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| Author | Mishra, C.; Van Wieren S.; Ketner, P.; Heitkonig, I.; Prins H. | ||||
| Title | Competition between domestic livestock and wild bharal Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Journal of Animal Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 73 | Issue | Pages | 344-354 | |
| Keywords | blue sheep,diet,grazing,rangeland,resource,ungulate,wildlife; 5320 | ||||
| Abstract | 1. The issue of competition between livestock and wild herbivores has remained contentious. We studied the diets and population structures of the mountain ungulate bharal Pseudois nayaur and seven species of livestock to evaluate whether or not they compete for forage. The study was conducted in the high altitude Spiti Valley, Indian Trans-Himalaya. 2. We compared resource (forage) availability and bharal population structures between rangelands differing in livestock density. Forage availability was estimated by clipping the standing graminoid biomass in sample plots. Livestock and bharal population structures were quantified through annual censuses. Seasonal diets of livestock were studied by direct observations, while those of bharal were quantified through feeding signs on vegetation. 3. We found that livestock grazing causes a significant reduction in the standing crop of forage. Graminoid availability per unit livestock biomass was three times greater in a moderately grazed rangeland compared with an intensively grazed one. 4. There was considerable diet overlap among the herbivore species. In summer, bharal, yak Bos grunniens, horse Equus caballus, cow Bos indicus, and dzomo (yak-cow hybrids) fed predominantly on graminoids, while donkey E. asinus, sheep Ovis aries, and goat Capra hircus, consumed both graminoids and herbs. The summer diet of bharal was a subset of the diets of three livestock species. In winter, depleted graminoid availability caused bharal, yak and horse to consume relatively more herbs, while the remaining livestock species fed predominantly on graminoids. Diet overlap was less in winter but, in both seasons, all important forage species in the bharal diet were consumed in substantial amounts by one or more species of livestock. 5. Comparison of the population structures of bharal between two rangelands differing in livestock density by c. 30% yielded evidence of resource competition. In the intensively grazed rangeland, bharal density was 63% lower, and bharal population showed poorer performance (lower young : adult female ratios). 6.Synthesis and applications High diet overlap between livestock and bharal, together with density-dependent forage limitation, results in resource competition and a decline in bharal density. Under the present conditions of high livestock density and supplemental feeding, restricting livestock numbers and creating livestockfree areas are necessary measures for conserving Trans-Himalayan wild herbivores. Mediating competitive effects on bharal through supplemental feeding is not a feasible option. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 517 | Serial | 695 | ||
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| Author | Mongar, T.B. | ||||
| Title | Protected Area System Network: A Strategy for Managing Biodiversity in Bhutan | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 1992 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | Bhutan; parks; reserves; park; reserve; refuge; protected-area; browse; protected; area; 2430 | ||||
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| Notes | Title, Monographic: Fourth World Parks Congress Place of Meeting: Caracas, Venezuela. Date of Copyright: 1992 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 194 | Serial | 704 | ||
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| Author | Munson, L.; Worley, M.B. | ||||
| Title | Veno-occlusive disease in snow leopards (Panthera uncia) from zoological parks | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1991 | Publication | Vet Pathol | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 28 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 37-45 |
| Keywords | Cirrhosis; epidemiology; Hemosiderosis; Hepadnaviridae; Hepatic; Hepatitis; pathology; Veno-Occlusive; veterinary; zoo | ||||
| Abstract | Livers from 54 snow leopards, 4 days to 23 years old, that had died in 23 US zoos, were evaluated histopathologically to determine if the hepatic fibrosis, which has been noted to be prevalent in this species, was due to chronic active hepatitis from hepadnaviral infection, Ito cell proliferation, or hemosiderosis. Forty-two of 54 snow leopards had subintimal vascular fibrosis with partial or total occlusion of central and sublobular veins (veno-occlusive disease) of unknown origin. All 21 leopards older than 5 years were affected. Four leopards had chronic active hepatitis, and 12 leopards had cholangiohepatitis; but these lesions were not connected anatomically to central and sublobular venous fibrosis. Hepatocellular and Kupffer cell siderosis and Ito cell proliferation were prevalent and often coexisted with perisinusoidal, central, and sublobular venous fibrosis; but fibrosis was present in leopards without siderosis or Ito cell proliferation. The pattern and prevalence of veno-occlusive disease in these leopards was similar to that reported in captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), suggesting that a common extrinsic factor may cause the majority of hepatic disease in these large felid animals in captivity. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0300-9858 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Document Type: eng | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 173 | Serial | 706 | ||
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| Author | Murata, K.; Yanai, T.; Agatsuma, T.; Uni, S. | ||||
| Title | Dirofilaria immitis infection of a snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in a Japanese zoo with mitochondrial DNA analysis | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 65 | Issue | Pages | 945-947 | |
| Keywords | Dirofilaria immitis,Japan,snow leopard | ||||
| Abstract | Three dog heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) were detected in the lumen of the right cardiac ventriculus and of the pulmonary artery of a captive female snow leopard (Uncia uncia) that died of pancreatic carcinoma at a zoo in Japan. Neither clinical respiratory nor circulatory symptoms caused by the heartworm infection were observed. The filarial worms were identified as D. immitis from the morphologic characteristics of the esophagus, the presence of faint longitudinal ridges on the cuticular surface, the situation of vulva posterior to the esophagus, and the measurements of the body. The heartworms from the snow leopard were identical to that of D. immitis from dogs in the sequence of the cytochrome oxidase I region in the mitochondrial DNA. This host record is the first of D. immitis in U. uncia. | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 892 | Serial | 707 | ||
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| Author | Murray, D.; Kapke, C.; Evermann, J.; Fuller, T. | ||||
| Title | Infectious disease and the conservation of free-ranging large carnivores | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Animal Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 241-254 | |
| Keywords | infectous disease; free ranging; browse; infectious; Disease; 80 | ||||
| Abstract | Large carnivores are of vital importance to the stability and integrity of most ecosystems, but recent declines in free-ranging populations have highlighted the potentially devastating effect of infectious diseases on their conservation. We reviewed the literature on infectious diseases of 34 large (maximum body mass of adults >20 kg) terrestrial carnivore species, 18 of which are considered to be threatened in the wild, and examined reports of antibody prevalence (seroprevalence) and cases of infection, mortality and population decline. Of 52 diseases examined, 44% were viral, 31% bacterial and the remainder were protozoal or fungal. Many infections were endemic in carnivores and/or infected multiple taxonomic families, with the majority probably occurring via inhalation or ingestion. Most disease studies consisted of serological surveys for disease antibodies, and antibody detection tended to be widespread implying that exposure to micro-organisms was common. Seroprevalence was higher in tropical than temperate areas, and marginally higher for infections known to occur in multiple carnivore groups. Confirmation of active infection via micro-organism recovery was less common for ursids than other taxonomic groups. Published descriptions of disease-induced population decline or extinction were rare, and most outbreaks were allegedly the result of direct transmission of rabies or canine distemper virus (CDV) from abundant carnivore species to less-common large carnivores. We conclude that the threat of disease epidemics in large carnivores may be serious if otherwise lethal infections are endemic in reservoir hosts and transmitted horizontally among taxa. To prevent or mitigate future population declines, research efforts should be aimed at identifying both the diseases of potential importance to large carnivores and the ecological conditions associated with their spread and severity. | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 356 | Serial | 708 | ||
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| Author | Namgail, T. | ||||
| Title | Interactions between argali and livestock, Gya-Miru Wildlife Sanctuary, Ladakh, India, Final Project Report | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-39 | ||
| Keywords | Interactions; interaction; argali; livestock; Gya-Miru; wildlife; sanctuary; sanctuaries; Ladakh; India; project; Report; land-use; land use; region; indian; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya; economy; Animal; products; meat; diet; people; wool; goats; goat; International; High; recent; change; population; grazing; Pressure; pasture; impact; 2000; knowledge; primary; Chundawat; wild; area; Support; ungulate; species; fox; nature; domestic; sheep; habitat; habitat use; use; tibetan; Tibetan argali; ovis; Ovis ammon hodgsoni; ammon; reserve; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; trust; program | ||||
| Abstract | Livestock production is the major land-use in Ladakh region of the Indian Trans-Himalaya, and is a crucial sector that drives the region's economy (Anon, 2002). Animal products like meat and milk provide protein to the diet of people, while products like wool and pashmina (soft fibre of goats) find their way to the international market. Such high utility of livestock and the recent socio-economic changes in the region have caused an increase in livestock population (Rawat and Adhikari, 2002; Anon. 2002), which, if continue apace, may increase grazing pressure and deteriorate pasture conditions. Thus, there is an urgent need to assess the impact of such escalation in livestock population on the regions wildlife. Although, competitive interaction between wildlife and livestock has been studied elsewhere in the Trans-Himalaya (Bhatnagar et al., 2000; Mishra, 2001; Bagchi et al., 2002), knowledge on this aspect in the Ladakh region is very rudimentary. The rangelands of Ladakh are characterised by low primary productivity (Chundawat & Rawat, 1994), and the wild herbivores are likely to compete with the burgeoning livestock on these impoverished rangelands (Mishra et al., 2002). Thus, given that the area supports a diverse wild ungulate assemblage of eight species (Fox et al., 1991b), and an increasing livestock population (Rawat and Adhikari, 2002), the nature of interaction between wildlife and livestock needs to be assessed. During this project, we primarily evaluated the influence of domestic sheep and goat grazing on the habitat use of Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni in a prospective wildlife reserve in Ladakh. | ||||
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| Notes | Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program, 2003. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1073 | Serial | 711 | ||
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| Author | Namgail, T.; Fox, J.; Bhatnagar, Y. | ||||
| Title | Carnivore-Caused Livestock Mortality in Trans-Himalaya | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Environmental Management | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 39 | Issue | Pages | 490-496 | |
| Keywords | Gya-Miru; livestock depredation; Lynx; snow leopard; trans-himalaya; wolf | ||||
| Abstract | The loss of livestock to wild predators is an important livelihood concern among Trans-Himalayan pastoralists. Because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the region, few studies have been carried out to quantify livestock depredation by wild predators. In the present study, we assessed the intensity of livestock depredation by snow leopard Uncia uncia, Tibetan wolf Canis lupus chanku, and Eurasian lynx Lynx l. isabellina in three villages, namely Gya, Rumtse, and Sasoma, within the proposed Gya-Miru Wildlife Sanctuary in Ladakh, India. The three villages reported losses of 295 animals to these carnivores during a period of 2.5 years ending in early 2003, which represents an annual loss rate of 2.9% of their livestock holdings. The Tibetan wolf was the most important predator, accounting for 60% of the total livestock loss because of predation, followed by snow leopard (38%) and lynx (2%). Domestic goat was the major victim (32%), followed by sheep (30%), yak (15%), and horse (13%). Wolves killed horses significantly more and goats less than would be expected from their relative abundance. Snow leopards also killed horses significantly more than expected, whereas they killed other livestock types in proportion to their abundance. The three villages combined incurred an estimated annual monetary loss of approximately $USD 12,120 amounting to approximately $USD 190/household/y. This relatively high total annual loss occurred primarily because of depredation of the most valuable livestock types such as yak and horse. Conservation actions should initially attempt to target decrease of predation on these large and valuable livestock species. | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 924 | Serial | 712 | ||
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| Author | Namgail, T.; Fox, J.; Bhatnagar, Y. | ||||
| Title | Habitat shift and time budget of the Tibetan argali: the influence of livestock grazing | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Ecological Resources | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 22 | Issue | Pages | 25-31 | |
| Keywords | habitat shift; livestock; Tibetan argali; Time budget; trans-himalaya | ||||
| Abstract | Livestock production is the primary source of livelihood and income in most of the high steppe and alpine regions of the Indian Trans-Himalaya. In some areas, especially those established or proposed for biodiversity conservation, recent increases in populations of domestic livestock, primarily sheep and goats, have raised concern about domestic animals competitively excluding wild herbivores from the rangelands. We evaluated the influence of domestic sheep and goat grazing on the habitat use and time budget of the endangered Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni in the proposed Gya-Miru Wildlife Sanctuary, Ladakh, India. We asked if the domestic sheep and goat grazing and collateral human activities relegate the argali to suboptimal habitats, and alter their foraging time budgets. Data were collected on habitat use and time budget of a population of c. 50 argalis before and after c. 2,000 sheep and goats moved onto their winter pasture in the Tsabra catchment of the aforementioned reserve. Following the introduction of domestic sheep and goats, argalis continued to use the same catchment but shifted to steeper habitats, closer to cliffs, with lower vegetation cover, thus abandoning previously used plant communities with denser cover. Argalis' active time spent foraging also decreased by 10% in response to the presence of livestock. These results suggest a clear disturbance effect of livestock on argalis, and indicate a potential for competition, conceivably a significant disadvantage for argalis in winter when forage availability is minimal. |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 926 | Serial | 713 | ||
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| Author | Namgay, K. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard and Prey Population Conservation in Bhutan | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-5 | ||
| Keywords | 2000; 30; activities; activity; asia; Bhutan; China; conservation; dates; Dorji; field; government; habitat; habitats; India; International; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; international snow leopard trust; Jigme; Jigme-Dorji; leopard; leopards; methods; national; National-park; national park; Nepal; Pakistan; park; plan; population; populations; prey; program; programs; project; region; regional; Report; Slims; snow; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; staff; status; strategy; Support; survey; surveys; techniques; training; trust; ungulate; us; using; wild; wildlife; work; workshop; world-wildlife-fund; world wildlife fund; Wwf | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopard conservation work in Bhutan dates back to 1999 and 2000 when the International Snow Leopard Trust-in collaboration with the Royal Government of Bhutan and World Wildlife Fund-initiated a training workshop. More than 30 government staff were trained in SLIMS survey techniques. As a part of the training exercise, a preliminary survey on snow leopard was also carried out using the SLIMS methods in Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Park. Based on the survey results, we estimated there was a population of 100 snow leopards in the wild and 10,000 km2 of habitat. In 2005, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) organized the WWF/South Asia Regional Workshop on Snow leopard Conservation in Bhutan. Both regional (Bhutan, India, China, Nepal and Pakistan) and international experts revisited the snow leopard programs and developed a work plan for the overall conservation of the snow leopard in the region. This led to WWF's Regional Snow leopard Conservation Strategy. WWF is pleased to submit our final report to the International Snow Leopard Trust on the oneyear, $8,000 grant in support of Snow Leopard and Prey Population Conservation in Bhutan. With the support of the Snow Leopard Trust, we have made great strides towards achieving our goal for this project: To determine the current status of snow leopard and ungulate prey populations in prime snow leopard habitats. Major accomplishments and activities completed thanks to the generous support of the International Snow Leopard Trust include: Signed of a Terms of Reference between Royal Government, International Snow Leopard Trust – India, World Wildlife Fund and International Snow Leopard Trust -US; Developed a joint revised project work plan; and Purchased basic field supplies and equipment needed for the surveys planned. |
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| Notes | Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program, 2006. Contact Thomas Dillon (202) 778-9766 phone or email Thomas.dillon@wwfus.org | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1074 | Serial | 714 | ||
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| Author | Nishine, Y. | ||||
| Title | Development of the captive breeding programme (SSCJ) in Japan 1997-2001 | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 8 | Issue | Pages | 25-26 | |
| Keywords | captive; captive breeding; Japan | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 925 | Serial | 722 | ||
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