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Author Chalise, M.K.
Title Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia), Prey Species and Outreach in Langtang National, Park, Nepal Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Our Nature Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 9 Pages (down) 138-145
Keywords Snow leopard, Langtang, prey species, threats, outreach.
Abstract Presence of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in Langtang National Park was obscure till 2003. It was confirmed by a

research team trained for the wildlife biology in the field. Along with the study of ecology and behavior of snow leopard sufficient effort were made to generate data on pre species. The study also dealt with threat perceived for the leopard survival while basic unit of conservation- local outreach programs were also initiated.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1388
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Author Wegge, P., Shrestha, R., Flagstad, O.
Title Snow leopard Panthera uncia predation on livestock and wild prey in a mountain valley in northern Nepal: implications for conservation management Type Journal Article
Year 2012 Publication Wildlife Biology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 18 Issue 10.2981/11-049 Pages (down) 131-141
Keywords bharal, blue sheep, diet, genetic sampling, naur, Panthera uncia, predation, Pseudois nayaur, scat analysis, snow leopard, wildlife conflict
Abstract The globally endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia is sparsely distributed throughout the rugged mountains in Asia.

Its habit of preying on livestock poses a main challenge to management. In the remote Phu valley in northern Nepal, we

obtained reliable information on livestock losses and estimated predator abundance and diet composition from DNA

analysis and prey remains in scats. The annual diet consisted of 42%livestock. Among the wild prey, bharal (blue sheep/

naur) Pseudois nayaur was by far the most common species (92%). Two independent abundance estimates suggested that

there were six snow leopards in the valley during the course of our study. On average, each snow leopard killed about one

livestock individual and two bharal permonth. Predation loss of livestock estimated fromprey remains in scats was 3.9%,

which was in concordance with village records (4.0%). From a total count of bharal, the only large natural prey in the area

and occurring at a density of 8.4 animals/km2 or about half the density of livestock, snow leopards were estimated to

harvest 15.1% of the population annually. This predation rate approaches the natural, inherent recruitment rate of this

species; in Phu the proportion of kids was estimated at 18.4%. High livestock losses have created a hostile attitude against

the snow leopard and mitigation measures are needed. Among innovative management schemes now being implemented

throughout the species’ range, compensation and insurance programmes coupled with other incentive measures are

encouraged, rather than measures to reduce the snow leopard’s access to livestock. In areas like the Phu valley, where the

natural prey base consists mainly of one ungulate species that is already heavily preyed upon, the latter approach, if

implemented, will lead to increased predation on this prey, which over time may suppress numbers of both prey and

predator.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1386
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Author Forrest, J. L.,Wikramanayake, E., Shrestha, R., Areendran, G., Gyeltshen, K., Maheshwari, A., Mazumdar, S., Naidoo, R., Thapa, G. J., Thapa, K.
Title Conservation and climate change: Assessing the vulnerability of snow leopard habitat to treeline shift in the Himalaya Type Journal Article
Year 2012 Publication Biological Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume 150 Issue Pages (down) 129-135
Keywords Snow leopard Climate adaptation Conservation planning Endangered species Climate change Himalaya
Abstract Climate change is likely to affect the persistence of large, space-requiring species through habitat shifts,

loss, and fragmentation. Anthropogenic land and resource use changes related to climate change can also

impact the survival of wildlife. Thus, climate change has to be integrated into biodiversity conservation

plans. We developed a hybrid approach to climate-adaptive conservation landscape planning for snow

leopards in the Himalayan Mountains. We first mapped current snow leopard habitat using a mechanistic

approach that incorporated field-based data, and then combined it with a climate impact model using a

correlative approach. For the latter, we used statistical methods to test hypotheses about climatic drivers

of treeline in the Himalaya and its potential response to climate change under three IPCC greenhouse gas

emissions scenarios. We then assessed how change in treeline might affect the distribution of snow leopard

habitat. Results indicate that about 30% of snow leopard habitat in the Himalaya may be lost due to a

shifting treeline and consequent shrinking of the alpine zone, mostly along the southern edge of the range

and in river valleys. But, a considerable amount of snow leopard habitat and linkages are likely to remain

resilient to climate change, and these should be secured. This is because, as the area of snow leopard habitat

fragments and shrinks, threats such as livestock grazing, retaliatory killing, and medicinal plant collection

can intensify. We propose this approach for landscape conservation planning for other species

with extensive spatial requirements that can also be umbrella species for overall biodiversity.

 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1385
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Author Lovari, S., Minder, I., Ferretti, F., Mucci, N., Randi, E., Pellizzi, B.
Title Common and snow leopards share prey, but not habitats: competition avoidance by large predators Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication Journal of Zoology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 291 Issue Pages (down) 127-135
Keywords coexistence; resource partitioning; food habits; Panthera uncia; Panthera pardus.
Abstract Resource exploitation and behavioural interference underlie competition among

carnivores. Competition is reduced by specializing on different prey and/or spatiotemporal

separation, usually leading to different food habits. We predicted that

two closely related species of large cats, the endangered snow leopard and the

near-threatened common leopard, living in sympatry, would coexist through

habitat separation and exploitation of different prey species. In central Himalaya,

we assessed (2006–2010) habitat and diet overlap between these carnivores. The

snow leopard used grassland and shrubland, whereas the common leopard

selected forest. Contrary to our prediction, snow leopard and common leopard

preyed upon similar wild (Himalayan tahr, musk deer) and domestic species (Bos

spp., dogs). Dietary overlap between snow leopard and common leopard was 69%

(yearly), 76% (colder months) and 60% (warmer months). Thus, habitat separation

should be the result of other factors, most likely avoidance of interspecific

aggression. Habitat separation may not always lead to the use of different prey.

Avoidance of interspecific aggression, rather than exploitation of different

resources, could allow the coexistence of potentially competing large predators.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1402
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Author Maming, R.
Title Market prices for the tissues and organs of snow leopards in China Type Journal Article
Year 2012 Publication Selevinia Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 20 Pages (down) 119-122
Keywords trade; cases; products; prices; bazaars; snow leopards; extinction; Xinjiang
Abstract The population of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is plummeting as waterfall in

the last ten years. The illegal trade of snow leopard products is one of the fatal

factors. The biggest range and the biggest population of snow leopard both are in

China, and the largest trade is also in the country. Through questionnaires and

investigation with informants from 2002 to 2012, a lot of data were collected

through variety ways in different regions. In this paper 387 cases of snow leopard

poaching including smuggling routes, product list, price system and product usages

from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were collected for analysis and discussion. In

the face of rapid development in the west of China, the results showed that our

government did not try to protect the snow leopards, and the text of law was

practically useless. International organizations such as WWF, WCS, IUCN, PANTHERA,

SLT & SLN with SLSS were also powerless and helpless to stop snow leopard poaching

and trading. As a result, the fate of the snow leopard is very bad, and this is

worrying.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1395
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Author Li, J., Yin, H., Wang, D., Jiagong, Z., Lu, Zhi
Title Human-snow leopard conflicts in the Sanjiangyuan Region of the Tibetan Plateau Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication Biological Conservs Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 166 Pages (down) 118-123
Keywords Panthera uncia, Human-wildlife conflict, Traditional use, Livestock depredation, Economic value, Cultural image, Attitude
Abstract Conflicts between humans and snow leopards are documented across much of their overlapping distribution

in Central Asia. These conflicts manifest themselves primarily in the form of livestock depredation

and the killing of snow leopards by local herders. This source of mortality to snow leopards is a key conservation concern. To investigate human-snow leopard conflicts in the Sanjiangyuan Region of the Tibetan Plateau, we conducted household interviews about local herders’ traditional use of snow leopard

parts, livestock depredation, and overall attitudes towards snow leopards. We found most respondents

(58%) knew that snow leopard parts had been used for traditional customs in the past, but they claimed

not in the past two or three decades. It may be partly due to the issuing of the Protection of Wildlife Law

in 1998 by the People’s Republic of China. Total livestock losses were damaging (US$ 6193 per household

in the past 1 year), however snow leopards were blamed by herders for only a small proportion of those

losses (10%), as compared to wolves (45%) and disease (42%). Correspondingly, the cultural images of

snow leopards were neutral (78%) and positive (9%) on the whole. It seems that human-snow leopard

conflict is not intense in this area. However, snow leopards could be implicated by the retaliatory killing

of wolves. We recommend a multi-pronged conservation program that includes compensation, insurance

programs, and training local veterinarians to reduce livestock losses.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1399
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Author Murali, R., Redpath, S., Mishra, C.
Title The value of ecosystem services in the high altitude Spiti Valley, Indian Trans-Himalaya Type Journal Article
Year 2017 Publication Elsevier Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 28 Pages (down) 115-123
Keywords Ecosystem services, Pastoralists, Local communities, Provisioning services Economic valuation, Panthera uncia
Abstract The high mountain ranges of South and Central Asia are increasingly being exposed to large-scale development

projects. These areas are home to traditional pastoralist communities and internationally important

biodiversity including the endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia. Development projects rely on

economic cost-benefit analysis, but the ecosystem services in the high Himalayas are poorly understood

and are rarely accounted for. As a first step to fill this gap, we identified the main ecosystem services used

by local people in the Trans-Himalayan Spiti Valley (7591 km2), a region important for conservation of

snow leopards and high mountain biodiversity, and undertook an economic valuation. Stakeholders identified

a range of services, though these were dominated by provisioning services identified by 90% of

respondents. Only 5.4% of the respondents recognised regulatory services and 4.8% recognised cultural

services. The mean economic value of provisioning services was estimated at US$ 3622 ± 149 HH1

yr1, which was 3.8 times higher than the average annual household income. Our results underscore

the need to account for ecosystem services in the cost-benefit analyses of large-scale development projects

in addition to assessments of their environmental and social impact.


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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1462
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Author Paltsyn, M., Spitsyn, S.V., Kuksin, A. N., Istomov, S.V.
Title Snow Leopard Conservation in Russia Type Report
Year 2012 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages (down) 101
Keywords
Abstract This publication reviews potential actions for the long-term conservation of

snow leopards and their habitat in Russia in conditions of anthropogenic influence

and climate change in high elevation ecosystems. This edition is the result

of many years of research conducted in the framework of WWF’s “Ensuring the

long term protection of biodiversity in the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion” (1998-2011)

and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) financed by the Global

Environment Facility “Conservation of Biodiversity in the Russian portion Altai-

Sayan Ecoregion” (2005-2010).

The publication contains materials needed to prepare a Russian Snow Leopard

Conservation Strategy and was prepared for use by the Russian Ministry

of Natural Resources to develop comprehensive priority conservation measures

to protect this species. In addition, this publication is intended for protected

area specialists and staff at federal and regional government agencies

responsible for the conservation and monitoring of species listed in the

Russian Federation Red Book.

Reviewer: B. Munkhtsog, Candidate in Biological Sciences, staff scientist at

the Institute for Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, and president of the

Mongolian Snow Leopard Center.

Translation to English: J. Castner.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1384
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Author Ferretti, F., Lovari, S.
Title Predation may counteract climatic change as a driving force for movements of mountain ungulates Type Report
Year 2016 Publication Behavioural-Processes Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 129 Pages (down) 101-104
Keywords Climate change, Environmental change, Interspecific interactions, Large cats, Predator-prey interactions
Abstract Temperature variations are expected to influence altitudinal movements of mountain herbivores and, in

turn, those of their predators, but relevant information is scarce. We evaluated monthly relationships

between temperature and altitude used by a large mountain-dwelling herbivore, the Himalayan tahr

Hemitragus jemlahicus, and its main predator, the snow leopard Panthera uncia, in an area of central

Himalaya for five consecutive years (2006–2010). In contrast to expectations, there was no significant

direct relationship between altitude of tahr sightings and temperature. The mean altitude of tahr sightings

decreased by c. 200 m throughout our study. As expected, snow leopard movements tracked those of tahr,

although the core area of the snow leopard did not move downwards. Tahr remained the staple of the

snow leopard diet: we suggest that the former did not move upwards in reaction to higher temperature

to avoid encounters with the latter. Avoidance of competition with the larger common leopard Panthera

pardus at lower altitudes could explain why snow leopards did not shift their core area downwards.

Apparently, interspecific interactions (predation; competition) influenced movements of Himalayan tahr

and snow leopards more than climatic variations.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1441
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Author Holt, C. D. S., Nevin, O. T., Smith, D., Convery, I.
Title Environmental niche overlap between snow leopard and four prey species in Kazakhstan Type Journal Article
Year 2018 Publication Elsevier Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 48 Pages (down) 97-103
Keywords SDM, MaxEnt, Management, Conservation, Dispersal, Distribution
Abstract The snow leopard Panthera uncia has declined due to habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and human persecution. Predator distribution is heavily dependent on prey species availability and distribution. With increasing pressures from farming practices encroaching into native species range and persecution of snow leopards in response to livestock depredation, it is vital to assess current predator and prey species distribution to highlight sensitive areas of overlap for protection. This study uses MaxEnt, a presence-only Species Distribution Model (SDM) to assess snow leopard and four prey species habitat suitability along

the southern and eastern borders of Kazakhstan using environmental data. This area is considered an important corridor between snow leopard populations in the north and south of their range. Each of the five SDM's produced models of &#65533;good&#65533; discriminating abilities. We then compared the potential niche overlap between snow leopard and four prey species using ENMTools to highlight areas of important niche overlap within the corridor. The results indicated a very high degree of overlap between snow leopard and Siberian ibex and high degrees Capra sibirica with red deer Cervus elaphus, argali Ovis ammon and urial Ovis orientalis. The snow leopard population in this region is also found to be using forested areas below 2500 m, much lower than recorded in other areas of their range. The results highlight areas needed for protection but also pose additional conservation questions regarding the importance of prey species to transitory individuals.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1472
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