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	Author	Mishra, C.; Fitzherbert, A.
	Title	War and wildlife: a post-conflict assessment of Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	38	Issue	1	Pages	102-105
	Keywords	Afghanistan; fur trade; human-wildlife conflict; hunting; Lynx; marco polo sheep; snow leopard; Wakhan; wolf; 5270
	Abstract	Prior to the last two decades of conflict, Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor was considered an important area for conservation of the wildlife of high altitudes. We conducted an assessment of the status of large mammals in Wakhan after 22 years of conflict, and also made a preliminary assessment of wildlife trade in the markets of Kabul, Faizabad and Ishkashem. The survey confirmed the continued occurrence of at least eight species of large mammals in Wakhan, of which the snow leopard Uncia uncia and Marco Polo sheep Ovis ammon are globally threatened. We found evidence of human-wildlife conflict in Wakhan due to livestock depredation by snow leopard and wolf Canis lupus. Large mammals are hunted for meat, sport, fur, and in retaliation against livestock depredation. The fur trade in Kabul is a threat to the snow leopard, wolf, lynx Lynx lynx and common leopard Panthera pardus.
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 512			Serial	694
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	Author	Mishra, C.; Madhusudan, M.D.; Datta, A.
	Title	Mammals of the high altitudes of western Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya: an assessment of threats and conservation needs			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2006	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	40	Issue	1	Pages	1-7
	Keywords	anthropogenic; area; Arunachal; assessment; awareness; bharal; biodiversity; carnivore; carnivores; community; community-based; conservation; deer; depredation; dhole; endangered; extinct; fauna; goral; grazing; habitat; habitats; High; Himalaya; hunting; incentives; India; indian; Iucn; leopard; livestock; livestock-depredation; livestock depredation; local; mammals; musk; musk-deer; nayaur; panthera; people; peoples; plant; plants; potential; Pseudois; Pseudois-nayaur; pseudois nayaur; range; recent; region; Report; reserve; resource; schools; snow; snow-leopard; snow leopard; species; survey; surveys; threat; threatened; threats; tiger; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; ungulate; ungulates; valley; wildlife; work; Panthera-tigris; tigris
	Abstract	The high altitudes of Arunachal Pradesh,India, located in the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot, remain zoologically unexplored and unprotected. We report results of recent mammal surveys in the high altitude habitats of western Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 35 mammal species (including 12 carnivores, 10 ungulates and 5 primates) were recorded, of which 13 are categorized as Endangered or Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. One species of primate, the Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala, is new to science and the Chinese goral Nemorhaedus caudatus is a new addition to the ungulate fauna of the Indian subcontinent. We documented peoples' dependence on natural resources for grazing and extraction of timber and medicinal plants. The region's mammals are threatened by widespread hunting. The snow leopard Uncia uncia and dhole Cuon alpinus are also persecuted in retaliation for livestock depredation. The tiger Panthera tigris, earlier reported from the lower valleys, is now apparently extinct there, and range reductions over the last two decades are reported for bharal Pseudois nayaur and musk deer Moschus sp.. Based on mammal species richness, extent of high altitude habitat, and levels of anthropogenic disturbance, we identified a potential site for the creation of Arunachal's first high altitude wildlife reserve (815 km2). Community-based efforts that provide incentives for conservation-friendly practices could work in this area, and conservation awareness programmes are required, not just amongst the local communities and schools but for politicians, bureaucrats and the army.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 861			Serial	697
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	Author	Mazoomdaar, J.
	Title	Cat Among the People			Type	Magazine Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Open	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	8 August	Pages	40-45
	Keywords	snow leopard, India, Bhatnagar, Chundawat, Nature Conservation Foundation, Hemis, Kibber, Himmel
	Abstract
	Address	www.openthemagazine.com
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	http://openthemagazine.com/article/nation/cat-among-the-people			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1358
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	Author	Clevenger, S.A.
	Title	Snow leopards born... and born... and born at OKC Zoo			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1980	Publication	Oklahoma City Zoo	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	snow leopard, captive, Oklahoma City Zoo, breeding, birth
	Abstract
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1192
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	Author	Suryawanshi, K.R.; Bhatnagar, Y.; Mishra, C.
	Title	Why should a grazer browse? Livestock impact on winter resource use by bharal Pseudois nayaur			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Oecologia	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-10
	Keywords	browse; livestock; impact; winter; resource; use; bharal; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; diet; variation; diets; conservation; Media; study; decline; areas; area; grazing; Pressure; plants; plant; sign; feeding; location; population; structure; populations; using; young; Female; times; High; Competition; species; predators; predator; endangered; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya
	Abstract	Many mammalian herbivores show a temporal diet variation between graminoid-dominated and browse dominated diets. We determined the causes of such a diet shift and its implications for conservation of a medium sized ungulate-the bharal Pseudois nayaur. Past studies show that the bharal diet is dominated by graminoids (>80%) during summer, but the contribution of graminoids declines to about 50% in winter. We tested the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses explaining the decline: low graminoid availability during winter causes bharal to include browse in their diet; bharal include browse, with relatively higher nutritional quality, in their diet to compensate for the poor quality of graminoids during winter. We measured winter graminoid availability in areas with no livestock grazing, areas with relatively moderate livestock grazing, and those with intense livestock grazing pressures. The chemical composition of plants contributing to the bharal diet was analysed. The bharal diet was quantiWed through signs of feeding on vegetation at feeding locations. Population structures of bharal populations were recorded using a total count method. Graminoid availability was highest in areas without livestock grazing, followed by areas with moderate and intense livestock grazing. The bharal diet was dominated by graminoids (73%) in areas with highest graminoid availability. Graminoid contribution to the bharal diet declined monotonically (50, 36%) with a decline in graminoid availability. Bharal young to female ratio was 3 times higher in areas with high graminoid availability than areas with low graminoid availability. The composition of the bharal winter diet was governed predominantly by the availability of graminoids in the rangelands. Our results suggest that bharal include more browse in their diet during winter due to competition from livestock for graminoids. Since livestock grazing reduces graminoid availability, creation of livestock-free areas is necessary for the conservation of grazing species such as the bharal and its predators including the endangered snow leopard in the Trans-Himalaya.
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	Publisher	Springer-Verlag	Place of Publication	Online	Editor
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	Notes	This study was made possible by a grant from the Snow Leopard Network. Additional support was given by the Wildlife Conservation Society-India Program and Nature Conservation Foundation, the Whitley Fund for Nature, the Ford Foundation, and the Nadathur Conservation Trust.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1062			Serial	951
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	Author	Suryawanshi, Kulbhushan. R
	Title	Standardizing the double-observer survey method for estimating mountain ungulate prey of the endangered snow leopard			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Oecelogia	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	December	Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Mountain ungulates around the world have been threatened by illegal hunting, habitat modification, increased livestock grazing, disease and development. Mountain ungulates play an important functional role in grasslands as primary consumers and as prey for wild carnivores, and monitoring of their populations is important for conservation purposes. However, most of the several currently available methods of estimating wild ungulate abundance are either difficult to implement or too expensive for mountainous terrain. A rigorous method of sampling ungulate abundance in mountainous areas that can allow for some measure of sampling error is therefore much needed. To this end, we used a combination of field data and computer simulations to test the critical assumptions associated with double-observer technique based on capture-recapture theory. The technique was modified and adapted to estimate the populations of bharal (Pseudois nayaur) and ibex (Capra sibirica) at five different sites. Conducting the two double-observer surveys simultaneously led to underestimation of the population by 15%. We therefore recommend separating the surveys in space or time.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1376
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	Author	Nature Conservation Division; Department of Forests and Park Services; Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources; Royal Government of Bhutan
	Title	Snow Leopard Status in Bhutan – National Snow Leopard Survey Report 2022-2023			Type	Report
	Year	2023	Publication	NSLS Report	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-82
	Keywords
	Abstract	The National Snow Leopard Survey (NSLS) report 2022-2023 provides an updated status of the snow leopard in Bhutan. The report is an outcome of the camera trapping survey spanning five protected areas namely Jigme Khesar Strict Nature Reserve, Jigme Dorji National Park, Wangchuck Centennial National Park, Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary and Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park and two Divisional Forest Offices of Paro and Thimphu. A total of 310 camera stations were setup across the field sites that accumulated a survey effort of 22,636 trap nights, with over 10,000 images of snow leopards captured. A careful review of 476 images identified 96 adult individuals and 10 cubs across the landscape. Bayesian-based Spatially Explicit Capture Recapture (SECR) modelling estimated 134 snow leopards, as compared to the 2016 baseline of 96 individuals. Snow leopard density was estimated at 1.34 snow leopards per 100 km2 with the possibility of higher density in western Bhutan than in central and eastern Bhutan. Habitat distribution modeling also suggests more suitable habitats in western Bhutan as compared to other regions.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1740
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	Author	Rosen, T.
	Title	From Yellowstone to the Karakorums: A journey to understand conflicts with large carnivores			Type	Magazine Article
	Year	2010	Publication	NRCC News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	23	Issue	1	Pages	12-13
	Keywords	Pakistan, Project Snow Leopard, Baltistan Wildlife Conservation and Development Organization
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	NRCC News (Northern Rockies Conservation Cooperative) annual newsletter: bridging science and policy to advance conservation. Fall 2010, issue 23(1).			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1295
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	Author	Linnell, J.; Swenson, J.; Landa A.; and Kvam, T.
	Title	Methods for monitoring European large carnivores – A worldwide review of relevant experience			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	NINA Oppdragsmelding	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	549	Issue		Pages	1-38
	Keywords	carnivore; monitoring; census; bear; Lynx; wolf; wolverine; 5310
	Abstract	Against a background of recovering large carnivore populations in Norway, and many other areas of Europe, it is becoming increasingly important to develop methods to monitor their populations. A variety of parameters can monitored depending on objectives. These parameters include: presence/absense, distribution, population trend indices, minimum counts, statistical estimates of population size, reproductive parameters and health/condition. Three broad categories of monitoring techniques can be recognised each with increasing levels of fieldwork required. The first category includes those techniques that do not require original fieldwork. The second category involves fieldwork, but where individually recognisable carnivores are not available. The third category includes methods where fieldwork has recognisable individuals available. Different mehtods tend to have been used for different species, mainly because of limitations imposed by the different species' ecology. The most precise estimates of population size have been obtained in research projects with relatively small study sites and with the help of radio-telemetry. However, it may be difficult, or impossible, to apply these methods over large monitoring areas. Therefore, in terms of practical management, a combination of minimum counts, supported by an independent index may be more useful than statistical population estimates. All methods should be subject to a careful design process, and power analysis should be conducted to determine the sensitivity of the method to detect changes. Based on the review of over 200 papers and reports we recommend a package of complementary monitoring methods for brown bear, wolverine, lynx and wolf in Norway. These include the use of observations from the public and reports of predation on livestock to determine broad patterns of distribution, and an index based on hunter observations per hunting day, for all four species. Minimum counts of reproductive units, natal dens, family groups, and packs, should be obtained from snow-tracking for wolverines, lynx and wolves respectively. In addition a track-count index should be obtained for wolverines and lynx. As much data as possible should be obtained of lynx and wolvereines killed in the annual harvest. Brown bears will be difficult to monitor without the use of radio-telemetry, therfore they may require periodic telemetry based, mark-recapture studies. Such a program can easily be constructed within existing central and regional wildlife management structures, but will require extensive involvement from hunters.
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 516			Serial	622
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	Author	Anonymous
	Title	She's all washed up			Type	Newspaper Article
	Year	1980	Publication	New York Daily News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	1 January	Pages
	Keywords	snow leopard, captive, Bronx Zoo, New York
	Abstract
	Address
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Photograph			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1208
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