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	Author	Korablev, M. P., Poyarkov, A. D., Karnaukhov, A. S., Zvychaynaya, E. Y., Kuksin, A. N., Malykh, S. V., Istomov, S. V., Spitsyn, S. V., Aleksandrov, D. Y., Hernandez-Blanco, J. A., Munkhtsog, B., Munkhtogtokh, O., Putintsev, N. I., Vereshchagin, A. S., Becmurody, A., Afzunov, S., Rozhnov, V. V.
	Title	Large-scale and fine-grain population structure and genetic diversity of snow leopards (Panthera uncia Schreber, 1776) from the northern and western parts of the range with an emphasis on the Russian population.			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Conservation Genetics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Snow leopard, Panthera uncia, Microsatellites, Heterozygosity, Population structure, Noninvasive survey, Scat, Subspecies
	Abstract	The snow leopard (Panthera uncia Schreber, 1776) population in Russia and Mongolia is situated at the northern edge of the range, where instability of ecological conditions and of prey availability may serve as prerequisites for demographic instability and, consequently, for reducing the genetic diversity. Moreover, this northern area of the species distribution is connected with the western and central parts by only a few small fragments of potential habitats in the Tian-Shan spurs in China and Kazakhstan. Given this structure of the range, the restriction of gene flow between the northern and other regions of snow leopard distribution can be expected. Under these conditions, data on population genetics would be extremely important for assessment of genetic diversity, population structure and gene flow both at regional and large-scale level. To investigate large-scale and fine-grain population structure and levels of genetic diversity we analyzed 108 snow leopards identified from noninvasively collected scat samples from Russia and Mongolia (the northern part of the range) as well as from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (the western part of the range) using panel of eight polymorphic microsatellites. We found low to moderate levels of genetic diversity in the studied populations. Among local habitats, the highest heterozygosity and allelic richness were recorded in Kyrgyzstan (He = 0.66 ± 0.03, Ho = 0.70 ± 0.04, Ar = 3.17) whereas the lowest diversity was found in a periphery subpopulation in Buryatia Republic of Russia (He = 0.41 ± 0.12, Ho = 0.29 ± 0.05, Ar = 2.33). In general, snow leopards from the western range exhibit greater genetic diversity (He = 0.68 ± 0.04, Ho = 0.66 ± 0.03, Ar = 4.95) compared to those from the northern range (He = 0.60 ± 0.06, Ho = 0.49 ± 0.02, Ar = 4.45). In addition, we have identified signs of fragmentation in the northern habitat, which have led to significant genetic divergence between subpopulations in Russia. Multiple analyses of genetic structure support considerable genetic differentiation between the northern and western range parts, which may testify to subspecies subdivision of snow leopards from these regions. The observed patterns of genetic structure are evidence for delineation of several management units within the studied populations, requiring individual approaches for conservation initiatives, particularly related to translocation events. The causes for the revealed patterns of genetic structure and levels of genetic diversity are discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1633
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	Author	Atzeni, L., Cushman, S. A., Bai, D., Wang, J., Chen, P., Shi, K., Riordan, P.
	Title	Meta-replication, sampling bias, and multi-scale model selection: A case study on snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in western China.			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Ecology and Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-27
	Keywords	MaxEnt, meta-replication, multi-scale, Panthera uncia, sampling bias, scale selection, snow leopard, species distribution model
	Abstract	Replicated multiple scale species distribution models (SDMs) have become increasingly important to identify the correct variables determining species distribution and their influences on ecological responses. This study explores multi-scale habitat relationships of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in two study areas on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau of western China. Our primary objectives were to evaluate the degree to which snow leopard habitat relationships, expressed by predictors, scales of response, and magnitude of effects, were consistent across study areas or locally landcape-specific. We coupled univariate scale optimization and the maximum entropy algorithm to produce multivariate SDMs, inferring the relative suitability for the species by ensembling top performing models. We optimized the SDMs based on average omission rate across the top models and ensembles’ overlap with a simulated reference model. Comparison of SDMs in the two study areas highlighted landscape-specific responses to limiting factors. These were dependent on the effects of the hydrological network, anthropogenic features, topographic complexity, and the heterogeneity of the landcover patch mosaic. Overall, even accounting for specific local differences, we found general landscape attributes associated with snow leopard ecological requirements, consisting of a positive association with uplands and ridges, aggregated low-contrast landscapes, and large extents of grassy and herbaceous vegetation. As a means to evaluate the performance of two bias correction methods, we explored their effects on three datasets showing a range of bias intensities. The performance of corrections depends on the bias intensity; however, density kernels offered a reliable correction strategy under all circumstances. This study reveals the multi-scale response of snow leopards to environmental attributes and confirms the role of meta-replicated study designs for the identification of spatially varying limiting factors. Furthermore, this study makes important contributions to the ongoing discussion about the best approaches for sampling bias correction.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1616
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	Author	Zhiryakov V.A.
	Title	Ecology and behavior of the Snow leopard in Kazakhstan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2002	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	N 1-4.	Issue		Pages	184-199
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; distribution; number; density; population size; habitats; marking; Migration; diet; prey species; hunting; faeces; Sex; Age; population dynamics; reproductive activity; competitors; mortality; snow leopard.; 8810; Russian
	Abstract	The data on spreading, numbers and population density of snow leopard in Kazakhstan are given in this article. The total number of the snow leopard in Kazakhstan is evaluated in 100-110 individuals. The everywhere occurred numbers' reduction under the influence of the anthropogenic factors is observed. The snow leopard' inhabitation area varies from 20 to 120 square kilometers depending on its regions. Sex and composition of the population and its aggregative behavior are given. The dynamics of numbers and mortality are estimated.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	Full text available in Russian.Journal Title: Selevinia. The zoological journal of Kazakhstan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 858			Serial	1087
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	Author	Zhirnov L.V.
	Title	Extinct mammals of the USSR fauna and their distribution over natural zones			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1975	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	83-84
	Keywords	rare species; extinct species; desert; semi desert; mountain; highly mountain; Forest; forest-steppe; riverine forests; aquatic zone; snow leopard.; 8730; Russian
	Abstract	18 taxons of rare and endangered mammals of the USSR are distributed over natural zones such as deserts and semi-deserts including riverine forests and elevations; mountains and highlands; forests and forest-steppe; and offshore strips of closed seas. A majority of endangered species is associated with deserts and mountains of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Urgent issues of zoogeography.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 850			Serial	1079
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	Author	Zakirov A.
	Title	Rare and endangered predatory species in Uzbekistan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1982	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	47-48
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; carnivores; endangered species; snow leopard.; 8690; Russian
	Abstract	There are 20 predatory mammal species in Uzbekistan. Tien Shan brown bear, marbled polecat, lynx, and snow leopard are very rare species, while honey badger, manul and leopard are close to dying-away.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecology of mountain mammals.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 846			Serial	1071
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	Author	Yudin Yu.
	Title	A review of history of creation of the Red Book			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1983	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	IUCN Red Data Book; USSR Red Data book; Uzbek Red Data book; extinct species; rare species; snow leopard; poaching.; 8650; Russian
	Abstract	A review of history of creation of the Red Book, International Red List, and Red Data Book of the USSR, Red Data Books of Soviet Republics is made. Snow leopard (with a total population of 10 animals) is included in the Red Data Book of the Uzbek SSR as an endangered species. The author gives the examples of careless attitude to plants and animas resulting in decrease of their populations or even extermination.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Newspaper “Ferganskaya Pravda”			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 842			Serial	1066
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	Author	Yanushevich A.I.
	Title	Status of hunting industry in Kyrgyzstan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1969	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Part. II.	Issue		Pages	110-113
	Keywords	Kyrgyzstan; game species; fur-trade; snow leopard.; 8600; Russian
	Abstract	In Kyrgyz SSR, there are 26 fur animal species, including three acclimatized, six wild ungulate and 70 bird species. They all can serve as objects of commercial and sport hunting. 56 snow leopards, 120 wild boars, 96 roe-deers, 121 ibexes, and 14 argalis were caught 1962 1967. A majority of the animals were exported from the country. The Kyrgyz SSR is one of the main suppliers of snow leopards, hunting for which for the sake of its fur-skin is prohibited.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of conference “Capacity and production of game preserves in the USSR”.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 837			Serial	1053
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	Author	Wharton, D.; Freeman, H.
	Title	The Snow Leopard in North America: Captive Breeding Under the Species Survival PLan			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1988	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	131-136
	Keywords	Species-Survival-Plan; captivity; breeding; genetics; zoos; studs; captive; browse; species; survival; plan; 1720
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	International Snow Leoaprd Trust and WIldlife Institute of India	Place of Publication	India	Editor	H.Freeman
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 134			Serial	1016
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	Author	Voronov A.G.
	Title	Predatory mammals			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1985	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	233-235
	Keywords	predators; mountains; endangered species; Red Data bok; snow leopard.; 8540; Russian
	Abstract	Predatory mammal in mountains are submitted by widely widespread species, such, as wolves, to a lynx and bears, and characteristic species for the high mountains, well adapted to mountain conditions and not going down below Alpine zone (a snow leopard, or irbis, occupying mountains of the Central Asia, etc.).
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biogeography of the world.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 831			Serial	994
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	Author	Vereschagin N.K., S.T.B.
	Title	Rare mammals in the USSR: protection challenges			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1976	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	3-9
	Keywords	Ussr; mammals; game species; non-game species; rare species; vanishing species; IUCN Red Data Book; snow leopard.; 8480; Russian
	Abstract	A group of rare and endangered species was segregated within the game and non-game mammals of the USSR. Some species in the group were formerly referred to game species. But due to over-hunting and the absence of measures aimed at their reproduction the population dropped sharply. Mammal fauna of the USSR includes more than 80 species that require special protection. The Red list of IUCN includes, among the others, white bear, Transcaucasian sub-species of brown bear, Amur and Turan tigers, snow leopard, Caucasian and Amur leopards, caracal, cheetah, Tien-Shan and Ussuri sub-species of dhole, Atlantic walrus, island seal, kulan, Bukhara red deer, New Land reindeer, goitered gazelle, Menzbier's marmot.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare mammals of USSR fauna.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 825			Serial	985
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