Snow Leopard Bibliography -- Query Results

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Author	Lovari, S., Boesi, R., Minder, I., Mucci, N., Randi, E., Dematteis, A., and Ale, S. B.
Title	Restoring a keystone predator may endanger a prey species in a human-altered ecosystem: the return of the snow leopard to Sagarmatha National Park			Type	Journal Article
Year	2009	Publication	Animal Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
Volume	12	Issue		Pages	559-570
Keywords	conservation, food habits, genetics, Hemitragus jemlahicus, Himalayan tahr, management, microsatellite, predation, presence, scat, scat analysis, snow leopard, Uncia uncia
Abstract	Twenty-five years ago, the snow leopard Uncia uncia, an endangered large cat, was eliminated from what is now Sagarmatha National Park (SNP). Heavy hunting pressure depleted that area of most medium-large mammals, before it became a park. After three decades of protection, the cessation of hunting and the recovery of wild ungulate populations, snow leopards have recently returned (four individuals). We have documented the effects of the return of the snow leopard on the population of its main wild prey, the Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus, a 'near-threatened' caprin. Signs of snow leopard presence were recorded and scats were collected along a fixed trail (130 km) to assess the presence and food habits of the snow leopard in the Park, from 2004 to 2006. Himalayan tahr, the staple of the diet, had a relative occurrence of 48% in summer and 37% in autumn, compared with the next most frequent prey, musk deer Moschus chrysogaster (summer: 20%; autumn: 15%) and cattle (summer: 15%; autumn: 27%). In early summer, the birth rate of tahr (young-to-female ratio: 0.8-0.9) was high. The decrease of this ratio to 0.1-0.2 in autumn implied that summer predation concentrated on young tahr, eventually altering the population by removing the kid cohort. Small populations of wild Caprinae, for example the Himalayan tahr population in SNP, are sensitive to stochastic predation events and may be led to almost local extinction. If predation on livestock keeps growing, together with the decrease of Himalayan tahr, retaliatory killing of snow leopards by local people may be expected, and the snow leopard could again be at risk of local extinction. Restoration of biodiversity through the return of a large predator has to be monitored carefully, especially in areas affected by humans, where the lack of important environmental components, for example key prey species, may make the return of a predator a challenging event.
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Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1122
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Author	Jackson, R.
Title	Threatened wildlife, crop, and livestock depredation and grazing in the Makalu-Barun Conservation Area			Type	Report
Year	1990	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue	April	Pages	1-105
Keywords	Nepal, Makalu-Barun Conservation Area, grazing, depredation
Abstract
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Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1170
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Author	Alexander, D.
Title	Report from a troubled land: The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan crushed oe of the most promising conservation programs in the Third World			Type	Journal Article
Year	1980	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue		Pages
Keywords	snow leopard, Afghanistan, conservation, Soviet, war
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Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1257
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Author	Jackson, R.
Title	A radio-telemetry study of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Nepal with emphasis on conservation and predator-prey relations			Type	Report
Year	1980	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue	March	Pages
Keywords	snow leopard, Nepal, conservation, radio telemetry, prey
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Notes	Draft			Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1260
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Author	Anonymous
Title	You can help save the snow leopard			Type	Miscellaneous
Year		Publication		Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue		Pages
Keywords	Pakistan, snow leopard, conservation
Abstract
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Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	Pakistani	Summary Language		Original Title
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Notes	English translation. Year unknown.			Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1270
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Author	Bagchi, S., Mishra, C., Bhatnagar, Y.V., McCarthy, T.
Title	Out of Steppe? Pastoralism and ibex conservation in Spiti.			Type	Report
Year	2002	Publication	CERC Technical Report No. 7	Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue		Pages
Keywords	steppe, snow leopard, pastoral, conservation, ibex, Spiti, India
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author	Nature Conservation Foundation, India; Wildlife Institute of India, International Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle			Thesis
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Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1274
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Author	Rosen, T.
Title	From Yellowstone to the Karakorums: A journey to understand conflicts with large carnivores			Type	Magazine Article
Year	2010	Publication	NRCC News	Abbreviated Journal
Volume	23	Issue	1	Pages	12-13
Keywords	Pakistan, Project Snow Leopard, Baltistan Wildlife Conservation and Development Organization
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Notes	NRCC News (Northern Rockies Conservation Cooperative) annual newsletter: bridging science and policy to advance conservation. Fall 2010, issue 23(1).			Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1295
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Author	WWF Russia & Mongolia
Title	WWF Altai-Sayan Newsletter			Type	Report
Year	2010	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue	14	Pages
Keywords	Altai Sayan, WWF, camera trap, Argut River, poaching, conservation, Tuva
Abstract	A Snow Leopard – A Treasure of Tuva. A beautiful animal as a winner of a wide-scale public vote WWF will train a Scat Detection Dog for snow leopard monitoring project WWF assessed the possibility to fight illegal helicopter hunting WWF considers support of antipoaching activities an essential part of wildlife conservation in Altai – Sayan Snow Leopard Camera Trapping in Argut River Valley “Stars” of Tuva appeal to Snow Leopard Conservation
Address
Corporate Author	Communication Staff of Altai - Sayan Programme in Russia and Mongolia			Thesis
Publisher	WWF	Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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Notes	October-December 2010. Email: tivanitskaya@wwf.ru			Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1297
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Author	Sharma, K.
Title	The mysterious irbis			Type	Magazine Article
Year	2008	Publication	Sanctuary Asia	Abbreviated Journal
Volume	28	Issue	6	Pages	52-57
Keywords	Mongolia, Snow Leopard Conservation Fund, Panthera, Snow Leopard Trust, long-term, ecology, Tost, snow leopard
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Address
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Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1300
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Author	Khatiwada, J.R. & Chalise, M.K.
Title	Status of snow leopard and conflict perception in Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, Eastern Nepal			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Nepalese Journal of Zoology	Abbreviated Journal
Volume	1	Issue	1	Pages	1-8
Keywords	Uncia uncia, Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, livestock depredation, blue sheep
Abstract	Kangchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA) is situated in the Taplejung district at the north-eastern region of Nepal. Livestock keeping is the main activity of people for making a living amidst a conflict with snow leopard (Uncia uncia). Each year snow leopard kills a number of livestock resulting significant economic losses for the poor people living in this remote area. Unless the people – snow leopard conflicts is well understood and appropriate conflict management activities are implemented, the long run co-existence between people and snow leopard –especially the existence of snow leopard in this part of the world–will be in question. This has now become an utmost important as the aspiration of the people for economic development has risen significantly and the area has been open to tourism. Study was done by counting snow leopard signs walking systematically in total 18 snow leopard sign transects covering 18.01 km in length in three sites, i.e. Lonak, Khambachen and Dudhpokhari of the Conservation Area. The average sign density was 12.63/km. The livestock depredation by snow leopard for one year (2005-06) was studied by interviewing the herders to understand the responsible and specific bio-physical and economic factors. The study revealed that sub-adult yaks were mostly hunted by snow leopard. Cattle's' winter (December-April) pastures are most vulnerable sites for predation. Presence of bushes, forest and boulders and rugged mountain crevices make good hides for snow leopard. The study also showed that a lax animal guarding system was significantly responsible for high livestock depredation by snow leopard. Blue sheep was observed by walking in selected trails and from vantage points. A total of 354 individual sheep of different age and sex of 14 different herds were recorded during the study period. The study showed that improvement in livestock guarding system should be adopted as the most important activity. However despite the importance of livestock in the KCA it is still not well understood why the herders neglect for proper livestock guarding. Proper guarding system required in winter pastures to reduce the depredation pressure.
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Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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Notes	September			Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1319
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Author	Williams, N.
Title	2008 International Conference on Range-wide Conservation Planning for Snow Leopards: Saving the Species Across its Range			Type	Journal Article
Year	2008	Publication	Cat News	Abbreviated Journal
Volume	48	Issue		Pages	33-34
Keywords	Panthera, conference,Beijing, China, 2008, planning, Wildlife Conservation Society, Snow Leopard Trust, Snow Leopard Network, Chinese Institute of Zoology
Abstract	Over 100 snow leopard experts, enthusiasts, and government officials gathered in the outskirts of Beijing, China from March 7–11, 2008 for the firstever International Conference on Range-wide Conservation Planning for Snow Leopards. Conference organizers included Panthera, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Snow Leopard Trust (SLT), Snow Leopard Network (SLN), and the Chinese Institute of Zoology.
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Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1344
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Author	Mazoomdaar, J.
Title	Cat Among the People			Type	Magazine Article
Year	2011	Publication	Open	Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue	8 August	Pages	40-45
Keywords	snow leopard, India, Bhatnagar, Chundawat, Nature Conservation Foundation, Hemis, Kibber, Himmel
Abstract
Address	www.openthemagazine.com
Corporate Author				Thesis
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Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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Notes	http://openthemagazine.com/article/nation/cat-among-the-people			Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1358
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Author	Forrest, J. L.,Wikramanayake, E., Shrestha, R., Areendran, G., Gyeltshen, K., Maheshwari, A., Mazumdar, S., Naidoo, R., Thapa, G. J., Thapa, K.
Title	Conservation and climate change: Assessing the vulnerability of snow leopard habitat to treeline shift in the Himalaya			Type	Journal Article
Year	2012	Publication	Biological Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
Volume	150	Issue		Pages	129-135
Keywords	Snow leopard Climate adaptation Conservation planning Endangered species Climate change Himalaya
Abstract	Climate change is likely to affect the persistence of large, space-requiring species through habitat shifts, loss, and fragmentation. Anthropogenic land and resource use changes related to climate change can also impact the survival of wildlife. Thus, climate change has to be integrated into biodiversity conservation plans. We developed a hybrid approach to climate-adaptive conservation landscape planning for snow leopards in the Himalayan Mountains. We first mapped current snow leopard habitat using a mechanistic approach that incorporated field-based data, and then combined it with a climate impact model using a correlative approach. For the latter, we used statistical methods to test hypotheses about climatic drivers of treeline in the Himalaya and its potential response to climate change under three IPCC greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. We then assessed how change in treeline might affect the distribution of snow leopard habitat. Results indicate that about 30% of snow leopard habitat in the Himalaya may be lost due to a shifting treeline and consequent shrinking of the alpine zone, mostly along the southern edge of the range and in river valleys. But, a considerable amount of snow leopard habitat and linkages are likely to remain resilient to climate change, and these should be secured. This is because, as the area of snow leopard habitat fragments and shrinks, threats such as livestock grazing, retaliatory killing, and medicinal plant collection can intensify. We propose this approach for landscape conservation planning for other species with extensive spatial requirements that can also be umbrella species for overall biodiversity. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
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Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1385
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Author	Rosen, T. Hussain, S. Mohammad, G. Jackson, R. Janecka, J, E. Michel, S.
Title	Reconciling Sustainable Development of Mountain Communities With Large Carnivore Conservation			Type	Journal Article
Year	2012	Publication	Mountain Research and Development	Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue	32(3)	Pages	286-293
Keywords	Carnivores; conflict; conservation; incentives; livestock; insurance scheme; community empowerment; Pakistan
Abstract	While the world is becoming increasingly interconnected and interdependent, physically and culturally, the wildlife of remote mountain regions is being affected both positively and negatively by such interconnectedness. In the case of snow leopards, the conservation impact has been largely, and rather unexpectedly, positive: Species-focused conservation projects, such as Project Snow Leopard (PSL) in Gilgit-Baltistan, remain mainly externally driven initiatives. PSL, initiated as a small pilot project in 1998, has relied on an approach that includes the use of an insurance scheme, the deployment of mitigation measures, and the empowerment of local governance. This approach has been successful in reducing the conflict with snow leopards and has built greater tolerance toward them. PSL is managed by local communities and cofinanced by them. PSL communities throughout the region are bearing the burden of carnivore conservation, and they are unwittingly subsidizing their populations by ‘‘feeding’’ them their livestock even though they are an economic threat to them. In this article, we argue that external intervention in the form of efforts that help alleviate the consequences of conflict through local empowerment have had a positive impact on the local mountain societies. We also show that such interventions have resulted in tangible conservation results, with the number of snow leopards staying at least stable. Our experience also shows that while the incentive component is critical, it is also part of a larger approach—one that includes developing and supporting local governance structures, improving access to education, and offering a range of tools to reduce the conflict that can be implemented locally. Finally, we suggest that investing in this approach— one that recognizes the species and local-context complexities surrounding the implementation of conservation incentives—can continue to inform international practices and guidelines for reducing human–wildlife conflicts worldwide.
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Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1387
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Author	Li, J. Schaller, G, B. McCarthy, T. M. Wang, D. Jiagong, Z. Cai, P. Basang, L. Lu, Z
Title	A Communal Sign Post of Snow Leopards (Panthera uncial) and Other Species on the Tibetan Plateau China			Type	Journal Article
Year	2012	Publication	International Journal of Biodiversity	Abbreviated Journal
Volume	2013	Issue		Pages	1:8
Keywords	snow leopard, Tibetan Plateau, sign post, conservation
Abstract	The snow leopard is a keystone species in mountain ecosystems of Central Asia and the Tibetan Plateau, However, little is known about the interactions between snow leopards and sympatric carnivores. Using infrared cameras, we found a rocky junction of two valleys in Sanjiangyuan area on the Tibetan Plateau where many mammals in this area passed and frequently marked and sniffed the site at the junction. We suggest that this site serves as a sign post to many species in this area, especially snow leopards and other carnivores. The marked signs may also alert the animals passing by to temporally segregate their activities to avoid potential conflicts. We used the Schoener index to measure the degree of temporal segregation among the species captured by infrared camera traps at this site. Our research reveals the probable ways of both intra- and interspecies competition. This is an important message to help understand the structure of animal communities. Discovery of the sign post clarifies the importance of identifying key habitas ad sites of both snow leopards and other species for more effective conservation.
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Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1389
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Author	LI. J, WANG. D, YIN. H,ZHAXI. D, JIAGONG. Z,SCHALLER. G. B,MISHRA. C,MCCARTHY. T. M, WANG. H,WU. L,XIAO. L,BASANG. L,ZHANG. Y,ZHOU. Y,LU. Z
Title	Role of Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries in Snow Leopard Conservation			Type	Journal Article
Year	2013	Publication	Conservation Biology	Abbreviated Journal
Volume	00	Issue		Pages	1-8
Keywords	conservation strategy, distribution, MaxEnt, nature reserve, Panthera uncia, sacred mountain
Abstract	The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) inhabits the rugged mountains in 12 countries of Central Asia, including the Tibetan Plateau. Due to poaching, decreased abundance of prey, and habitat degradation, it was listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 1972. Current conservation strategies, including nature reserves and incentive programs, have limited capacities to protect snow leopards. We investigated the role of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in snow leopard conservation in the Sanjiangyuan region in China’s Qinghai Province on the Tibetan Plateau. From 2009 to 2011, we systematically surveyed snow leopards in the Sanjiangyuan region. We used the MaxEnt model to determine the relation of their presence to environmental variables (e.g., elevation, ruggedness) and to predict snow leopard distribution. Model results showed 89,602 km2 of snow leopard habitat in the Sanjiangyuan region, of which 7674 km2 lay within Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve’s core zones. We analyzed the spatial relation between snow leopard habitat and Buddhist monasteries and found that 46% of monasteries were located in snow leopard habitat and 90% were within 5 km of snow leopard habitat. The 336 monasteries in the Sanjiangyuan region could protect more snow leopard habitat (8342 km2) through social norms and active patrols than the nature reserve’s core zones. We conducted 144 household interviews to identify local herders’ attitudes and behavior toward snow leopards and other wildlife. Most local herders claimed that they did not kill wildlife, and 42% said they did not kill wildlife because it was a sin in Buddhism. Our results indicate monasteries play an important role in snow leopard conservation. Monastery-based snow leopard conservation could be extended to other Tibetan Buddhist regions that in total would encompass about 80% of the global range of snow leopards.
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Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1400
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Author	Rodgers, T. W.,Janecka, J. E.
Title	Applications and techniques for non-invasive faecal genetics research in felid conservation			Type	Journal Article
Year	2013	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue		Pages
Keywords	Conservation . Elusive species . Faecal DNA . Felidae . Non-invasive genetics
Abstract	Non-invasive genetic techniques utilising DNA extracted from faeces hold great promise for felid conservation research. These methods can be used to establish species distributions, model habitat requirements, analyse diet, estimate abundance and population density, and form the basis for population, landscape and conservation genetic analyses. Due to the elusive nature of most felid species, non-invasive genetic methods have the potential to provide valuable data that cannot be obtained with traditional observational or capture techniques. Thus, these methods are particularly valuable for research and conservation of endangered felid species. Here, we review recent studies that use non-invasive faecal genetic techniques to survey or study wild felids; provide an overview of field, laboratory and analysis techniques; and offer suggestions on how future non-invasive genetic studies can be expanded or improved to more effectively support conservation.
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Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1430
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Author	Alexander, J. S., Cusack, J. J., Pengju, C, Kun, S., Riordan, P.
Title	Conservation of snow leopards: spill-over benefits for other carnivores?			Type	Journal Article
Year	2015	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue	Fauna & Flora International	Pages	1-5
Keywords	China, conservation, Eurasian lynx, grey wolf, red fox, snow leopard
Abstract	In high-altitude settings of Central Asia the Endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia has been recognized as a potential umbrella species. As a first step in assessing the potential benefits of snow leopard conservation for other carnivores, we sought a better understanding of the presence of other carnivores in areas occupied by snow leopards in China’s Qilianshan National Nature Reserve. We used camera-trap and sign surveys to examine whether other carnivores were using the same travel routes as snow leopards at two spatial scales. We also considered temporal interactions between species. Our results confirm that other carnivores, including the red fox Vulpes vulpes, grey wolf Canis lupus, Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx and dhole Cuon alpinus, occur along snow leopard travel routes, albeit with low detection rates. Even at the smaller scale of our camera trap survey all five carnivores (snow leopard, lynx, wolf, red fox and dhole) were observed. Kernel density estimates suggested a high degree of temporal overlap between the snow leopard and the fox, and the snow leopard and the lynx, as indicated by high overlap coefficient estimates. There is an opportunity to consider protective measures at the local scale that would benefit various species simultaneously. However, it should also be recognized that snow leopard conservation efforts could exacerbate human–wildlife conflicts through their protective effect on other carnivore species.
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Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1434
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Author	Alexander, J. S., Zhang, C., Shi, K., Riordan, P.
Title	A spotlight on snow leopard conservation in China			Type	Journal Article
Year	2016	Publication	Integrative Zoology	Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue	11	Pages
Keywords	China, conservation, Panthera uncia, research prioritization
Abstract	China holds the greatest proportion of the snow leopard’s (Panthera uncia) global range and is central to their conservation. The country is also undergoing unprecedented economic growth, which increases both the threats to the snow leopard and the opportunities for its conservation. In this paper we aim to review published literature (from 1950 to 2014) in English and Mandarin on snow leopard ecology and conservation in China in order to identify thematic and geographic research gaps and propose research priorities. We first retrieved all publish items that considered snow leopards in China (n = 106). We extracted from these papers 274 reports of snow leopard presence in China. We then reviewed a subset of papers (n = 33) of this literature, which specifically focused on snow leopard ecology and conservation within China. We introduced a thematic framework that allows a structured and comprehensive assessment of findings. This framework recognizes 4 critical and interrelated topics underpinning snow leopard ecology and conservation: habitat (distribution and protected area coverage); prey (distribution and abundance, predator–prey relationships); human interactions (hunting and trade, livestock interactions and conflicts); and the underlying policy context. Significant gains in knowledge as well as research gaps and priorities are discussed with reference to our framework. The modest quantity and limited scope of published research on the snow leopard in China calls for a continued and intensified effort to inform and support national conservation policies.
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Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1442
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Author	Li, J., McCarthy, T. M., Wang, H., Weckworth, B. V., Shaller, G. B., Mishra, C., Lu, Z., Beissinger, S. R
Title	Climate refugia of snow leopards in High Asia			Type	Journal Article
Year	2016	Publication	Biological Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue	203	Pages	188-196
Keywords	Snow leopard, Habitat, Climate change, Refugia, High Asia, Conservation
Abstract	Rapidwarming in High Asia is threatening its unique ecosystemand endemic species, especially the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia). Snow leopards inhabit the alpine zone between snow line and tree line, which contracts and expands greatly during glacier-interglacial cycles. Here we assess impacts of climate change on global snow leopard habitat from the last glacial maximum (LGM; 21 kyr ago) to the late 21st century. Based on occurrence records of snow leopards collected across all snow leopard range countries from 1983 to 2015, we built a snow leopard habitat model using the maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt 3.3.3k). Then we projected this model into LGM, mid-Holocene and 2070. Analysis of snow leopard habitat map from LGM to 2070 indicates that three large patches of stable habitat have persisted from the LGM to present in the Altai, Qilian, and Tian Shan-Pamir-Hindu Kush-Karakoram mountain ranges, and are projected to persist through the late 21st century. These climatically suitable areas account for about 35% of the snow leopard's current extent, are large enough to support viable populations, and should function as refugia for snow leopards to survive through both cold and warm periods. Existence of these refugia is largely due to the unique mountain environment in High Asia, which maintains a relatively constant arid or semi-arid climate. However, habitat loss leading to fragmentation in the Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains, as well as increasing human activities, will present conservation challenges for snow leopards and other sympatric species.
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Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1449
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Author	Mishra, C., Young, J. C., Fiechter, M., Rutherford, B., Redpath, S. M.
Title	Building partnerships with communities for biodiversity conservation: lessons from Asian mountains			Type	Journal Article
Year	2017	Publication	Journal of Applied Ecology	Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue		Pages	1-9
Keywords	community engagement, conservation, conservation programmes, Panthera uncia, partnership, snow leopard, stakeholder engagement
Abstract	Applied ecology lies at the intersection of human societies and natural systems. Consequently, applied ecologists are constantly challenged as to how best to use ecological knowledge to influence the management of ecosystems (Habel et al. 2013). As Hulme (2011) has pointed out, to do so effectively we must leave our ivory towers and engage with stakeholders. This engagement is especially important and challenging in areas of the world where poverty, weak institutions and poor governance structures conspire to limit the ability of local communities to contribute to biodiversity conservation. These communities often bear disproportionate costs in the form of curtailed access to natural resources, ecosystem services, and developmental programmes, and also suffer wildlife-caused damage, including injuries or loss of human life, and economic and psychological impacts (Madhusudan & Mishra 2003). It is well-recognized that conservation efforts in large parts of the world historically have been perceived to be discriminatory by local people (Mishra 2016). The need for engagement with local communities is therefore embedded in the 2020 Aichi biodiversity targets and is widely thought to be critical to the success of conservation efforts. However, although the need for engagement is clear, as ecologists and practitioners we often have little formal training in how we should engage with local communities and how we can recognize the pitfalls and opportunities provided by developing genuine partnerships. The practical challenges of achieving effective engagement are considerable (Agrawal & Gibson 1999; Waylen et al. 2010, 2013), and such forays are fraught with difficulties and ethical considerations (Chan et al. 2007). When they are done badly, conservation interventions can damage relationships and trust, and lead to serious injustice to local people and setbacks for ecological outcomes (Duffy 2010). Much has been written on knowledge exchange and participatory research approaches (e.g. Reed et al. 2014 and references therein). This Practitioner’s Perspective seeks to focus on the next logical step: the elements that practitioners and researchers need to consider when engaging with communities to effect conservation. Engagement around the management of protected areas has been discussed and formalized (e.g. Dudley 2008). Considerable literature has also emerged, particularly from Africa, on the use and co-management of natural resources, commonly referred to as community-based natural resource management or CBNRM (e.g. Fabricius 2004; Roe, Nelson & Sandbrook 2009; Child & Barnes 2010). There have been attempts to draw general principles for CBNRM (e.g. Thakadu 2005; Gruber 2010). In the related field of community-based conservation, however, while there have been efforts to draw lessons (e.g. Berkes 2004), little exists in terms of frameworks or guidelines for effectively working with local communities to effect biodiversity conservation in multi-use landscapes (Mishra 2016). The eight principles for community-based conservation outlined here (Fig. 1) build on ideas developed in fields as diverse as applied ecology, conservation and natural resource management, community health, social psychology, rural development, negotiation theory, and ethics (see Mishra 2016). They have been developed, challenged and tested through 20 years of community experience andour own research on the endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia and its mountain ecosystems, in South and Central Asia. We suspect that with contextual adaptations, their relevance for applied ecologists and practitioners may be universal.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1451
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Author	Suryawanshi, K. R., Redpath, S. M., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Ramakrishnan, U., Chaturvedi, V., Smout, S. C., Mishra, C.
Title	Impact of wild prey availability on livestock predation by snow leopards			Type	Journal Article
Year		Publication	Royal Society Open Science	Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue		Pages	1-11
Keywords	apparent competition, apparent facilitation, conservation conflicts, indirect interactions, predator� prey interactions, snow leopard
Abstract	An increasing proportion of the world�s poor is rearing livestock today, and the global livestock population is growing. Livestock predation by large carnivores and their retaliatory killing is becoming an economic and conservation concern. A common recommendation for carnivore conservation and for reducing predation on livestock is to increase wild prey populations based on the assumption that the carnivores will consume this alternative food. Livestock predation, however, could either reduce or intensify with increases in wild prey depending on prey choice and trends in carnivore abundance. We show that the extent of livestock predation by the endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia intensifies with increases in the density of wild ungulate prey, and subsequently stabilizes. We found that snow leopard density, estimated at seven sites, was a positive linear function of the density of wild ungulates�the preferred prey�and showed no discernible relationship with livestock density. We also found that modelled livestock predation increased with livestock density. Our results suggest that snow leopard conservation would benefit from an increase in wild ungulates, but that would intensify the problem of livestock predation for pastoralists. The potential benefits of increased wild prey abundance in reducing livestock predation can be overwhelmed by a resultant increase in snow leopard populations. Snow leopard conservation efforts aimed atfacilitating increases in wild prey must be accompanied by greater assistance for better livestock protection and offsetting the economic damage caused by carnivores.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1452
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Author	Kashkarov, E.
Title	THE SNOW LEOPARD OF KIRGIZIA: NATIONAL SHAME OR NATIONAL PRIDE			Type	Journal Article
Year	2017	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue		Pages	239-253
Keywords	snow leopard, irbis, ibex, mountain sheep, conservation, range, reserve, monitoring, cameratrap, Sarychat, Kirgizia, Central Asia.
Abstract	Article examines the problems existing in conservation of the snow leopard in Kirgizia after break-up of the USSR. Unfortunate situation is common to most of the 14 countries in the snow leopard range, but seems especially sharp to Kirgizia. Yet half of the century ago Kirgizia has had about 1.5 thousand of the snow leopards, and today there remains no more than 1/10. In Soviet time Kirgizia was a global supplier of the snow leopards for the zoo-export � to create a reserve number of endangered cats in captivity. Today, at least half of the snow leopards in the Zoos of the world are individuals, caught in Kirgizia or their descendants. Since independence, Kirgizia has set new records. In Sarychat-Irtash reserve � the best for the snow leopard in Central Asia, and probably in the whole range � this species was completely destroyed after 3 years of reserve opening... and 17 years later � revived... Situation comes presently back to the worst-case scenario, and not only for the snow leopard. Author shows how work in this direction social and economic levers, and what kind future he would like to see in Kirgizia, where he lived for 12 years and was at the forefront of pioneering research of the snow leopard and its conservation.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1454
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Author	Suryawanshi, K. R., Redpath, S., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Ramakrishnan, U., Chaturvedi, V., Smout, S. C., Mishra, C.
Title	Impact of wild prey availability on livestock predation by snow leopards			Type	Journal Article
Year	2017	Publication	Royal Society Open Science	Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue		Pages	1-11
Keywords	apparent competition, apparent facilitation, conservation conflicts, indirect interactions, predator� prey interactions, snow leopard
Abstract	An increasing proportion of the world�s poor is rearing livestock today, and the global livestock population is growing. Livestock predation by large carnivores and their retaliatory killing is becoming an economic and conservation concern. A common recommendation for carnivore conservation and for reducing predation on livestock is to increase wild prey populations based on the assumption that the carnivores will consume this alternative food. Livestock predation, however, could either reduce or intensify with increases in wild prey depending on prey choice and trends in carnivore abundance. We show that the extent of livestock predation by the endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia intensifies with increases in the density of wild ungulate prey, and subsequently stabilizes. We found that snow leopard density, estimated at seven sites, was a positive linear function of the density of wild ungulates�the preferred prey�and showed no discernible relationship with livestock density. We also found that modelled livestock predation increased with livestock density. Our results suggest that snow leopard conservation would benefit from an increase in wild ungulates, but that would intensify the problem of livestock predation for pastoralists. The potential benefits of increased wild prey abundance in reducing livestock predation can be overwhelmed by a resultant increase in snow leopard populations. Snow leopard conservation efforts aimed at facilitating increases in wild prey must be accompanied by greater assistance for better livestock protection and offsetting the economic damage caused by carnivores.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1457
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Author	Khatoon, R., Hussain, I., Anwar, M., Nawaz, M. A.
Title	Diet selection of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Chitral, Pakistan			Type	Journal Article
Year	2017	Publication	Turkish Journal of Zoology	Abbreviated Journal
Volume		Issue	14	Pages	914-923
Keywords	Snow leopard, conservation, seasonal variation, diet composition, Chitral, Pakistan
Abstract	Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is an elusive endangered carnivore found in remote mountain regions of Central Asia, with sparse distribution in northern Pakistan, including Chitral and Baltistan. The present study determined the food habits of snow leopard, including preferred prey species and seasonal variation in diet. Fifty-six scat samples were collected and analyzed to determine the diet composition in two different seasons, i.e. summer and winter. Hair characteristics such as cuticular scale patterns and medullary structure were used to identify the prey. This evidence was further substantiated from the remains of bones, claws, feathers, and other undigested remains found in the scats. A total of 17 prey species were identified; 5 of them were large mammals, 6 were mesomammals, and the remaining 6 were small mammals. The occurrence of wild ungulates (10.4%) in the diet was low, while livestock constituted a substantial part (26.4%) of the diet, which was higher in summer and lower in winter. Mesomammals altogether comprised 33.4% of the diet, with palm civet (Paguma larvata) as a dominant (16.8%) species, followed by golden marmot (Marmota caudate) (8.8%), which was higher in winter. There was a significant difference in seasonal variation in domestic livestock and small mammals. The livestock contribution of 26.4% observed in the present study indicates a significant dependence of the population on livestock and suggests that the study area is expected to be a high-conflict area for snow leopards. The results of the current study would help improve the conservation efforts for snow leopards, contributing to conflict resolution and effective management of this endangered cat.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1459
Permanent link to this record