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	Author	Kashkadarinskaya Pravda Newspaper.
	Title	Snow leopard goes to Frunze			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1983	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	79 (26-11)	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; Alatoo mountain; Karakol gorge; snow leopard; catching; Zoo.; 7130; Russian
	Abstract	In canyon Karakol of the Alatoo ridge, a snow leopard was caught for a zoo of Frunze.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Newspaper Kashkadarinskaya Pravda.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 691			Serial	517
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	Author	Kashkarov, E.
	Title	THE SNOW LEOPARD OF KIRGIZIA: NATIONAL SHAME OR NATIONAL PRIDE			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	239-253
	Keywords	snow leopard, irbis, ibex, mountain sheep, conservation, range, reserve, monitoring, cameratrap, Sarychat, Kirgizia, Central Asia.
	Abstract	Article examines the problems existing in conservation of the snow leopard in Kirgizia after break-up of the USSR. Unfortunate situation is common to most of the 14 countries in the snow leopard range, but seems especially sharp to Kirgizia. Yet half of the century ago Kirgizia has had about 1.5 thousand of the snow leopards, and today there remains no more than 1/10. In Soviet time Kirgizia was a global supplier of the snow leopards for the zoo-export � to create a reserve number of endangered cats in captivity. Today, at least half of the snow leopards in the Zoos of the world are individuals, caught in Kirgizia or their descendants. Since independence, Kirgizia has set new records. In Sarychat-Irtash reserve � the best for the snow leopard in Central Asia, and probably in the whole range � this species was completely destroyed after 3 years of reserve opening... and 17 years later � revived... Situation comes presently back to the worst-case scenario, and not only for the snow leopard. Author shows how work in this direction social and economic levers, and what kind future he would like to see in Kirgizia, where he lived for 12 years and was at the forefront of pioneering research of the snow leopard and its conservation.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1454
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	Author	Khanyari, M., Zhumabai uulu, K., Luecke, S., Mishra, C., Suryawanshi, K.
	Title	Understanding population baselines: status of mountain ungulate populations in the Central Tien Shan Mountains, Kyrgyzstan			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Mammalia	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-8
	Keywords	conservation; human-use landscapes; hunting concession; mountain ungulates; population baselines; protected areas.
	Abstract	We assessed the density of argali (Ovis ammon) and ibex (Capra sibirica) in Sarychat-Ertash Nature Reserve and its neighbouring Koiluu valley. Sarychat is a protected area, while Koiluu is a human-use landscape which is a partly licenced hunting concession for mountain ungulates and has several livestock herders and their permanent residential structures. Population monitoring of mountain ungulates can help in setting measurable conservation targets such as appropriate trophy hunting quotas and to assess habitat suitability for predators like snow leopards (Panthera uncia). We employed the double-observer method to survey 573 km2 of mountain ungulate habitat inside Sarychat and 407 km2 inside Koiluu. The estimated densities of ibex and argali in Sarychat were 2.26 (95% CI 1.47–3.52) individuals km-2 and 1.54 (95% CI 1.01–2.20) individuals km-2, respectively. Total ungulate density in Sarychat was 3.80 (95% CI 2.47–5.72) individuals km-2. We did not record argali in Koiluu, whereas the density of ibex was 0.75 (95% CI 0.50–1.27) individuals km-2. While strictly protected areas can achieve high densities of mountain ungulates, multi-use areas can harbour meaningful though suppressed populations. Conservation of mountain ungulates and their predators can be enhanced by maintaining Sarychat-like “pristine” areas interspersed within a matrix of multi-use areas like Koiluu.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1610
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	Author	Kohli, K., Sankaran, M., Suryawanshi, K. R., Mishra, C
	Title	A penny saved is a penny earned: lean season foraging strategy of an alpine ungulate			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Animal Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	92	Pages	93-100
	Keywords	blue sheep, grazing, herbivore, mountain ungulate, optimal foraging, Pseudois nayaur, trans-Himalaya
	Abstract	Lean season foraging strategies are critical for the survival of species inhabiting highly seasonal environments such as alpine regions. However, inferring foraging strategies is often difficult because of challenges associated with empirically estimating energetic costs and gains of foraging in the field. We generated qualitative predictions for the relationship between daily winter foraging time, body size and forage availability for three contrasting foraging strategies including time minimization, energy intake maximization and net energy maximization. Our model predicts that for animals employing a time minimization strategy, daily winter foraging time should not change with body size and should increase with a reduction in forage availability. For energy intake maximization, foraging time should not vary with either body size or forage availability. In contrast, for a net energy maximization strategy, foraging time should decrease with increase in body size and with a reduction in forage availability. We contrasted proportion of daily time spent foraging by bharal, Pseudois nayaur, a dimorphic grazer, across different body size classes in two high-altitude sites differing in forage availability. Our results indicate that bharal behave as net energy maximizers during winter. As predicted by the net energy maximization strategy, daily winter foraging time of bharal declined with increasing body size, and was lower in the site with low forage availability. Furthermore, as predicted by our model, foraging time declined as the winter season progressed. We did not find support for the time minimizing or energy intake maximizing strategies. Our qualitative model uses relative rather than absolute costs and gains of foraging which are often difficult to estimate in the field. It thus offers a simple way to make informed inferences regarding animal foraging strategies by contrasting estimates of daily foraging time across gradients of body size and forage availability.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1409
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	Author	Kolosov A.M.
	Title	Central Asia			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1975	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	93-104
	Keywords	Central Asia; mountain system; species composition; distribution; number; habitats; rare species; endemics; game species; mammals; snow leopard.; 7190; Russian
	Abstract	It describes a mammal species composition in the mountain ecosystems of Central Asia Kopetdag, Hissaro-Alai and Pamir, Tien Shan, and Tarbagatai ridge. Data on distribution and population number is presented.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Protection and enrichment of the USSR fauna.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 697			Serial	546
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	Author	Krever V.
	Title	Ecosystems of the High Mountains Species of Special Interest in Uzbekistan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1998	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	55-59
	Keywords	Central Asia; mountain ecosystem; fauna; vertebrates; endangered species; threats; protected areas network; snow leopard.; 7470; Russian
	Abstract	It gives description complexes of mountain ecosystems fauna of Central Asia, endangered vertebrates, main threats to biodiversity and existing protected areas network. Among the rare animal species of the alpine and subalpine meadows first of all should be listed the West Tien Shan endemic, the Menzbier's marmot (Marmota menzbien); the markhor wild goat which still inhabits the Vakhsh range in Tadjikistan; the dhole (Cyon alpinus) which is practically extinct; the Tien Shan bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus), and the snow leopard (Uncia uncia); among birds, the wlute-chested dove (Columba leuconota), sandgrouse (Syrrhaptes tibetanus, snowcocks (Tetraogallus tibetanus, T.altaicus) and bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus).
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biodiversity Conservation in Central Asia. An Analysis of Biodiversity and Current Threats and Initial Investment Portfolio.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 725			Serial	596
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	Author	Kuznetsov B.A.
	Title	The mountainous province in Central Asia			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1950	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Edition 20th. (XXXV). New series. Zoological secti	Issue		Pages	141-144
	Keywords	Central Asia; landscapes; biodiversity; mountain zone; fauna; snow leopard.; 7510; Russian
	Abstract	The landscape and biologic diversity of Central Asia's mountains are described. Different types of fauna complexes are segregated. Snow leopard, dhole, and ibex are referred to Central Asia's highland species.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Essay on geographical zoning in the USSR.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 729			Serial	600
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	Author	Kuznetzov B.A.
	Title	Materials on mammal fauna in Central Asia. Central Asian mountainous province			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1963	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	116-121
	Keywords	Central Asia; mountains; fauna; snow leopard; distribution.; 7520; Russian
	Abstract	It provides a list of mammals of Central Asia (species and sub-species) indicating their main habitats, and undertakes an attempt to zone fauna of Central Asia based on data collected by the world science community concerning distribution of various mammal species over the country. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schr. was indicated to inhabit the mountains of Central Asia.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biology, biogeography, and taxonomy of mammals in the USSR. Proceeding of MOIP.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 730			Serial	604
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	Author	LI. J, WANG. D, YIN. H,ZHAXI. D, JIAGONG. Z,SCHALLER. G. B,MISHRA. C,MCCARTHY. T. M, WANG. H,WU. L,XIAO. L,BASANG. L,ZHANG. Y,ZHOU. Y,LU. Z
	Title	Role of Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries in Snow Leopard Conservation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Conservation Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	00	Issue		Pages	1-8
	Keywords	conservation strategy, distribution, MaxEnt, nature reserve, Panthera uncia, sacred mountain
	Abstract	The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) inhabits the rugged mountains in 12 countries of Central Asia, including the Tibetan Plateau. Due to poaching, decreased abundance of prey, and habitat degradation, it was listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 1972. Current conservation strategies, including nature reserves and incentive programs, have limited capacities to protect snow leopards. We investigated the role of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in snow leopard conservation in the Sanjiangyuan region in China’s Qinghai Province on the Tibetan Plateau. From 2009 to 2011, we systematically surveyed snow leopards in the Sanjiangyuan region. We used the MaxEnt model to determine the relation of their presence to environmental variables (e.g., elevation, ruggedness) and to predict snow leopard distribution. Model results showed 89,602 km2 of snow leopard habitat in the Sanjiangyuan region, of which 7674 km2 lay within Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve’s core zones. We analyzed the spatial relation between snow leopard habitat and Buddhist monasteries and found that 46% of monasteries were located in snow leopard habitat and 90% were within 5 km of snow leopard habitat. The 336 monasteries in the Sanjiangyuan region could protect more snow leopard habitat (8342 km2) through social norms and active patrols than the nature reserve’s core zones. We conducted 144 household interviews to identify local herders’ attitudes and behavior toward snow leopards and other wildlife. Most local herders claimed that they did not kill wildlife, and 42% said they did not kill wildlife because it was a sin in Buddhism. Our results indicate monasteries play an important role in snow leopard conservation. Monastery-based snow leopard conservation could be extended to other Tibetan Buddhist regions that in total would encompass about 80% of the global range of snow leopards.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1400
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	Author	Ming, M.
	Title	A diary of infrared photography			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Man & the Biosphere	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	54	Issue	6	Pages	26-35
	Keywords	photography; us; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; Tianshan Mountains; mountains; mountain; work; field; field survey; field-survey; survey; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; Kunlun; Chinese
	Abstract	The vivid and interesting stories recorded by the diary which is written by the professor Ma Ming tell us specific details of surveying Snow Leopard in the Tianshan Mountains. The members of the team overcame all kinds of difficulties and dangers with persistent enthusiasm for this work, finally, satisfactorily finishing the field survey. Recently, Ma Ming just has accomplished the preliminary investigation of snow leopards in Kunlun Mountains. If you want to share the experience of the surveying, please read this diary (http://maming3211.blog.163.com). http://space.tv.cctv.com/act/video.jsp?videoId=VIDE1230446448556286 http://maming3211.blog.163.com/blog/static/109271612008112681931339/
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	Notes	In Chinese			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 980			Serial	686
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	Author	Ming, M.; Baowen, H.; Yu, M.; McCarthy, T.
	Title	Survey on Bird Species and Analysis on Bird Diversity in the Central Kunlun Mountains in the Early Winter			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Arid Zone Research	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	27	Issue	2	Pages	227-232
	Keywords	survey; species; analysis; diversity; central; Kunlun; mountains; mountain; winter
	Abstract
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1098			Serial	687
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	Author	Ming, M.; Chundawat R.S.; Jumabay, K.; Wu, Y.; Aizeizi, Q.; Zhu, M.H.
	Title	Camera trapping of snow leopards for the photo capture rate and population size in the Muzat Valley of Tianshan Mountains			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Acta Theriologica Sinica	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	52	Issue	4	Pages	788-793
	Keywords	behavior; camera trapping; capture; China; Chinese; density; feces; fox; ibex; infrared trapping cameras; livestock; photo; population; research; reserve; sign; snow leopard; survey; Tianshan Mountains; Tomur; transect; Uncia uncia; Xinjiang
	Abstract	The main purpose of this work was to study the use of infrared trapping cameras to estimate snow leopard Uncia uncia population size in a specific study area. This is the first time a study of this nature has taken place in China. During 71 days of field work, a total of 36 cameras were set up in five different small vales of the Muzat Valley adjacent to the Tomur Nature Reserve in Xinjiang Province, E80ø35' – 81ø00' and N42ø00' – 42ø10', elevation 2'300 – 3'000 m, from 18th October to 27th December 2005. We expended approximately 2094 trap days and nights total (c. 50'256 hours). At least 32 pictures of snow leopards, 22 pictures of other wild species (e.g. chukor, wild pig, ibex, red fox, cape hare) and 72 pictures of livestock were taken by the passive Cam Trakker (CT) train monitor in about 16 points of the Muzat Valley. The movement distance of snow leopard was 3-10 km/day. And the capture rate or photographic rate of snow leopard was 1.53%. Meanwhile, 20 transects were run and 31 feces sample were collected. According to 32 photos, photographic rate and sign survey after snowing on the spot, were about 5-8 individuals of snow leopards in the research area, and the minimum density of snow leopard in Muzat Valley was 2.0 – 3.2 individuals/100 km2. We observed the behavior of ibex for 77.3 hours, and found about 20 groups and a total of approximately 264 ibexes in the research area.
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	Notes	In Chinese			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 971			Serial	683
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	Author	Ming, M.; Munkhtsog, B.; Xu, F.; Turghan, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Wei, S.-D.
	Title	Markings as Indicator of Snow Leopard in Field Survey, in Xinjiang			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2005	Publication	Chinese Journal of Zoology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	34-39
	Keywords	markings; marking; snow leopard; leopard; field survey; Xinjiang; Chinese; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; China; Tianshan Mountains; conservation; field work; length; snow leopards; snow-leopards; density; densities; pug; pug marks; marks; scrapes; scrape; feces; scent; spray; Hair; fur; prey; habitat; Habitat selection; selection; distribution; region; relative abundance; abundance; study; areas; knowledge; potential; conservation problems; Human; attitudes; attitude; 200
	Abstract	The Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) was a very rare species in China. The survey on the markings of Snow Leopard in Ahay and Tianshan Mountains is the major activity of the Project of Snow Leopard in Xinjiang, supported by International Snow Leopard Trust(ISLT)and Xinjiang Conservation Fund(XCF). During the field work from Sep to Nov 2004 the Xinjiang Snow Leopard Group(XSLG) set 67 transects of a total length of 47 776 m with mean transect length is 7 1 3 m at 9 locations.Total of 1 l 8 markings of Snow Leopards were found in 27 transects the mean density is 247km. The markings of Snow Leopard included the pug marks or footprints, scrapes, feces, bloodstain, scent spray, urine, hair or fur, claw rake, remains of prey corpse, sleep site, roar and others. From the quantity and locations of marks the XSLG got the information on habitat selection distribution region and relative abundance of the Snow Leopard in the study areas. The survey also provided knowledge on distribution and abundance of major prey potential conservation problems and human attitudes to Snow Leopards by taking 200 questionnaires in the study areas.
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	Notes	Full text available in Chinese			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 875			Serial	681
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	Author	Ming, M.; Yun, G.; Bo, W.
	Title	Man & the Biosphere: The special series for the conservation of Snow Leopards in China			Type	Journal
	Year	2008	Publication	Man & the Biosphere	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	54	Issue	6	Pages	1-80
	Keywords	conservation; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; China; Chinese; national; 80; 200; endangered; McCarthy; awareness; action; surveys; survey; Tomur; mountain; Kunlun; mountains; Xinjiang; ecology; enterprises; Mongolia; Bayarjargal; 180; flagship-species; species; ecosystems; ecosystem; photography; Tianshan Mountains; attack; livestock; home; plateau; 30; snow-leopard-enterprises; 7080
	Abstract	The Chinese magazine <Man & the Biosphere> (Series No. 54, No. 6, 2008) -- A special series for the conservation of Snow Leopards was published by the Chinese National Committee for Man & the Biosphere in 15th December 2008. It is about 80 pages including ten articles with 200 color pictures. The special editors of this issue are the experts from SLT/XCF Prof. MaMing, Mrs. Ge Yun and Mr. Wen Bo. The first paper is “A King of Snow Peaks, Another Endangered Flagship Species” by Dr. Thomas McCarthy, Dr. Urs Breitenmmoser and Dr. Christine Breitenmoser-Wursten (Page 1-1). Another paper “ Conservation : Turning Awareness to Action ” is also from Dr. Thomas McCarthy (Pages from 6-17). There are four articles including the diary and story of the Surveys in Tomur Mountain and Kunlun Mountains written by Prof. MaMing, Mr. XuFeng, Miss Chen Ying and Miss Cheng Yun from the Xinjiang Snow Leopard Group and XCF, the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The last is “Snow Leopard Enterprises ” -- A Story from Mongolia by Mrs. Jennifer Snell Rullman and Mrs. Agvaantseren Bayarjargal (Bayara). It is a very useful copy for the conservation in China. Cited as: Ma Ming, GeYun and WenBo (Special editors of this issue). 2008. The special series for the conservation of Snow Leopards in China. Man & the Biosphere 2008(6): 1-80. Contents 1, A king of snow peaks, another endangered flagship species (Synopsis) ------------- 1-1 The contents --------------------------------------------- ( pages from 2-3 ) 2, Protecting Snow Leopard means protecting a healthy eco-systems -------------- 4-5 3, Conservation: Turning awareness into action -------------- 6-17 4, Chinese Snow Leopard Team goes into action -------------- 18-25 5, A diary of infrared photography -------------- 26-35 6, Why have the snow leopards in the Tianshan Mountains begun to attack livestock? --- 36-43 7, The mystery of the Snow Leopards coming down the Tianshan Mountains ----------- 44-45 8, Snow leopards secluded Home on the Plateau ------------- 46-59 9, He saw Snow Leopards 30 years ago ------------- 60-69 10, Snow Leopard Enterprises -- A story from Mongolia ------------- 70-80
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	Notes	Articles are posted individually in the bibliography. Please look up articles by author. In Chinese.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 977			Serial	684
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	Author	Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association
	Title	Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association Report March 2010			Type	Manuscript
	Year	2010	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	nature; tourism; surveys; survey; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; attack; domestic; Animals; Animal; illegal; illegal hunting; hunting; territory; province; 2010; hunt; 1990; movements; movement; pasture; desert; number; species; birds; river; mountain; hunters; hunter; recent; government; structure; management; national; central; people; Report; gobi; Gobi Desert; reproduction; Adult; meat; food; ibex; wild; wild sheep; sheep; marmot; nutrition; schools; population; use; local; big; big game; big-game; game; 310; mountains; wolves; wolf; Seasons; times; zones; global; Mongolia; 40; history; ecology
	Abstract	In accordance with order of the Ministry of Nature and Tourism, zoologists of our association have made surveys in three ways such as reasons why snow leopards attack domestic animals, “Snow leopard” trial operation to count them and illegal hunting in territories of Khovd, Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor, Uvurkhangai and Umnugobi provinces from September 2009 to January 2010. As result of these surveys it has made the following conclusions in the followings: Reason to hunt them illegally: the principal reason is that administrative units have been increased and territories of administrative units have been diminished. There have been four provinces in 1924 to 1926, 18 since 1965, 21 since 1990. Such situation limits movements of herdsmen completely and pastures digressed much than ever before. As result of such situation, 70% of pastures become desert. Such digression caused not only heads of animals and also number of species. Guarantee is that birds such as owls, cuckoo, willow grouse in banks of Uyert river, Burkhanbuudai mountain, located in Biger soum, Gobi-Altai province, which are not hunted by hunters, are disappearing in the recent two decades. For that reason we consider it is urgently necessary for the government to convert administrative unit structures into four provinces. This would influence herdsmen moving across hundreds km and pastures could depart from digression. Second reason: cooperative movement won. The issues related to management and strengthening of national cooperatives, considered by Central Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party in the meeting in March 1953 was the start of cooperatives' movement. Consideration by Yu. Tsedenbal, chairman of Ministers Council, chairman of the MPRP, on report “Result of to unify popular units and some important issues to maintain entity management of agricultural cooperatives” in the fourth meeting by the Central Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party /MPRP/ on December 16-17, 1959, proclaimed complete victory of cooperative. At the end of 1959, it could unify 767 small cooperative into 389 ones, unify 99.3 % of herdsmen and socialize 73.3 % of animals. The remaining of animals amount 6 million 163 thousands animals, and equals to 26.7% of total animals. This concerned number of animals related to the article mentioned that every family should have not more that 50 animals in Khangai zone and not more 75 animals in Gobi desert. It shows that such number could not satisfy needs of family if such number is divided into five main animals in separating with reproduction animals and adult animals. So herdsmen started hunt hoofed animals secretly and illegally in order to satisfy their meat needs. Those animals included main food of snow leopard such as ibex, wild sheep, and marmot. Third reason is that the state used to hunt ibex, which are main nutrition of snow leopards, every year. The administrative unit of the soum pursued policy to hunt ibex in order to provide meat needs of secondary schools and hospitals. That's why this affected decrease of ibex population. Preciously from 1986 to 1990 the permissions to hunt one thousands of wild sheep and two thousands of ibexes were hunt for domestic alimentary use every year. Not less than 10 local hunters of every soum used to take part in big game of ibexes. Also they hunted many ibexes, chose 3-10 best ibexes and hid them in the mountains for their consummation during hunting. Fourth reason: hunting of wolves. Until 1990 the state used to give prizes to hunter, who killed a wolf in any seasons of the year. Firstly it offered a sheep for the wolf hunter and later it gave 25 tugrugs /15 USD/. Every year, wolf hunting was organized several times especially picking wolf-cubs influenced spread and population of wolves. So snow leopard came to the places where wolves survived before and attack domestic animals. Such situation continued until 1990. Now population of ibexes has decreased than before 1990 since the state stopped hunting wolves, population of wolves increased in mountainous zones. We didn't consider it had been right since it was natural event. However population of ibexes decreased. Fifth reason: Global warming. In recent five years it has had a drought and natural disaster from excessive snow in the places where it has never had such natural disasters before. But Mongolia has 40 million heads of domestic animals it has never increased like such quantity in its history before. We consider it is not incorrect that decrease of domestic animals could give opportunities to raise population of wild animals. Our next survey is to make attempt to fix heads of snow leopards correctly with low costs.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1100			Serial	705
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	Author	Novikov G.A.
	Title	Sub-genus UNCIA Gray			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1956	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	274-277
	Keywords	Ussr; Central Asia; uncia; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; habitats; highly mountain; reproduction; Migration; use.; 7760; Russian
	Abstract	Identification features of the sub-genus Uncia (colour; length of body and tail; shoulder height, and skull measurements) are given. Distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, commercial value of snow leopard in the USSR is described.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Predatory mammals of the USSR fauna.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 754			Serial	726
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	Author	Rothschild, B.M.; Rothschild, C.; Woods, R.J.
	Title	Inflammatory arthritis in large cats: An expanded spectrum of spondyloarthropathy			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	29	Issue	3	Pages	279-284
	Keywords	Acinonyx-jubatus; cheetah; Felidae; Felis-concolor; mountain-lion; Felis-pardalis; ocelot; Panthera-leo; African-lion; Panthera-onca; jaguar; Panthera-pardus; leopard; Panthera-tigris; tiger; Panthera-uncia; snow-leopard; snow leopard; Acinonyx; jubatus; felis; concolor; mountain; lion; pardalis; panthera; leo; african; onca; pardus; tigris; uncia; browse; 1240
	Abstract	Spondyloarthropathy was documented for the first time in 14 (3.7%) of 386 large cats, affecting eight species belonging to three genera. The limited distribution of joint erosions, associated with spine and sacroiliac joint pathology, was indistinguishable from that occurring in humans with spondyloarthropathy of the reactive type. This form of inflammatory arthritis is almost twice as common as osteoarthritis (for felids as a whole), and animal well-being may be enhanced by its recognition and by initiation of specific treatment.
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 353			Serial	832
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	Author	Rovero, F., Augugliaro, C., Havmoller, R. W., Groff, C., Zimmerman, F., Oberosler, V., Tenan, S.
	Title	Co-occurrence of snow leopard Panthera uncia, Siberian ibex Capra sibirica and livestock: potential relationships and effects			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-7
	Keywords	Altai mountains, camera trapping, human� wildlife conflict, Mongolia, occupancy, occurrence interactions, Siberian ibex, snow leopard
	Abstract	Understanding the impact of livestock on native wildlife is of increasing conservation relevance. For the Vulnerable snow leopard Panthera uncia, wild prey reduction, intensifying human�wildlife conflicts and retaliatory killings are severe threats potentially exacerbated by the presence of livestock. Elucidating patterns of co-occurrence of snow leopards, wild ungulate prey, and livestock, can be used to assess the compatibility of pastoralism with conservation. We used camera trapping to study the interactions of livestock, Siberian ibex Capra sibirica and snow leopards in a national park in the Altai mountains, Mongolia. We obtained  detections of wild mammals and  of domestic ungulates, dogs and humans. Snow leopards and Siberian ibex were recorded  and  times, respectively. Co-occurrence modelling showed that livestock had a higher estimated occupancy (.) than ibex, whose occupancy was lower in the presence of livestock (.) than in its absence (.�. depending on scenarios modelled). Snow leopard occupancy did not appear to be affected by the presence of livestock or ibex but the robustness of such inference was limited by uncertainty around the estimates. Although our sampling at presumed snow leopard passing sites may have led to fewer ibex detections, results indicate that livestock may displace wild ungulates, but may not directly affect the occurrence of snow leopards. Snow leopards could still be threatened by livestock, as overstocking can trigger human�carnivore conflicts and hamper the conservation of large carnivores. Further research is needed to assess the generality and strength of our results.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1465
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	Author	Schaller, G.B.
	Title	Mountain Monarchs: Wild Sheep and Goats of the Himalaya (Wildlife Behavior & Ecology)			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1977	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	146-159
	Keywords	sheep; goats; Pakistan; Nepal; marking; spraying; scrapes; sprays; behavior; predator; prey; browse; 2250; mountain; wild; wild sheep; goat; Himalaya; wildlife; ecology
	Abstract	Describes snow leopard status and field observations from studies in Pakistan and Nepal. Review provides some data on snow leopard marking behavior, social relations, food habits and predator behavior.
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	Publisher	University of Chicago Press	Place of Publication	Chicago	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 39			Serial	864
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	Author	Shnitnikov V.N.
	Title	Rocks and taluses. Alpine meadows. Economic value of local animals			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1934	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Part. 1. South Kazakhstan.	Issue		Pages	86-88
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; mountains; fauna; mammals; snow leopard.; 8140; Russian
	Abstract	It reviews fauna of rocks, taluses, and alpine meadows of South Kazakhstan. The most typical mammal of rocks and taluses are picas (I¤hotona rutila and I. macrotis), ibex (¥…dr… sibirica), and snow leopard (Felis irbis). Besides, snow leopard, along with Tien Shan bear (Ursus l†u¤Œn¢o), ibex, mountain wolf (¥uŒn alpinus) and others, is met in the alpine meadow zone. Zoo-export of snow leopards to the zoos does not result in extermination of the animals but generates income. Various animal species are subject to trade as zoos do not limit their collections with some specific species or groups; quite the contrary they are interested in obtaining each species. Valuable animals exported from Kazakhstan are tiger, snow leopard, Tien-Shan bear, argali, and mountain wolf. The latter costs 1,000 roubles in gold, and argali even 1,500 roubles.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 792			Serial	885
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	Author	Shrestha, R.; Wegge, P.
	Title	Wild sheep and livestock in Nepal Trans-Himalaya: coexistence or competition?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Environmental Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	32	Issue	2	Pages	125-136
	Keywords	bharal; blue sheep; diet; food habits; mountain ungulates; Nepal; pastoralism; pseudois nayaur; rangeland management; resource partitioning
	Abstract	Excessive grazing by livestock is claimed to displace wild ungulates in the Trans-Himalaya. This study compares the seasonal diets and habitat use of sympatric wild naur Pseudois nayaur and domestic goat Capra hircus, sheep Ovis aries and free-ranging yak Bos grunniens in north Nepal and analyses their overlap both within and across seasons. Alpinemeadow and the legumes Oxytropis and Chesneya were critical resources for all animal groups. High overlap occurred cross-seasonally when smallstock (sheep and goats) in summer used the spring and autumn ranges of naur. Relatively high total ungulate biomass (3028 kg km-2) and low recruitment of naur (56 young per 100 adult females in autumn) suggested interspecific competition. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity in composition and phenology of food plants across the steep gradient of altitude, together with rotational grazing, appears to indirectly facilitate coexistence of naur and smallstock. However, owing to high crossseasonal (inter-seasonal) overlaps, competition is likely to occur between these two groups at high stocking densities. Within seasons, naur overlapped more with free-ranging yak than with smallstock. As their habitat use and diets were most similar in winter, when both fed extensively on the same species of shrubs, naur was most likely to compete with yak during that season.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 936			Serial	890
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	Author	Shrestha, R.; Wegge, P.; Koirala, R.A.
	Title	Summer diets of wild and domestic ungulates in Nepal Himalaya			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of Zoology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	266	Issue		Pages	111-119
	Keywords	argali; blue sheep; Capra hircus; diet; faecal analysis; fecal analysis; mountain ungulates; Ovis ammon hodgsoni; pseudois nayaur
	Abstract	The selection of summer forage by three sympatric ungulates in the Damodar Kunda region of upper Mustang in north Nepal was studied to assess the extent of food overlap between them. To compare their diets, a microhistological technique of faecal analysis was used, adjusted for inherent biases by comparing it with bite-count data obtained in domestic goats. Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni, naur (blue sheep or bharal) Pseudois nayaur and domestic goat Capra hircus consumed mostly forbs, graminoids and browse, respectively. The proportions of food items in their diets were significantly different both at the plant species (P<0.02) and at the forage category level (P<0.001). Except for sharing three common plants (Agrostis sp., Stipa sp. and Potentilla fruticosa), dietary overlap at the species level was quite low. At the forage category level, naur and domestic goat overlapped more than the other ungulate pairs. Although all three species were opportunistic, mixed feeders, argali was a more selective forb specialist grazer than the other two ungulates. Owing to some spatial separation and little dietary overlap, interspecific competition for summer forage was low. If animal densities increase, however, goats are expected to compete more with naur than with argali because of their more similar diets. Owing to differences in forage selection by argali and naur throughout their large geographical ranges, reflecting adaptations to local ecological conditions, inferences regarding forage competition between domestic livestock and these two wild caprins need to be made from local, site-specific studies, rather than from general diet comparisons.
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	Publisher	The Zoological Society of London	Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 934			Serial	888
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	Author	Subbotin, A.E.; Istomov, S.V.
	Title	The population status of snow leopards Uncia uncia (Felidae, Carnivora) in the western Sayan Mountain Ridge			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Doklady Biologicl Sciences	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	425	Issue		Pages	183-186
	Keywords	population; status; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Felidae; Carnivora; Sayan; mountain; Russian; Test; species; cat; Russia; area; range; Data; study; activity; activities; behavior; habitats; habitat; humans; Human; number; description; Animal; structure
	Abstract	The snow leopard (Uncia uncial Schreber, 1776) is the most poorly studied species of the cat family in the world and, in particular, in Russia, where the northern periphery of the species area (no more than 3% of it) is located in the Altai-Hangai-Sayan range [1]. It is generally known that the existing data on the Russian part of the snow leopard population have never been a result of targeted studies; at best, they have been based on recording the traces of the snow leopard vital activity [2]. This is explained by the snow leopard's elusive behavior, inaccessibility of its habitats for humans, and its naturally small total numbers in the entire species area. All published data on the population status of the snow leopard in Russia, from the first descriptions of the species [3-6] to the latest studies [7, 8] are subjective, often speculative, and are not confirmed by quantitative estimates. It is obvious, however, that every accurate observation of this animal is of particular interest [9]. The purpose of our study was to determine the structure and size of the population group presumably inhabiting the Western Sayan mountain ridge at the northern boundary of the species area
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	Publisher	Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.	Place of Publication		Editor
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0012-4966	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Original Russian test published in Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 425, No.6, pp.846-849.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1005			Serial	941
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	Author	Sunquist, F.
	Title	Where cats and herders mix. (snow leopards in Tibet and Mongolia)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	International Wildlife	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	27	Issue	1	Pages	27-33
	Keywords	Mongolia; Tibet; herder; livestock; snow-leopard; predator; prey; World-Wildlife-Foundation; habitat; reserve; park; refuge; Pakistan; China; herders; parks; protected-area; snow leopard; browse; Wwf; world wildlife foundation; 1110; snow; leopard; range; territory; central; Central Asia; asia; Animal; region; conservation; wildlife; foundation; border; sheep; Baltistan; enclosures; area; home; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; countries; country; Feed; Cats; cat; mountain; peoples; people
	Abstract	The snow leopard inhabits a huge range of territory which encompasses some of Central Asia's most bleak and inhospitable terrains. The animal herders in these regions are desperately poor and yet they have agreed to cooperate with conservation groups in protecting the snow leopard. The World Wildlife Foundation has worked to create a refuge on the Pakistan-China border. Sheep herders near Askole, a village in the Baltistan region of northern Paksitan, drive their flocks past stone enclosures. The area is also home to snow leopards. With their natural prey dminished, leopards in 13 countries of central Asia occasionally feed on livestock, putting the cats on a collision course with mountain peoples.
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	Notes	COPYRIGHT 1997 National Wildlife Federation , Jan-Feb 1997 v27 n1 p26(8) Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 330			Serial	950
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	Author	The Snow Leopard Conservancy
	Title	Visitor Attitude and Market Survey for Planning Community-based Tourism Initiatives in Rural Ladakh			Type	Report
	Year	2001	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	SLC Field Series Document No. 2.	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	attitude; survey; planning; community-based; tourism; rural; Ladakh; mountain; range; Himalaya; Karakoram; land; landscapes; landscape; gorge; home; wildlife; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; tibetan; Tibetan wild ass; wild; wild ass; wild-ass; High; desert; ecosystem; International; domestic; environment; people; conserve; resource; income; Snow Leopard Conservancy; local; community; Organization; co-existence; predators; predator; endangered; reducing; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; loss
	Abstract	Bounded by two of the world's highest mountain ranges, the Great Himalaya and the Karakoram, Ladakh is a land of exhilarating mountain landscapes, rocky gorges and a unique cultural heritage. It is also home to distinctive wildlife such as the snow leopard, blue sheep and Tibetan wild ass, all living in a unique high altitude desert ecosystem. Not surprisingly, Ladakh is becoming a sought after tourist destination for international and domestic visitors alike. Over the past two decades tourism has grown substantially, although erratically, with both positive and less positive results for Ladakh's environment and people. People are recognizing that it is important to act now and engage in an informed dialogue in order to conserve the natural and cultural resources on which the future of tourism and related incomes depend. The Snow Leopard Conservancy (SLC) is working in collaboration with local communities and nongovernmental organizations to foster co-existence between people and predators like the endangered snow leopard by reducing livestock depredation losses and improving household incomes in environmentally friendly, socially responsible and economically viable ways. Well-balanced tourism is one income generating option.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Los Gatos, California	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1023			Serial	960
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