaya, which uses an incentive scheme to create areas free from livestock grazing on community-owned land, thereby fostering conservation commitment among local pastoralists, as well as contributing directly to an enhancement of wild prey density.
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	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Islt	Editor
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	Notes	Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 487			Serial	692
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	Author	McCarthy, T.; Allen, P.
	Title	Knitting for snow leopards			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Cat News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	30	Issue		Pages	24-25
	Keywords	conservation-programs; endangered; threatened-species; human-dimensions; management; conservation; asia; Mongolia; herder; herding; herders; browse; threatened; species; programs; Human; dimensions.; 1040
	Abstract	The authors describe an innovative conservation program for the endangered snow leopard. A program was established in which herding families in Mongolia knit scarves, gloves, and hats from camel, sheep, and cashmere wool for sale as eco-friendly products. The program increases family incomes, brings in revenue for conservation programs, and educates the herders on the leopards. klf.
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	Notes	Full Text at URL. Author Contact: 4649 Sunnyside Ave N. ,Suite 325, Seattle Wa 98103Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 368			Serial	659
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	Author	Mallon, D.
	Title	The Snow Leopard, Panthera uncia, in Mongolia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	4	Issue		Pages	3-9
	Keywords	Mongolia; snow-leopard; gobi; distribution; status; asia; herders; snow leopard; browse; 950
	Abstract	In the International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards 3, Blomqvist and Sten notes (1982) that no information had been recieved on the snow leopard in Mongolia. The present paper sets out to repair that omission by summarising the information in print on snow leopards in Mongolia and giving a brief account of its distribution in the country. This is essentially a review paper and it is hoped that more precise data may be obtained from fieldwork carried out in the future by Mongolian zoologist. The author worked in Mongolia for two years 1975-1977, and during that time collected information on mammals of Mongolia. Information on the snow leopard was obtained from colleagues at the State University of Mongolia; from zoologists and hunters; from herdsmen and local informants from all parts of the country and from three journeys made by the author: to the eastern Gobi Altai; the Khangai mountains, and a 2000 km journey through western Altai. In this paper, the term “Mongolia” refers to the territory of the Mongolian peoples Republic
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	Notes	Full text available at URLDocument Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 114			Serial	643
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	Author	Lutz, H.; Isenbugel, E.; Lehmann, R.
	Title	Retrovirus serology in snow leopards and other wild felids in European zoos			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	203-208
	Keywords	veterinary; medicine; retrovirus-serology; retoviruses; pathogens; leukemia; spumavirus; anemia; neoplasia; immune-suppression; gingivitus; browse; retrovirus serology; retrovirus; serology; immune suppression; immune; suppression; 3460
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Usa	Editor	J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 243			Serial	628
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	Author	Laptev M.K.
	Title	The cats – Felidae			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1929	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Issue I.	Issue		Pages	55-60
	Keywords	Central Asia; Felidae; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution.; 7550; Russian
	Abstract	It describes identification features of the Felidae family species (ItŒ¤ŒlŒbus, A¤inŒn¢o, L¢no, Oigris, D…rdus, Uncia, r†m…†lurus, ¥…a…¤…l, ¥atolynx, Felis): colour, body size and skull length, length of limbs, presence or absence of ear-brushes, cheek-bones width, nasal bones, palatine bone, rapacious tooth, and acoustical capsules.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Central Asia mammals Guide (insectivorous, bats, predators, and ungulates).			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 733			Serial	611
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