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Author |
Yang, Q.S. |
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Title |
Further study on the geographical distribution of Snow Leopards in Qinghai, China |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1992 |
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5630 |
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7th Int. Snow Leopard Symp. |
Place of Publication |
Xining, China |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 547 |
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1050 |
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Author |
Yang, Q.S.; Feng, Z.J. |
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Title |
Snow Leopards Uncia Uncia |
Type |
Book Chapter |
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Year |
1998 |
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Pages |
132-135 |
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Keywords |
5640 |
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Publisher |
Science Press |
Place of Publication |
Beijing |
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Medium Designator: China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals: Mammalia |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 548 |
Serial |
1051 |
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Author |
Ying-xiang, W. |
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Title |
A complete checklist of mammal species and subspecies in China, a taxonomic and geographic reference |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2003 |
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Keywords |
5610; species; China; taxonomic |
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China Forestry Publishing House |
Place of Publication |
Beijing |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 545 |
Serial |
1059 |
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Author |
Yongheng, Z. |
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Title |
Birds and mammals of forest in Xinjiang |
Type |
Book Chapter |
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Year |
1990 |
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Pages |
401-446 |
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Keywords |
5700 |
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Xinjiang People's Publishing House, Urumqi; China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing |
Place of Publication |
Urumqi and Beijing |
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Medium Designator: Lu and Yan eds Forest of Xinjiang |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 554 |
Serial |
1060 |
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Author |
Yongzu, Z. |
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Title |
Distribution of mammalian species in China |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1997 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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5670 |
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China Forestry Publishing House |
Place of Publication |
Beijing |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 551 |
Serial |
1062 |
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Author |
Yuan, G. |
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Title |
Vertebrates fauna Xinjiang |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1991 |
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5650 |
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Xinjiang People's Press |
Place of Publication |
Urumqi |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 549 |
Serial |
1064 |
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Author |
Yuan, G.Y. |
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Title |
Natural environmental protection and nature reserves in Xinjiang |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1998 |
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Keywords |
5660 |
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Publisher |
Science, Technology and Hygiene Publishing House of Xinjiang, Urumqi |
Place of Publication |
Xinjiang, Urumqi |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 550 |
Serial |
1065 |
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Author |
Mishra, C.; Van Wieren S.; Ketner, P.; Heitkonig, I.; Prins H. |
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Title |
Competition between domestic livestock and wild bharal Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
73 |
Issue |
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Pages |
344-354 |
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Keywords |
blue sheep,diet,grazing,rangeland,resource,ungulate,wildlife; 5320 |
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Abstract |
1. The issue of competition between livestock and wild herbivores has remained contentious. We studied the diets and population structures of the mountain ungulate bharal Pseudois nayaur and seven species of livestock to evaluate whether or not they compete for forage. The study was conducted in the high altitude Spiti Valley, Indian Trans-Himalaya.
2. We compared resource (forage) availability and bharal population structures between rangelands differing in livestock density. Forage availability was estimated by clipping the standing graminoid biomass in sample plots. Livestock and bharal population structures were quantified through annual censuses. Seasonal diets of livestock were studied by direct observations, while those of bharal were quantified through feeding
signs on vegetation.
3. We found that livestock grazing causes a significant reduction in the standing crop of forage. Graminoid availability per unit livestock biomass was three times greater in a moderately grazed rangeland compared with an intensively grazed one.
4. There was considerable diet overlap among the herbivore species. In summer, bharal, yak Bos grunniens, horse Equus caballus, cow Bos indicus, and dzomo (yak-cow hybrids) fed predominantly on graminoids, while donkey E. asinus, sheep Ovis aries, and goat Capra hircus, consumed both graminoids and herbs. The summer diet of bharal was a subset of the diets of three livestock species. In winter, depleted graminoid availability caused bharal, yak and horse to consume relatively more herbs, while the remaining livestock species fed predominantly on graminoids. Diet overlap was less in winter but, in both seasons, all important forage species in the bharal diet were consumed
in substantial amounts by one or more species of livestock.
5. Comparison of the population structures of bharal between two rangelands differing in livestock density by
c. 30% yielded evidence of resource competition. In the intensively grazed rangeland, bharal density was 63% lower, and bharal population showed poorer performance (lower young : adult female ratios).
6.Synthesis and applications High diet overlap between livestock and bharal, together with density-dependent forage limitation, results in resource competition and a decline in bharal density. Under the present conditions of high livestock density and supplemental feeding, restricting livestock numbers and creating livestockfree areas are necessary measures for conserving Trans-Himalayan wild herbivores. Mediating competitive effects on bharal through supplemental feeding is not a feasible option. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 517 |
Serial |
695 |
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Author |
Reading, R.P.; Mix, H.; Lhagvasuren, B.; Blumer, E.S. |
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Title |
Status of wild Bactrian camels and other large ungulates in south-western Mongolia |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Oryx |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
33 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
247-255 |
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Keywords |
argali; Asian wild ass; Bactrian camels; Camelus bactrianus; goitred gazelle; Mongolia.; 5230 |
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Abstract |
Abstract Wild Bactrian camels Camelus bactrianus ferus are endangered. Surveys over the past several decades suggest a marked decline in camel numbers and reproductive success. However, most surveys were made using methods that precluded rigorous population estimation. The need for more accurate surveys resulted in an aerial survey of known and suspected camel habitat in Mongolia during March 1997. We estimated density, group density and population size of large mammals in south-western Mongolia using the interactive computer program DISTANCE. We recorded sufficient data for population modelling of wild Bactrian camels, goitred gazelles Gazella subgutturosa, Asian wild asses Equus hemionus and argali sheep Ovis ammon. We observed 277 camels in 27 groups (mean group size = 10.269 +- 2.38 SE camels: group). Modelling yielded a population estimate of 198 +- 802 SE camels in the survey area. Population modelling for other ungulates yielded estimates of 6046 +- 1398 SE goitred gazelles, 1674 +- 506 SE Asian wild asses and 909 +- 303 SE argalis. Discrepancies between population estimates of ungulates in our survey and previous surveys are discussed with regard to methods used and robustness of results obtained. We also discuss conservation implications for wild Bactrian camels and other Mongolian ungulates. |
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Full text available at URL |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 508 |
Serial |
812 |
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Author |
Ale, S.; Brown, J. |
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Title |
The contingencies of group size and vigilance |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Evolutionary Ecology Research, |
Abbreviated Journal |
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9 |
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1263-1276 |
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Keywords |
attraction effect,contingency,dilution effect,fitness,group-size effect,many-eyes effect,predation risk,vigilance behaviour; predation; decline; potential; predators; predator; feeding; Animals; Animal; use; food; effects; Relationship; behaviour; methods; game; Interactions; interaction; factor; value; Energy |
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Abstract |
Background: Predation risk declines non-linearly with one's own vigilance and the vigilance of others in the group (the 'many-eyes' effect). Furthermore, as group size increases, the individual's risk of predation may decline through dilution with more potential victims, but may increase if larger groups attract more predators. These are known, respectively, as the dilution effect and the attraction effect.
Assumptions: Feeding animals use vigilance to trade-off food and safety. Net feeding rate declines linearly with vigilance.
Question: How do the many-eyes, dilution, and attraction effects interact to influence the relationship between group size and vigilance behaviour?
Mathematical methods: We use game theory and the fitness-generating function to determine the ESS level of vigilance of an individual within a group.
Predictions: Vigilance decreases with group size as a consequence of the many-eyes and dilution effects but increases with group size as a consequence of the attraction effect, when they act independent of each other. Their synergetic effects on vigilance depend upon the relative strengths of each and their interactions. Regardless, the influence of other factors on vigilance – such as encounter rate with predators, predator lethality, marginal value of energy, and value of vigilance – decline with group size. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 886 |
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53 |
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