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Murray, D.; Kapke, C.; Evermann, J.; Fuller, T. |
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Title |
Infectious disease and the conservation of free-ranging large carnivores |
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1999 |
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Animal Conservation |
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2 |
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241-254 |
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Keywords |
infectous disease; free ranging; browse; infectious; Disease; 80 |
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Large carnivores are of vital importance to the stability and integrity of most ecosystems, but recent declines in free-ranging populations have highlighted the potentially devastating effect of infectious diseases on their conservation. We reviewed the literature on infectious diseases of 34 large (maximum body mass of adults >20 kg) terrestrial carnivore species, 18 of which are considered to be threatened in the wild, and examined reports of antibody prevalence (seroprevalence) and cases of infection, mortality and population decline. Of 52 diseases examined, 44% were viral, 31% bacterial and the remainder were protozoal or fungal. Many infections were endemic in carnivores and/or infected multiple taxonomic families, with the majority probably occurring via inhalation or ingestion. Most disease studies consisted of serological surveys for disease antibodies, and antibody detection tended to be widespread implying that exposure to micro-organisms was common. Seroprevalence was higher in tropical than temperate areas, and marginally higher for infections known to occur in multiple carnivore groups. Confirmation of active infection via micro-organism recovery was less common for ursids than other taxonomic groups. Published descriptions of disease-induced population decline or extinction were rare, and most outbreaks were allegedly the result of direct transmission of rabies or canine distemper virus (CDV) from abundant carnivore species to less-common large carnivores. We conclude that the threat of disease epidemics in large carnivores may be serious if otherwise lethal infections are endemic in reservoir hosts and transmitted horizontally among taxa. To prevent or mitigate future population declines, research efforts should be aimed at identifying both the diseases of potential importance to large carnivores and the ecological conditions associated with their spread and severity. |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 356 |
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708 |
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Author |
McCarthy, T. |
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Title |
Re: Snow leopard conservation plan for Mongolia |
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Report |
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1999 |
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1-18 |
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snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; snow-leopard-conservation-plan; leopard; conservation; conservation plan; plan; Mongolia; Report; Wwf |
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Consultant's report to WWF |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 973 |
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660 |
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Anonymous |
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Snow Leopard Undergoes Hip Replacement Surgery |
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1999 |
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Feline-Practice |
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27 |
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4 |
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5 |
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hip-replacement-surgery; zoo; medical; browse; Hip; replacement; surgery; 1230 |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 372 |
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88 |
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Chundawat, R.S.; Qureshi, Q. |
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Planning Wildlife Conservation in Leh and Kargil Districts of Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir |
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Report |
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1999 |
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92 p. |
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Ladakh; Jammu; Kashmir; conservation; planning; browse; 1870 |
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Dehradun, India |
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Draft Report submitted to Wildlife Institute of India
Title, Analytic: Planning Wildlife Conservation in Leh and Kargil Districts of Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir.
ProCite field [12]: (1999) |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 358 |
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226 |
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Author |
Olaf, R.P.; Edmonds, B.; Gittleman, J.; Purvis, A. |
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Title |
Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia) |
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1999 |
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Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |
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74 |
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143-175 |
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Carnivora; character-congruence; taxonomic-congruence; supertree; matrix-representation; parsimony; divergence-times; fossil-dates; molecular-clock; macroevolution; taxonomy; Evolution; browse; character; congruence; taxonomic; matrix; representation; divergence; times; fossil; dates; Molecular; clock; 1220 |
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One way to build larger, more comprehensive phylogenies is to combine the vast amount of phylogenetic information already available. We review the two main strategies for accomplishing this (combining raw data versus combining trees), but employ a relatively new variant of the latter: supertree construction. The utility of one supertree technique, matrix representation using parsimony analysis (MRP), is demonstrated by deriving a complete phylogeny for all 271 extant species of the Carnivora from 177 literature sources. Beyond providing a `consensus' estimate of carnivore phylogeny, the tree also indicates taxa for which the relationships remain controversial (e.g. the red panda; within canids, felids, and hyaenids) or have not been studied in any great detail (e.g. herpestids, viverrids, and intrageneric relationships in the procyonids). Times of divergence throughout the tree were also estimated from 74 literature sources based on both fossil and molecular data. We use the phylogeny to show that some lineages within the Mustelinae and Canidae contain significantly more species than expected for their age, illustrating the tree's utility for studies of macroevolution. It will also provide a useful foundation for comparative and conservational studies involving the carnivores.
(Received June 2 1998)(Revised November 27 1998)(Accepted December 16 1998) |
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Copyright c Cambridge Philosophical Society 1999 Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 371 |
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739 |
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Gundersen, S.; Jackson, R. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard in Nepal |
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Book Whole |
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1999 |
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1-24 |
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snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; Nepal; Wwf; program; Support; parks; park; wildlife; conservation; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust |
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Gundersen, S. |
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WWF Nepal Program prepared booklet with support of Department of Natural Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal, and the International Snow Leopard Trust. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1002 |
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361 |
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Raj, R.D. |
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Title |
A Green Chief Minister in a Green State |
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Miscellaneous |
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1999 |
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4 |
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India; snow-leopard; management; ecology; parks; reserves; snow leopard; browse; 1050 |
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As chief minister of the Indian state of Sikkim, Pawan Kumar Chamling has the onerous job of protecting one of the hottest biodiversity properties in the world. Chamling has been more than equal to the task. Last month, he earned the title of “greenest chief minister” of India's 22 federal states for policies that range from banning plastic bags to cancelling a major hydro-electric project. |
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Copyright (c) 1999 Inter Press Service Journal Title: Inter Press Service |
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SLN @ rana @ 369 |
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803 |
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Heinen, J.T.; Metha, J.C. |
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Conceptual and legal issues in the designation and management of conservation areas in Nepal |
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1999 |
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Environmental Conservation |
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26 |
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21-29 |
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Nepal; conservation; protected area; management; browse; 70 |
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The modern era of wildlife and protected area conservation in Nepal began in 1973 with the passage of comprehensive legislation, and has evolved very quickly as new priorities and problems have emerged. Here we explore the legal and managerial development of conservation areas, a recently-defined category of protected area designed to promote conservation through local-level participation and development. A review of the Conservation Area Management Regulations of 1996 shows that there are several potential problems inherent in this designation. As written, the regulations move power from the government to organizations under governmental contract. Thus, management authority largely remains top-down from the standpoint of local users. We also question how well the designation will protect some sensitive wildlife species, since organizations do not have law enforcement authority under Nepalese legislation.
Despite these concerns, there have been several successful conservation area programmes in existence in Nepal since the 1980s and most of the issues addressed are surmountable with the current regulations, providing that several criteria are met. We propose that His Majesty's Government and organizations under contract develop more definitive methods of disbursing funds for local-level projects, and institute social impact assessments. In addition, more attention must be paid to wildlife law enforcement; independent assessments of important wild populations and unique habitats are needed. Finally, we discuss some broader issues that should be better addressed in Nepal and elsewhere, including cross-sectoral coordination within the government. |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 361 |
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377 |
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Author |
Limbu, R. |
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Title |
Snow Leopards could save Mountain Biodiversity |
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Miscellaneous |
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1999 |
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3 |
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Nepal; asia; poaching; herder; livestock; fur; fur-coats; medicine; herders; bone; bones; browse; fur coats; coat; 1060 |
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The woman in the picture is wrapped in a luxurious fur coat and hat. The distinctly spotted pelt is that of a snow leopard -- that elusive and endangered species found in the mountains of central and south Asia. “A coat like that would probably cost $60,000-$80,000 in a big shop,” said Dr Rodney Jackson at a presentation he made recently on the status of his favorite subject. “Fortunately, changing norms of the fashion world and increasing consumer awareness (mean that) fewer people are wearing snow leopard pelts,” noted Dr Jackson, Conservation Director of the International Snow Leopard Trust. Still, the threat of extinction persists, he warns. “The demand for fur may have gone down but the demand for bones and body parts as marketable items for use in traditional Chinese medicine has gone up.” Further, conflict with humans is rapidly becoming the single most important issue, he said. |
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Journal Title: Inter Press Service |
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SLN @ rana @ 370 |
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620 |
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Slifka, K.; Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, S.M.; Bowen, P.; Crissey, S. |
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A Survey of Serum and Dietary Carotenoids in Captive Wild Animals |
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1999 |
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The Journal of Nutrition |
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129 |
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380-390 |
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captive; carotenoids; dietary; Serum; snow leopard; survey; wild; Animals; Animal |
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Accumulation of carotenoids varies greatly among animal species and is not fully characterized.
Circulating carotenoid concentration data in captive wild animals are limited and may be useful for their management.
Serum carotenoid concentrations and dietary intakes were surveyed and the extent of accumulation
categorized for 76 species of captive wild animals at Brookfield Zoo. Blood samples were obtained opportunistically
from 275 individual animals immobilized for a variety of reasons; serum was analyzed for a- and b-carotene,
lutein 1 zeaxanthin, lycopene, b-cryptoxanthin and canthaxanthin. Total carotenoid content of diets was calculated
from tables and chemical analyses of commonly consumed dietary components. Diets were categorized as
low, moderate or high in carotenoid content as were total serum carotenoid concentrations. Animals were
classified as unknown, high, moderate or low (non-) accumulators of dietary cartenoids. Nonaccumulators had total
serum carotenoid concentrations of 0-101 nmol/L, whereas accumulators had concentrations that ranged widely,
from 225 to 35,351 nmol/L. Primates were uniquely distinguished by the widest range of type and concentration
of carotenoids in their sera. Most were classified as high to moderate accumulators. Felids had high accumulation
of b-carotene regardless of dietary intake, whereas a wide range of exotic birds accumulated only the xanthophylls,
lutein 1 zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin or cryptoxanthin. The exotic ungulates, with the exception of the bovids, had
negligible or nondetectable carotenoid serum concentrations despite moderate intakes. Bovids accumulated only
b-carotene despite moderately high lutein 1 zeaxanthin intakes. Wild captive species demonstrated a wide variety
of carotenoid accumulation patterns, which could be exploited to answer remaining questions concerning carotenoid
metabolism and function. |
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SLN @ rana @ 257 |
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896 |
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