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Author Forrest, J. L.,Wikramanayake, E., Shrestha, R., Areendran, G., Gyeltshen, K., Maheshwari, A., Mazumdar, S., Naidoo, R., Thapa, G. J., Thapa, K.
Title Conservation and climate change: Assessing the vulnerability of snow leopard habitat to treeline shift in the Himalaya Type Journal Article
Year 2012 Publication Biological Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume 150 Issue Pages (down) 129-135
Keywords Snow leopard Climate adaptation Conservation planning Endangered species Climate change Himalaya
Abstract Climate change is likely to affect the persistence of large, space-requiring species through habitat shifts,

loss, and fragmentation. Anthropogenic land and resource use changes related to climate change can also

impact the survival of wildlife. Thus, climate change has to be integrated into biodiversity conservation

plans. We developed a hybrid approach to climate-adaptive conservation landscape planning for snow

leopards in the Himalayan Mountains. We first mapped current snow leopard habitat using a mechanistic

approach that incorporated field-based data, and then combined it with a climate impact model using a

correlative approach. For the latter, we used statistical methods to test hypotheses about climatic drivers

of treeline in the Himalaya and its potential response to climate change under three IPCC greenhouse gas

emissions scenarios. We then assessed how change in treeline might affect the distribution of snow leopard

habitat. Results indicate that about 30% of snow leopard habitat in the Himalaya may be lost due to a

shifting treeline and consequent shrinking of the alpine zone, mostly along the southern edge of the range

and in river valleys. But, a considerable amount of snow leopard habitat and linkages are likely to remain

resilient to climate change, and these should be secured. This is because, as the area of snow leopard habitat

fragments and shrinks, threats such as livestock grazing, retaliatory killing, and medicinal plant collection

can intensify. We propose this approach for landscape conservation planning for other species

with extensive spatial requirements that can also be umbrella species for overall biodiversity.

 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1385
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Author Manati, A.R.
Title Fur trade of large cats and the question of the subspecies status of leopards in Afghanistan (Der Handel mit Fellen von Grosskatzen und die Abklärung der Unterartenfrage beim Type Book Whole
Year 2008 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages (down) 125
Keywords fur trade, genetics, leopard, Panthera pardus, snow leopard, subspecies, Uncia uncia
Abstract Over a time of four years the bazars of Afghanistan were surveyed for furs of spotted wild cats, in particular leopards and snow leopards. In 2004 in Kabul a total of 28 furs of leopards were purchased by shopkeepers and 21 sold at an average price of 825 $. In the same year 25 furs of snow leopards were purchased and 19 sold to clients at an average price of 583 $. In 2006 at a single inspection double as many furs of leopards were found to be offered for sale in comparison to the whole year of 2004. Also prices had increased over the two years by 20 % to an average of 1037 $. Similarly the number of furs of snow leopards at 21 pieces was higher than in 2004, and the prices had increased to an average of 652 $. In 2007 investigations rendered more difficult, because the authorities had started to control the fur trade, and the results are not unequivocal. Clients were without any exception foreigners.

Surveys in 2004 in Mazar-e-Sharif, Kunduz, Takhar and Faiz Abad, in 2006 additionally in Baharak and Iskashem in the province of Badakhshan, revealed a regular trade in furs of spotted cats, however not as extensive as in Kabul. The most interesting finding was a fur of a cheetah in Mazar-e-Sharif, the first record of this species after 35 years.

From the surveys can be concluded that leopards still exist in the whole range of its distribution area in Afghanistan. However they don't allow any conclusion on the population size and its threat by hunting. In contrast to the leopard there exists a recent estimation of the population size of the snow leopard, saying that there are still 100 to 200 snow leopards living in Afghanistan. On the basis of these figures as well as the numbers of furs traded annually a Population and Habitat Viability Analysis was conducted. The result of this analysis is alarming. It has to be assumed that the snow leopard will be extinct in Afghanistan within the next ten years. To improve the protection of spotted cats in Afghanistan it needs both, a better implementation of the existing legislation as well as an awareness campaign among potential clients, i. e. foreigners living in Afghanistan.

The second part of this thesis deals with the question of subspecies of leopards in Afghanistan. Out of the 27 subspecies described four are believed to exist in Afghanistan. However, according to a molecularbiological revision of the species there occurs only one subspecies in Afghanistan, Panthera pardus saxicolor. To clarify the subspecies question various measures of furs had been taken in the bazars. The results revealed that the leopards in Afghanistan are the biggest of its species. However a further differentiation according to the area of origin within the country was not possible. Also the traditional differentiation on the basis of colours and patterns on the furs was not possible.

In contrast to the molecularbiological investigations published not only samples of zoo animals were available in this study but also samples from the wild. The own results confim that almost all leopards from Afghanistan and Iran belong to one and the same subspecies, P. p. saxicolor. Only in the most eastern part of Afghanistan, the Indian leopard, Panthera pardus fusca, can be found. The International Studbook for the Persian Leopard was analysed. The whole population derives from a few founder animals, which were imported in the midth fifties from Iran and in the late sixties from Afghanistan. To avoid inbreeding later on the Iranian and the Afghan lines were mixed. A female imported in 1968 from Kabul to Cologne is represented in each of the more than 100 today living animals.Mixing the two lines subsequently is justified by the genetic results of this study. Recently acquired animals from the Caucasus, however, should be tested genetically before integrating them into the zoo population.
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Publisher University of Köln Place of Publication Germany Editor
Language German Summary Language Original Title
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1123
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Author Dementiev G.P.
Title Quadrupeds inhabitants of the mountains Type Miscellaneous
Year 1967 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages (down) 110-116
Keywords asia; mountain fauna; endemics; species range; rodents; ungulates; carnivores; marmots; pikas; voles; ibex; mountain sheep; snow leopard.; 6480; Russian
Abstract All species inhabiting the highlands of Asia are normally referred to as herbivorous or predators. A majority of alpine land species (rodents and ungulates) feeds upon leaves, stalks, and roots of plants. Among widely distributed highland species the most interesting are marmots, red pica, grey vole, argali, and ibex. Argali and ibex are preyed on by snow leopards. There are reasons to believe that these mountain animal species are more ancient than their cognates in a plain. All the way from Central Asia to Europe, species belonging to the eastern and western fauna complexes are observed to interpenetrate.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: In severe cold and heat. (Animal and landscape). Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 626 Serial 235
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Author Yanushevich A.I.
Title Status of hunting industry in Kyrgyzstan Type Miscellaneous
Year 1969 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Part. II. Issue Pages (down) 110-113
Keywords Kyrgyzstan; game species; fur-trade; snow leopard.; 8600; Russian
Abstract In Kyrgyz SSR, there are 26 fur animal species, including three acclimatized, six wild ungulate and 70 bird species. They all can serve as objects of commercial and sport hunting. 56 snow leopards, 120 wild boars, 96 roe-deers, 121 ibexes, and 14 argalis were caught 1962 1967. A majority of the animals were exported from the country. The Kyrgyz SSR is one of the main suppliers of snow leopards, hunting for which for the sake of its fur-skin is prohibited.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of conference “Capacity and production of game preserves in the USSR”. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 837 Serial 1053
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Author Taryannikov V.I.
Title Distribution, biology, and current population status of rare predatory mammals in the Western Hissar Type Miscellaneous
Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages (down) 107-109
Keywords Uzbekistan; Western Hissar ridge; distribution; number; diet; rare species; decline; poaching; Lynx; otter; ibex; snow leopard.; 8380; Russian
Abstract Described are distribution, biotopical distribution, food, and some biological features of Uncia uncia, Felis lynx, Lutra lutra. New finds of Lutra lutra were observed at the Kashkadarya river. All the species' populations were counted and the reasons for their decrease given. In the author's opinion, number of snow leopard is decreasing as number of Siberian ibex is decreasing too and snow leopard is being poached for. There are 10-12 snow leopards on the slopes of the Hissar ridge.
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Notes Full text available in Russian Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 816 Serial 957
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Author Kashkarov D.Yu.
Title Rare finds of fauna in the West Tien Shan Type Miscellaneous
Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages (down) 106-107
Keywords Uzbekistan; Western Tien Shan; Chatkal ridge; Chirchik river upper; rare species; new records; snow leopard.; 7110; Russia
Abstract Collected are additional data on encounters with six rare animal species that have been never seen before in the West Tien Shan. These are free-toiled bat, Etruscan shrew, snow leopard, little forktail, urban swallow, Central Asia tortoise, and Kyrgyz racerunner.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biodiversity of Western Tien Shan: conservation and sustainable use. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 689 Serial 522
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Author Sosnovskiy I.P.
Title Snow leopard or irbis Type Miscellaneous
Year 1987 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages (down) 106-110
Keywords Ussr; Red Data book; endangered species; snow leopard.; 8310; Russian
Abstract In a popular form, it tells about rare vertebrate animals included in the Red Data Book of the USSR, their biology, behavioral patterns, threats and measures being taken to protect them. Total number of snow leopard in the USSR is defined as 2,000 animals. 200 snow leopards live in zoos throughout the world. The animals successfully reproduce themselves in the Moscow, Kaunas, and Alma-Ata zoos. Snow leopard's maximum life expectancy in enclosures is 22 years.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered animals: leafing through the Red Data Book of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 809 Serial 917
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Author Hochstrasser, K.; Wachter, E.; Reisinger, P.W.; Greim, M.; Albrecht, G.J.; Gebhard, W.
Title Amino acid sequences of mammalian kazal-type proteinase inhibitors from salivary glands Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Comp Biochem Physiol B Abbreviated Journal
Volume 106 Issue 1 Pages (down) 103-108
Keywords Amino; Acid; Sequence; Animal; Carnivora; Comparative; study; Cysteine; chemistry; Glycosylation; Mink; Molecular; Data; Protease; Inhibitors; Salivary; Proteins; species; Specificity; Submandibular; Gland; Trypsin; Inhibitor; Kazal; Pancreatic; browse; 200
Abstract 1. The amino acid sequences of bikazins (the double-headed Kazal-type proteinase inhibitors from submandibular glands) isolated from the snow leopard (Unica unica), the European mink (Mustela lutreola), and the European pine marten (Martes martes) were determined. 2. N-terminal domains of bikazins are characterized by a cysteine residue spacing that differs from that of C-terminal domains of bikazins and other Kazal-type proteinase inhibitor domains. 3. N-terminal sequences of bikazins seem to be specific for, and highly conserved within, each Carnivora family.
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Notes Document Type: eng Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 202 Serial 385
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Author Kovshar A.F.
Title Preservation of gene pool of rare and endangered animal species Type Miscellaneous
Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages (down) 100-107
Keywords Kazakhstan; gene pool; rare species; mammals; ungulates; carnivores; snow leopard; rodents; birds; reptiles; amphibians; fishes.; 7360; Russian
Abstract The rare species are protected in six nature reserves in Kazakhstan, including 9 mammals, 29 birds, and one reptile species. More than 20 rare and endangered species inhabiting Kazakhstan cannot be met within the nature reserves. The point is to establish a network of state nature reserves, particularly in steppe and desert area of the country.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The nature conservation in Kazakhstan. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 714 Serial 581
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Author Kovshar A.F.
Title A problem of rare and endangered animal species in Kazakhstan Type Miscellaneous
Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages (down) 99-101
Keywords Kazakhstan; rare species; Red Data book; mammals; birds; reptiles; amphibians; fishes; snow leopard; researching; conservation; hunting prohibition; habitat restoration; genome conservation.; 7350; Russian
Abstract The Red Book of the Kazakh SSR includes 91 rare and endangered vertebrate animal species: 30 mammal, 48 bird, eight reptile, one amphibian, and four fish species. 26 species (Menzbier's marmot, marten species, lynx, snow leopard, and other species) became rare because of a direct anthropogenic pressure. The prohibition of hunting, conservation and rehabilitation of their habitats, reproduction in enclosures and preservation of some species' genomes is a way that would conserve rare species, the authors believe.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan and the conservation challenges. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 713 Serial 580
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