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	Author	Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Mardan
	Title	Snow Leopard Survey in Tumor Nature Reserve, Xingjiang			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2005	Publication	Sichuan Journal of Zoology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	24	Issue	4	Pages	608-610
	Keywords	snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; survey; nature; reserve; national; Xinjiang; China; sign; big; cat; spray; distribution; population; habitat; Habitat selection; selection; river; area; Tomur; transects; transect; scrapes; scrape; feces; areas; valley
	Abstract	Snow leopard survey was conducted in Oct-Nov 2004 at Tumor National Natural Reserve, Xinjiang, China. Because of its special living style, the snow leopard is difficult to observe by sight. Signs left by snow leopard become a good index to prove the existance of the big cat. There are mainly five kinds of signs, footprints, fectes, claw rakes and urine spray. From them we can know the distribution, probably population and habitat selection of snow leopard. This time in Tumor we investigated 5 difference places: Pochenzi in Mozat River area, Boxidun in Little Kuzbay River area, Yinyer in Tomur River area, Kurgan and Taglak in Quiong Tailan River area. 42 transects were run in this trip and a total of 57 signs found. Among them, footprints amounted to 71.9%, scrapes 21.1%, and feces 7.0%. The results showed that the big cat existed in Yinyer, Kurgan and Taglak areas and liked to select their habitat in the valley and didn't like to live in barren areas.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 873			Serial	1034
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	Author	Wingard, J.R.; Zahler, P.
	Title	Silent Steppe: The Illegal Wildlife Trade Crisis in Mongolia			Type	Report
	Year	2006	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-170
	Keywords	steppe; illegal; wildlife; trade; Mongolia; study; threat; populations; population; areas; area; fur; fur trade; fur-trade; game; meat; hunting; Chain; impact; biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; conservation; rural; livelihood; Wildlife-Management; management; survey; survey methods; methods; history; action; International; enforcement; domestic; community-based; approach
	Abstract	The current study in Mongolia is truly groundbreaking, in that it shows that the problem of commercial wildlife trade is also vast, unsustainable, and a major threat to wildlife populations in other areas. This paper's Executive Summary briefs the topics of wildlife trade in Mongolia, fur trade, medicinal trade, game meat trade, trophy and sport hunting, trade chains and markets, trade sustainability, impacts of wildlife trade on biodiversity conservation, impacts of trade on rural livelihoods, enabling wildlife management, and management recommendations. The main content of the paper includes: wildlife trade survey methods, a history of wildlife trade in Mongolia, wildlife take and trade today, enabling wildlife management, and recommendations and priority actions. The recommendations have been divided into six separate sections, including (1) cross-cutting recommendations, (2) international trade enforcement, (3) domestic trade enforcement, (4) hunting management, (5) trophy and sport hunting management, and (6) community-based approaches. Each section identifies short-term, long-term, and regulatory goals in order of priority within each subsection.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	World Bank	Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor	East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Mongolian version. English language translation is also available in the SLN bibliography. Mongolia Discussion Papers. East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department. Washington D.C.: World Bank.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1079			Serial	1026
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	Author	Wikramanayake, E.
	Title	Tracking snow leopard and blue sheep, WWF conservationist Eric Wikramanayake goes on a wildlife survey in Bhutan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year		Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Bhutan; blue-sheep; surveys; Jigme-Dorji; parks; park; reserve; protected-area; refuge; habitat; blue; sheep; browse; Jigme; Dorji; protected; area; 3980
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 8			Serial	1021
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	Author	Freeman, H.
	Title	What's Happening in Mongolia			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1996	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	xiv	Issue		Pages	1
	Keywords	Macne; Tserendeleg; Incentive-program; surveys; Tost; Monkhstog; conservation; gobi; browse; 4530
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snowline			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 441			Serial	325
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	Author	Jackson, R.
	Title	Second SLIMS Workshop Held			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1994	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	xii	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Chitral-Gol; Pakistan; Slims; surveys; research; Project-snow-leopard; teqniques; conflict-resolution; training; browse; 4590
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle, WA	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snowline			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 273			Serial	453
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	Author	Jackson, R.; Fox, J.L.
	Title	Snow Leopard and Prey Species Workshop in Bhutan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year		Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Jigme-Dorji; Bhutan; workshop; Slims; blue-sheep; tourism; Islt; parks; reserves; protected-areas; tracks; surveys; international snow leopard trust; blue; sheep; browse; 4070
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 6			Serial	431
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	Author	Inayat, S.; Khan, A.
	Title	Identifying Womens Roles in Snow Leopard Conservation			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1998	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	xvi	Issue		Pages	3
	Keywords	Pakistan; conservation; surveys; women; Gender; livestock; awareness; browse; 4480
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 436			Serial	403
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	Author	Hussain, S.
	Title	Shafqat Hussain Research Proposal for Pakistan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year		Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Pakistan; Iucn; predation; predator; prey; livestock; conflict; herders; surveys; interviews; herding-techniques; browse; herding techniques; herding; techniques; 3900
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 3			Serial	398
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	Author	Hunter, D.O.; Jackson, R.; Freeman, H.; Hillard, D.
	Title	Project snow leopard: a model for conserving central Asia biodiversity			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	247-252
	Keywords	conservation; habitat; Himalaya; parks; reserves; park; reserve; refuge; survey; methods; Slims; education; protected-area; anthropogenic-degradation; asia; China; Bhutan; India; Pakistan; Nepal; Afghanistan; Mongolia; Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; Kazakhstan; Kirghizstan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; Project-snow-leopard; network; preybase; Islt; Usfws; Ners; Information-Network; kazakstan; browse; protected; area; anthropogenic; degradation; soviet; union; project; snow; leopard; international snow leopard trust; information; 2660
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	International Snow Leopard Trust	Place of Publication	Usa	Editor	J.Fox; D.Jizeng
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 220			Serial	395
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	Author	Hung, L.; Talipu; Hua, L.; Mingjiang, Q.; Schaller, G.B.
	Title	A Snow Leopard Survey in the Taxkorgan Region, XInjiang, China			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1985	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Taxkorgan; China; Xinjiang; field; study; browse; survey; K2; pamirs; prey; habitat; herders; scat; analysis; 4190
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 407			Serial	390
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	Author	Hillard, D.
	Title	Update on the Himalayan Snow Leopard Project			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1985	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	No. 8	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Nepal; Himalaya; Jackson; collars; research; telemetry; yeowls; roars; mating-call; Langu; cubs; radio; field-work; surveys; tracking; behavior; browse; 4830
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 470			Serial	383
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	Author	Henschel, P.; Ray, J.
	Title	Leopards in African Rainforests: Survey and Monitoring Techniques			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2003	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	forest leopards; african rainforests; survey; monitoring techniques; lope reserve; gabon; central africa; congo; zaire; field testing; populations; wild meat; relative abundance; density; live-trapping; presence and absense surveys; ad-hoc survey; bushmeat; systematic survey; monitoring; individual identification; tracks; Discriminant Function Analysis; genotyping; scat; Hair; Dna; remote photography; camera trapping; capture rates; Trailmaster; Camtrakker; bait; duikers; pigs; elephant; bongo; okapi; human hunters; 5300
	Abstract	Monitoring Techniques Forest leopards have never been systematically surveyed in African forests, in spite of their potentially vital ecological role as the sole large mammalian predators in these systems. Because leopards are rarely seen in this habitat, and are difficult to survey using the most common techniques for assessing relative abundances of forest mammals, baseline knowledge of leopard ecology and responses to human disturbance in African forests remain largely unknown. This technical handbook sums up the experience gained during a two-year study of leopards by Philipp Henschel in the Lop‚ Reserve in Gabon, Central Africa, in 2001/2002, supplemented by additional experience from carnivore studies conducted by Justina Ray in southwestern Central African Republic and eastern Congo (Zaire) . The main focus of this effort has been to develop a protocol that can be used by fieldworkers across west and central Africa to estimate leopard densities in various forest types. In developing this manual, Henschel tested several indirect methods to assess leopard numbers in both logged and unlogged forests, with the main effort devoted to testing remote photography survey methods developed for tigers by Karanth (e.g., Karanth 1995, Karanth & Nichols 1998; 2000; 2002), and modifying them for the specific conditions characterizing African forest environments. This handbook summarizes the results of the field testing, and provides recommendations for techniques to assess leopard presence/absence, relative abundance, and densities in African forest sites. We briefly review the suitability of various methods for different study objectives and go into particular detail on remote photography survey methodology, adapting previously developed methods and sampling considerations specifically to the African forest environment. Finally, we briefly discuss how camera trapping may be used as a tool to survey other forest mammals. Developing a survey protocol for African leopards is a necessary first step towards a regional assessment and priority setting exercise targeted at forest leopards, similar to those carried out on large carnivores in Asian and South American forests.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor	Wildlife Conservation Society
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 515			Serial	382
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	Author	Harris, R.B.; Pletscher, D.H.; Loggers, C.O.; Miller, D.J.
	Title	Status and trends of Tibetan plateau mammalian fauna, Yeniugou, China			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Biological Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	87	Issue		Pages	13-19
	Keywords	argali; blue sheep; China; conservation; Qinghai; survey; Tibetan antelope; Tibetan gazelle; Tibetan wild ass; white-lipped deer; wild; yak; Yeniugou; 5210
	Abstract	We conducted surveys focusing on the unique and vulnerable ungulate species in Yeniugou, Qinghai province, China, during September 1997 to compare population estimates with those from the early 1990s. The status of two ungulate species appeared essentially unchanged since 1990ñ1992: wild yak Bos grunniens (about 1200 to 1300 animals) and Tibetan gazelle Procapra picti- caudata. The status of one ungulate species, the white-lipped deer Cervus albirostris, appeared to improve, from a very few to close to 100. We are unsure how the status of the Tibetan wild ass Equus kiang compares with that of the early 1990s. The status of three species declined during the period: blue sheep Pseudois nayaur and argali Ovis ammon declined slightly (possibly due to a weather event), and the Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsoni declined dramatically (probably due primarily to poaching), from over 2000 estimated in 1991 to only two seen during 1997. Poaching of antelope has become a serious problem throughout the Tibetan plateau in recent years, and this survey provides evidence that an entire subpopulation can disappear (either through mortality, movement away from human disturbance or a combination) within a relatively short time-frame. That some species (e.g. wild yak, white-lipped deer) continue to thrive in Yeniugou is heartening, but even they remain vulnerable to market-driven poaching.#1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 506			Serial	373
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	Author	Jackson, R.
	Title	Third Slims Workshop held in Mongolia			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1995	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	xiii	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Slims; Mongolia; fieldwork; surveys; Project-snow-leopard; Islt; Macne; McCarthy; hunting; conflict; herders; prey; poaching; predation; gobi; browse; 4570
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 445			Serial	455
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	Author	Fox, J.L.; Chundawat, R.S.
	Title	Evaluation of Snow Leopard Sign Abundance in the Upper Indus Valley			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1997	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	66-74
	Keywords	India; Ladakh; Jammu; Kashmir; transect; survey; habitat; park; parks; reserves; reserve; refuge; field-study; marks; scrape; scrapes; spray; marking; behavior; tracks; autocad; predator; prey; ibex; blue-sheep; marmot; livestock; protected-area; blue; sheep; browse; protected; area; 2730
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Lahore, Pakistan	Editor	R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 307			Serial	308
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	Author	Fox, J.L.
	Title	Indo-US Snow Leopard Project, Progress Report on Field Work as of December 30, 1985			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1986	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	India; reserach; field-surveys; surveys; Kargil; Hemis; browse; 4820
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 469			Serial	290
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	Author	Fox, J.L.; Sinya, S.P.; Chundawat, R.S.; Das, P.K.
	Title	A Survey of Snow Leopard and Associated Species in the Himalaya of Northwestern India, Project Completion Report			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1986	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Himalaya; India; prey; distribution; Arunachal; Jammu; Himachal-Pradesh; Uttar-Pradesh; Sikkim; hunting; poaching; pelts; livestock; surveys; field-work; herders; herding; parks; preserves; reserves; habiatat; conflict; human-interaction; behaviour; sanctuaries; scrapes; sprays; tracks; browse; 4220
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text Available at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 410			Serial	289
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	Author	Ferguson, D.A.
	Title	International Cooperation for Snow Leopard and Biodiversity Conservation: The Government Perspective			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1997	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	178-193
	Keywords	snow leopard; biodiversity; management; development; India; Pakistan; conservation; hunting; poaching; hunter; pelt; skin; fur; coat; livestock; habitat; herder; herders; Ussr; park; parks; reserves; reserve; refuge; Slims; field study; survey; surveys; transects; transect; Khunjerab; protected area; browse; U.S.S.R.; 2990
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Lahore, Pakistan	Editor	R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	full text available at URL Title, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 210			Serial	274
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	Author	Farrington, J.
	Title	A Report on Protected Areas, Biodiversity, and Conservation in the Kyrgyzstan Tian Shan with Brief Notes on the Kyrgyzstan Pamir-Alai and the Tian Shan Mountains of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and China			Type	Book Whole
	Year	2005	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-276
	Keywords	Report; protected; protected areas; protected area; protected-areas; protected-area; areas; area; biodiversity; conservation; Kyrgyzstan; Tian; Tian-Shan; shan; Pamir-Alai; mountains; mountain; Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; China; environmental; study; former; soviet; central; Central Asia; asia; land; Forest; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; Chinese; range; republic; wildlife; International; research; land-use; land use; recent; inner; project; ecological; Middle; Middle Asia; Organization; awareness; region; preserve; species; ecosystems; ecosystem; potential; community; Biodiversity conservation; Xinjiang; information; Kyrgyz; Kyrgyz-Republic; protection; flora; fauna; mammals; birds; reptiles; amphibians; endemic; plants; plant; history; Southern; survey; protect; river; heart
	Abstract	Kyrgyzstan is a land of towering mountains, glaciers, rushing streams, wildflowercovered meadows, forests, snow leopards, soaring eagles, and yurt-dwelling nomads. The entire nation lies astride the Tian Shan1, Chinese for “Heavenly Mountains”, one of the world's highest mountain ranges, which is 7439 m (24,400 ft) in elevation at its highest point. The nation is the second smallest of the former Soviet Central Asian republics. In spite of Kyrgyzstan's diverse wildlife and stunning natural beauty, the nation remains little known, and, as yet, still on the frontier of international conservation efforts. The following report is the product of 12 months of research into the state of conservation and land-use in Kyrgyzstan. This effort was funded by the Fulbright Commission of the U.S. State Department, and represents the most recent findings of the author's personal environmental journey through Inner Asia, which began in 1999. When I first started my preliminary research for this project, I was extremely surprised to learn that, even though the Tian Shan Range has tremendous ecological significance for conservation efforts in middle Asia, there wasn't a single major international conservation organization with an office in the former Soviet Central Asian republics. Even more surprising was how little awareness there is of conservation issues in the Tian Shan region amongst conservation workers in neighboring areas who are attempting to preserve similar species assemblages and ecosystems to those found in the Tian Shan. Given this lack of awareness, and the great potential for the international community to make a positive contribution towards improving the current state of biodiversity conservation in Kyrgyzstan and Central Asia, I have summarized my findings on protected areas and conservation in Kyrgyzstan and the Tian Shan of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Xinjiang in the chapters below. The report begins with some brief background information on geography and society in the Kyrgyz Republic, followed by an overview of biodiversity and the state of conservation in the nation, which at the present time closely parallels the state of conservation in the other former Soviet Central Asian republics. Part IV of the report provides a catalog of all major protected areas in Kyrgyzstan and the other Tian Shan nations, followed by a list of sites in Kyrgyzstan that are as yet unprotected but merit protection. In the appendices the reader will find fairly comprehensive species lists of flora and fauna found in the Kyrgyz Republic, including lists of mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, trees and shrubs, wildflowers, and endemic plants. In addition, a draft paper on the history and current practice of pastoral nomadism in Kyrgyzstan has been included in Appendix A. While the research emphasis for this study was on eastern Kyrgyzstan, over the course of the study the author did have the opportunity to make brief journeys to southern Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Xinjiang. While falling short of being a definitive survey of protected areas of the Tian Shan, the informational review which follows is the first attempt at bringing the details of conservation efforts throughout the entire Tian Shan Range together in one place. It is hoped that this summary of biodiversity and conservation in the Tian Shan will generate interest in the region amongst conservationists, and help increase efforts to protect this surprisingly unknown range that forms an island of meadows, rivers, lakes, and forests in the arid heart of Asia.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Ph.D. thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Kyrgyzstan	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Fulbright Fellow – Environmental Studies, Kyrgyzstan, Former Soviet Central Asia 2003-2004			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1060			Serial	269
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	Author	Ale, S.B.; Yonzon, P.; Thapa, K.
	Title	Recovery of snow leopard Uncia uncia in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park, Nepal			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2007	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	41	Issue		Pages	89-92
	Keywords	Nepal; recovery; Sagarmatha Mount Everest National Park; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; surveys; survey; snow; snow-leopard; leopard; uncia; Uncia-uncia; valley; Sagarmatha; national; national park; National-park; park; using; information; management; system; research; transects; transect; sign; areas; area; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; 40; Himalayan; tahr; musk; musk-deer; deer; location; recent; species; grazing; land; Forest; habitat; domestic; wild; ungulates; ungulate; livestock; tourism; development; traditional; land use; land-use; use; wildlife
	Abstract	From September to November 2004 we conducted surveys of snow leopard Uncia uncia signs in three major valleys in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park in Nepal using the Snow Leopard Information Management System, a standardized survey technique for snow leopard research. We walked 24 transects covering c. 14 km and located 33 sites with 56 snow leopard signs, and 17 signs incidentally in other areas. Snow leopards appear to have re-inhabited the Park, following their disappearance c. 40 years ago, apparently following the recovery of Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus and musk deer Moschus chrysogaster populations. Taken together the locations of all 73 recent snow leopard signs indicate that the species is using predominantly grazing land and shrubland/ open forest at elevations of 3,000-5,000 m, habitat types that are also used by domestic and wild ungulates. Sagarmatha is the homeland of c. 3,500 Buddhist Sherpas with .3,000 livestock. Along with tourism and associated developments in Sagarmatha, traditional land use practices could be used to ensure coexistence of livestock and wildlife, including the recovering snow leopards, and ensure the wellbeing of the Sherpas.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	http://www.snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/Ale_2007.pdf			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 884			Serial	58
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	Author	Ale S.
	Title	Have snow leopards made a comeback to the Everest region of Nepal?			Type	Report
	Year	2005	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-21
	Keywords	snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; region; Nepal; Report; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; 1960; endangered; Sagarmatha; High; Himalaya; tourism; impact; establishment; national; national park; National-park; park; 1980; area; Tibet; surveys; survey; status; Cats; cat; prey; research; project; sign; transects; transect; length; valley; Response; hunting; recovery; Himalayan; tahr; density; densities; range; pugmarks; sighting; 60; study; population; predators; predator; structure; prey species; prey-species; species; populations; mortality; effects; predation; population dynamics
	Abstract	In the 1960s, the endangered snow leopard was locally extirpated from the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) region of Nepal. In this Sherpa-inhabited high Himalaya, the flourishing tourism since the ascent of Mt Everest in 1953, has caused both prosperity and adverse impacts, the concern that catalyzed the establishment of Mt. Everest National Park in the region in 1976. In the late 1980s, there were reports that some transient snow leopards may have visited the area from adjoining Tibet, but no biological surveys exist to confirm the status of the cats and their prey. Have snow leopards finally returned to the top of the world? Exploring this question was the main purpose of this research project. We systematically walked altogether 24 sign transects covering over 13 km in length in three valleys, i.e. Namche, Phortse and Gokyo, of the park, and counted several snow leopard signs. The results indicated that snow leopards have made a comeback in the park in response to decades of protective measures, the virtual cessation of hunting and the recovery of the Himalayan tahr which is snow leopard's prey. The average sign density (4.2 signs/km and 2.5 sign sites/km) was comparable to that reported from other parts of the cats' range in the Himalaya. On this basis, we estimated the cat density in the Everest region between 1 to 3 cats per 100 sq km, a figure that was supported by different sets of pugmarks and actual sightings of snow leopards in the 60 km2 sample survey area. In the study area, tahr population had a low reproductive rate (e.g. kids-to-females ratio, 0.1, in Namche). Since predators can influence the size and the structure of prey species populations through mortality and through non-lethal effects or predation risk, snow leopards could have been the cause of the population dynamics of tahr in Sagarmtha, but this study could not confirm this speculation for which further probing may be required.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Progress report for the International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1063			Serial	50
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	Author	Ahmad, I.; Hunter, D.O.; Jackson, R.
	Title	A Snow Leopard and Prey Species Survey in Khunjerab National Park, Pakistan			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1997	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	92-95
	Keywords	Slims; Islt; Wwf; predator; prey; Pakistan; Khunjerab; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; Marco-Polo-sheep; blue-sheep; surveys; survey; transect; sighn; markings; marking; scrape; spray; ibex; tracks; pug marks; feces; livestock; kill; herder; herders; protected-area; blue; sheep; browse; international snow leopard trust; world wildlife fund; marco polo sheep; marco polo; pug; marks; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; 2810
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Lahore, Pakistan	Editor	R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Title, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 300			Serial	42
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	Author	Kreuzberg, E.; Esipov, A.; Bykova, E.; Vashetko, E.
	Title	Number, Distribution and Status of Habitats for Snow Leopard in Gissar Nature Reserve and Neighboring Areas			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2000	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	xvi	Issue		Pages	4
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; Gissar; habitat; distribution; status; field-study; research; surveys; poaching; hunting; grazing; livestock; browse; 4440
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle, Wa	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 432			Serial	595
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	Author	Mishra, C.; Madhusudan, M.D.; Datta, A.
	Title	Mammals of the high altitudes of western Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya: an assessment of threats and conservation needs			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2006	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	40	Issue	1	Pages	1-7
	Keywords	anthropogenic; area; Arunachal; assessment; awareness; bharal; biodiversity; carnivore; carnivores; community; community-based; conservation; deer; depredation; dhole; endangered; extinct; fauna; goral; grazing; habitat; habitats; High; Himalaya; hunting; incentives; India; indian; Iucn; leopard; livestock; livestock-depredation; livestock depredation; local; mammals; musk; musk-deer; nayaur; panthera; people; peoples; plant; plants; potential; Pseudois; Pseudois-nayaur; pseudois nayaur; range; recent; region; Report; reserve; resource; schools; snow; snow-leopard; snow leopard; species; survey; surveys; threat; threatened; threats; tiger; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; ungulate; ungulates; valley; wildlife; work; Panthera-tigris; tigris
	Abstract	The high altitudes of Arunachal Pradesh,India, located in the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot, remain zoologically unexplored and unprotected. We report results of recent mammal surveys in the high altitude habitats of western Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 35 mammal species (including 12 carnivores, 10 ungulates and 5 primates) were recorded, of which 13 are categorized as Endangered or Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. One species of primate, the Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala, is new to science and the Chinese goral Nemorhaedus caudatus is a new addition to the ungulate fauna of the Indian subcontinent. We documented peoples' dependence on natural resources for grazing and extraction of timber and medicinal plants. The region's mammals are threatened by widespread hunting. The snow leopard Uncia uncia and dhole Cuon alpinus are also persecuted in retaliation for livestock depredation. The tiger Panthera tigris, earlier reported from the lower valleys, is now apparently extinct there, and range reductions over the last two decades are reported for bharal Pseudois nayaur and musk deer Moschus sp.. Based on mammal species richness, extent of high altitude habitat, and levels of anthropogenic disturbance, we identified a potential site for the creation of Arunachal's first high altitude wildlife reserve (815 km2). Community-based efforts that provide incentives for conservation-friendly practices could work in this area, and conservation awareness programmes are required, not just amongst the local communities and schools but for politicians, bureaucrats and the army.
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 861			Serial	697
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	Author	Ming, M.
	Title	A diary of infrared photography			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Man & the Biosphere	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	54	Issue	6	Pages	26-35
	Keywords	photography; us; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; Tianshan Mountains; mountains; mountain; work; field; field survey; field-survey; survey; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; Kunlun; Chinese
	Abstract	The vivid and interesting stories recorded by the diary which is written by the professor Ma Ming tell us specific details of surveying Snow Leopard in the Tianshan Mountains. The members of the team overcame all kinds of difficulties and dangers with persistent enthusiasm for this work, finally, satisfactorily finishing the field survey. Recently, Ma Ming just has accomplished the preliminary investigation of snow leopards in Kunlun Mountains. If you want to share the experience of the surveying, please read this diary (http://maming3211.blog.163.com). http://space.tv.cctv.com/act/video.jsp?videoId=VIDE1230446448556286 http://maming3211.blog.163.com/blog/static/109271612008112681931339/
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	Notes	In Chinese			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 980			Serial	686
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