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Abbas, S., Hussain, Z., Abbas, K., Aisha, H. (2026). Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Status in Pakistan. SL Reports, 5, 48–57.
Abstract: This special issue (SL Reports, Vol 5), brings together updates on the status of snow leopards across the twelve range countries, developed alongside the ongoing IUCN Red List and Green Status assessments. Each contribution summarises currently available national information on population, distribution, threats, and conservation actions, following a consistent structure across countries. The papers were shaped through collaboration among in-country scientists, practitioners, and colleagues across the global snow leopard community.
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Ahmad, A., Rawat, J. S., & Rai, S. C. (1990). An Analysis of the Himalayan Environment and Guidelines for its Management and Ecologically Sustainable Development. Environmentalist, 10(4), 281–298.
Abstract: The impacts of human activities on the bio-geophysical and socio-economic environment of the Himalayas are analysed. The main man-induced activities which have accelerated ecological degradation and threatened the equilibrium of Himalayan mountain ecosystems are stated as: unplanned land use, cultivation on steep slopes, overgrazing, major engineering activities, over-exploitation of village or community forests, lopping of broad leaved plant species, shifting cultivation (short cycle) in north-east India, tourism and recreation. The geomorphological conditions are major factors responsible for landslides which cause major havoc every year in the area. Wild fauna, like musk deer and the snow leopard are now under threat partially due to changes in their habitat and the introduction of exotic plant species. Population pressure and migration are major factors responsible for poverty in the hills. The emigration of the working male population has resulted in the involvement of women as a major work-force. Guidelines, with special emphasis on the application of environmental impact assessments for the management of the Himalayas, are proposed. -from Authors
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Alexander, J. S., Bayandonoi, G., Munkhtsog, B., Lkhagvajav, P., Mijiddorj, T. N., Byambasuren, C., Munkhtsog, B. (2026). Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Status in Mongolia. SL Reports, 5, 34–40.
Abstract: This special issue (SL Reports, Vol 5), brings together updates on the status of snow leopards across the twelve range countries, developed alongside the ongoing IUCN Red List and Green Status assessments. Each contribution summarises currently available national information on population, distribution, threats, and conservation actions, following a consistent structure across countries. The papers were shaped through collaboration among in-country scientists, practitioners, and colleagues across the global snow leopard community.
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Allen, P., & Macray, D. (2002). Snow Leopard Enterprises Description and Summarized Business Plan.. Seattle: Islt.
Abstract: The habitat for both humans and snow leopards in Central Asia is marginal, the ecosystem fragile. The struggle for humans to survive has often, unfortunately, brought them into conflict with the region's dwindling snow leopard populations. Herders commonly see leopards as a threat to their way of life and well-being. Efforts to improve the living conditions of humans must consider potential impacts on the environment. Likewise, conservation initiatives cannot ignore humans as elements of the landscape with a right to live with dignity and pride. Based on these principles, the International Snow Leopard Trust has developed a new conservation model that addresses the needs of all concerned.
We call it Snow Leopard Enterprises..
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Anonymous. (2000). Snow leopard management plan of Mongolia (draft).
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Dhendup, T. (2026). Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Status in Bhutan. SL Reports, 5, 7–11.
Abstract: This special issue (SL Reports, Vol 5), brings together updates on the status of snow leopards across the twelve range countries, developed alongside the ongoing IUCN Red List and Green Status assessments. Each contribution summarises currently available national information on population, distribution, threats, and conservation actions, following a consistent structure across countries. The papers were shaped through collaboration among in-country scientists, practitioners, and colleagues across the global snow leopard community.
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Grachev, A. (2026). Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia)Status in Kazakhstan. SL Reports, 5, 17–25.
Abstract: This special issue (SL Reports, Vol 5), brings together updates on the status of snow leopards across the twelve range countries, developed alongside the ongoing IUCN Red List and Green Status assessments. Each contribution summarises currently available national information on population, distribution, threats, and conservation actions, following a consistent structure across countries. The papers were shaped through collaboration among in-country scientists, practitioners, and colleagues across the global snow leopard community.
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Jack, R. (2008). DNA Testing and GPS positioning of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) genetic material in the Khunjerab National Park Northern Areas, Pakistan.
Abstract: The protection of Snow Leopards in the remote and economically disadvantaged Northern Areas of Pakistan needs local people equipped with the skills to gather and present information on the number and range of individual animals in their area. It is important for the success of a conservation campaign that the people living in the area are engaged in the conservation process. Snow Leopards are elusive and range through inhospitable terrain so direct study is difficult. Consequently the major goals for this project were twofold, to gather information on snow leopard distribution in this area and to train local university students and conservation management professionals in the techniques used for locating snow leopards without the need to capture or even see the animals. This project pioneered the use of DNA testing of field samples collected in Pakistan to determine the distribution of snow leopards and to attempt to identify individuals. These were collected in and around that country's most northerly national park, the Kunjurab National Park, which sits on the Pakistan China border. Though the Northern Areas is not a well developed part of Pakistan, it does possess a number of institutions that can work together to strengthen snow leopard conservation. The first of these is a newly established University with students ready to be trained in the skills needed. Secondly WWF-Pakistan has an office in the main town and a state of the art GIS laboratory in Lahore and already works closely with the Forest Department who manage the national park. All three institutions worked together in this project with WWF providing GIS expertise, the FD rangers, and the university students carrying out the laboratory work. In addition in the course of the project the University of the Punjab in Lahore also joined the effort, providing laboratory facilities for the students. As a result of this project maps have been produced showing the location of snow leopards in
two areas. Preliminary DNA evidence indicates that there is more than one animal in this
relatively small area, but the greatest achievement of this project is the training and
experience gained by the local students. For one student this has been life changing. Due to
the opportunities provided by this study the student, Nelofar gained significant scientific
training and as a consequence she is now working as a lecturer and research officer for the
Center for Integrated Mountain Research, New Campus University of the Punjab, Lahore
Pakistan
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Jiang, Z. (2005). Snow leopards in the Dulan International Hunting Ground, Qinghai, China.
Abstract: From March to May, 2006œªwe conducted extensive snow leopard surveys in the Burhanbuda Mountain Kunlun Mountains, Qinghai Province, China. 32 linear transect of 5~15 km each, which running through each vegetation type, were surveyed within the study area. A total of 72 traces of snow leopard were found along 4 transects (12.5% of total transects). The traces included pug marks or footprints, scrapes and urine marks. We estimated the average density of wild ungulates in the region was 2.88ñ0.35 individuals km-2(n=29). We emplaced 16 auto2 trigger cameras in different environments and eight photos of snow leopard were shot by four cameras and the capture rate of snow leopard was 71.4%. The minimum snow leopard population size in the Burhanbuda Mountain was two, because two snow leopards were phototrapped by different cameras at almost same time. Simultaneously, the cameras also shot 63 photos of other wild animals, including five photos are unidentified wild animals, and 20 photos of livestock. We evaluated the human attitudes towards snow leopard by interviewing with 27 Tibetan householders of 30 householders live in the study area. We propose to establish a nature reserve for protecting and managing snow leopards in the region. Snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is considered as a unique species because it lives above the snow line, it is endemic to alpines in Central Asia, inhabiting in 12 countries across Central Asia (Fox, 1992). Snow leopard ranges in alpine areas in Qinghai, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Gansu and Sichuan in western China (Liao, 1985, 1986; Zhou, 1987; Ma et al., 2002; Jiang & Xu, 2006). The total population and habitat of snow leopards in China are estimated to be 2,000~2,500 individuals and 1,824,316 km2, only 5% of which is under the protection of nature reserves. The cat's current range is fragmented (Zou & Zheng, 2003). Due to strong human persecutions, populations of snow leopards decreased significantly since the end of the 20th century. Thus, the
snow leopards are under the protection of international and domestic laws. From March to May, 2006, we conducted two field surveys in Zhiyu Village, Dulan County in Burhanbuda Mountain, Kunlun Mountains, China to determine the population, distribution and survival status of snow leopards in the area. The aim of the study was to provide ecologic data for snow leopard conservation.
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Kachel, S. M., Shokirov, Q., Kholmatov, I., Mirzoev, M., Saidov, A. (2026). Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Status in Tajikistan. SL Reports, 5, 67–72.
Abstract: This special issue (SL Reports, Vol 5), brings together updates on the status of snow leopards across the twelve range countries, developed alongside the ongoing IUCN Red List and Green Status assessments. Each contribution summarises currently available national information on population, distribution, threats, and conservation actions, following a consistent structure across countries. The papers were shaped through collaboration among in-country scientists, practitioners, and colleagues across the global snow leopard community.
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