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Solari, K. A., Ahmad, S., Armstrong, E. E., Campana, M. G., Ali, H., Hameed, S., Ullah, J., Khan, B. U., Nawaz, M. A., Petrov, D. A. (2025). Next-Generation Snow Leopard Population Assessment Tool: Multiplex- PCR SNP Panel for Individual Identification From Faeces. Molecular Ecology Resources, 25(e14074), 1–15.
Abstract: In recent years, numerous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel methods to genotype non- invasive faecal samples have been developed. However, none of these existing methods fit all of the criteria necessary to make a SNP panel broadly usable for conservation projects in any country—cost effective, streamlined lab protocol and user- friendly open- source bioinformatics protocols for panel design and analysis. Here, we present such a method and display its utility by developing a multiplex PCR SNP panel for conducting individual ID of snow leopards, Panthera uncia, from faecal samples. The SNP panel we present consists of
144 SNPs and utilises next- generation sequencing technology. We validate our SNP panel with paired tissue and faecal samples from zoo individuals, showing a minimum of 96.7% accuracy in allele calls per run. We then generate SNP data from 235 field-collected faecal samples from across Pakistan to show that the panel can reliably identify individuals from low- quality faecal samples of unknown age and is robust to contamination. We also show that our SNP panel has the capability to identify first-order relatives among sampled zoo individuals and provides insights into the geographic origin of samples. This SNP panel will empower the snow leopard research community in their efforts to assess local and global snow leopard population sizes. More
broadly, we present a SNP panel development method that can be used for any species of interest for which adequate genomic reference data is available.
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