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Author (up) Bangjie, T.; Yanfa, L.
Title The Status of Captive Snow Leopards in China Type Conference Article
Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 151-166
Keywords China; zoos; captivity; breeding; genetics; status; zoo; breeders; collection; husbandry; browse; 1730
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust and Wildlife Institute of India Place of Publication India Editor H.Freeman
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Notes Full Text At URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 104 Serial 110
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Author (up) Blomqvist, L.
Title The Development of the Captive Snow Leopard Population between 1984-1985 Type Conference Article
Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 181-189
Keywords zoos; zoo; captivity; breeding; status; population; husbandry; captive; browse; 1760
Abstract In 1984, 73 (31/41/1) cubs were born of which 47 (24/23) survived for six months or longer. This gives us a cub mortality of 35.6%. A total of 38 (11/26/1) snow leopards died in captivity in 1984. Five (2/3) specimens were wild caught at the same time in the USSR and then located in the zoos of ALma-Ata, Moscow and Novosibirsk. At the End of 1984, the captive stock consisted of 332 (168/164) snow leopards, an increase of forty animals from the previous year.
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust and Wildlife Institute of India Place of Publication India Editor H.Freeman
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Notes Full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 106 Serial 161
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Author (up) Clyde, V.L.; Ramsay, E.C.; Bemis, D.A.
Title Fecal shedding of Salmonella in exotic felids Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication J.Zoo Wildl.Med Abbreviated Journal
Volume 28 Issue 2 Pages 148-152
Keywords antibiotics; captive-animal-care; diarrhea; endangered; threatened-species; handling-methods; mammals parasites; Diseases; salmonella; zoos; snow-leopard; leopard; salmonellosis; husbandry; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; handling; mammals; parasites; snow; browse; 1320
Abstract The authors discuss the occurrence of salmonellosis in collections of exotic felids. Data suggest that zoo employees having contact with cat feces or raw diets have a high rate of occupational exposure to Salmonella and should exercise appropriate hygienic precautions. pcp
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Notes Milwaukee Cty. Zoo, Milwaukee, WI 53226 Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 304 Serial 227
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Author (up) Doherty, J.; Wharton, D.
Title Breeding Management of the Snow Leopard at the New York Zoological Park Type Conference Article
Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 173-179
Keywords Bronx-Zoo; zoos; zoo; breeding; cubs; husbandry; captivity; veterinary; browse; bronx; 1750
Abstract Since 1996, the Bronx Zoo has produced 48 snow leopard cubs. Some of the cubs born in the last several years are the great-great grandchildren of the Bronx male Sherpa born in 1966. These five generations have all been bred and reared in the Zoological Park's Lion House which opened in 1903......Instead we will focus primarily on mangement and manipulation for cub production.
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust and Wildlife Institute of India Place of Publication India Editor H.Freeman
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 105 Serial 243
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Author (up) Guerrero, D.
Title Animal behavior concerns & solutions: snow leopard (Uncia uncia) evaluation, zoo Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication Anim.Keepers' Forum Abbreviated Journal
Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 56-58
Keywords aggressive-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; diets; endangered; threatened-species; genetics; handling-methods; intraspecies-relationships; social-behavior; husbandry; zoos; snow leopard; aggressive; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; handling; methods; intraspecies; relationships; social; browse; 1310
Abstract The author offers advice on how a captive-raised snow leopard cub could be acclimated to humans so it could be used as a zoo “ambassador”. The cub had negative experiences with humans and lacked socialization with other animals and conspecifics. Methods of avoiding and redirecting the cub's aggressive behavior are suggested. lgh.
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Notes Ark Anim., Inc., P.O. Box 1154, Escondido, CA 92033-1154. e-mail: arkabc@arkanimals.com Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 338 Serial 358
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Author (up) Jackson, R.
Title Snow Leopards and Other Wildlife in the Qomolang,a Nature Preserve of Tibet Type Miscellaneous
Year 1991 Publication Snow Line Abbreviated Journal
Volume ix Issue Pages 9-12
Keywords animal-husbandry; annapurna; bounties; China; depradation; interviews; poaching; population; research; status; survey
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Seattle Editor
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Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 463 Serial 448
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Author (up) Kitchener, S.L.; Meritt; Rosenthal, M.
Title Observations on the breeding and husbandry of snow leopards, Panthera uncia Type Journal Article
Year 1975 Publication Int.Zoo Yearbook Abbreviated Journal
Volume 15 Issue Pages 212-217
Keywords breeding; husbandry; behavior; captivity; zoos; zoo; browse; 3640; Adult; care; biology; growth; mortality; factor; young; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; program; park
Abstract Describes adult care and breeding biology, and the care, growth, and mortality factors of young snow leopards in a successful breeding program in the Lincon Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 31 Serial 535
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Author (up) Koivisto, I.; Wahlberg, C.; Muuronnen, P.
Title Breeding the snow leopard (Panthera Uncia) at the Helsinki Zoo 1967-1976 Type Journal Article
Year 1977 Publication Int.Zoo Yearbook Abbreviated Journal
Volume 17 Issue Pages 39-44
Keywords breeding; captivity; husbandry; zoos; zoo; mating; browse; 3650
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 36 Serial 541
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Author (up) Lilin, Z.
Title Captive rearing of a wild snow leopard cub in the Xining Zoo, China Type Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 177-182
Keywords zoos; captivity; zoo; husbandry; rearing; distribution; diet; food; feeding; young; cubs; reproduction; breeding; mating; China; browse; 3700
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
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Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 245 Serial 619
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Author (up) Qiming, H.; Guoxin, L.
Title Notes on the keeping of the snow leopard at the Beijing Zoo Type Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 195-197
Keywords China; zoos; zoo; Beijing; temperature; care; husbandry; diet; food; parasites; gastroentertitis; browse; 3320
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
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Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full Text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 242 Serial 799
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Author (up) Qiming, X.
Title Captive care and management of wild snow leopard cubs at the Chengdu Zoo, China Type Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 187-189
Keywords China; zoos; captivity; cubs; husbandry; care; food; diet; housing; browse; 3830
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 250 Serial 800
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Author (up) Reed-Smith, J.; Kumpf, M.
Title Snow leopards (Uncia uncia): family group management alternatives Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication Anim.Keepers' Forum Abbreviated Journal
Volume 25 Issue 10 Pages 386-391
Keywords behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; intraspecies-relationships; mammals; techniques; zoos; snow leopard; husbandry; browse; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; intraspecies; relationships; 1300
Abstract The authors offer insights into creating family groups of snow leopards in zoos. The programs at the Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado, and at John Ball Zoological Gardens, Grand Rapids, Michigan, are highlighted. lgh.
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Notes Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 340 Serial 814
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Author (up) Rieger, I.
Title Management techniques of captive ounces, (Uncia uncia) Type Journal Article
Year 1978 Publication Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 1 Issue Pages 50-70
Keywords husbandry; rearing; captivity; zoos; zoo; housing; breeding; mating; browse; 3660
Abstract Presents a comparison of housing and techniques for care and breeding at 16 zoos. Includes comments on factors which may influence breeding
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 46 Serial 817
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Author (up) Shrestha, B.
Title Prey Abundance and Prey Selection by Snow Leopard (uncia uncia) in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal Type Report
Year 2008 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-35
Keywords project; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; network; conservation; program; prey; abundance; selection; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Sagarmatha; national; national park; National-park; park; Nepal; resource; predators; predator; ecological; impact; region; community; structure; number; research; population; status; density; densities; wild; prey species; prey-species; species; Himalayan; tahr; musk; musk-deer; deer; game; birds; diet; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; awareness; co-existence; ungulates; ungulate; Human; using; areas; area; monitoring; transect; Hair; identification; scat; attack; patterns; sighting; 1760; populations; birth; Male; Female; young; domestic; domestic livestock; 120; scats; yak; Dog; pika; wildlife; Seasons; winter; horse; study; cover; land; predation; Pressure; development; strategy; threatened; threatened species; threatened-species; conflicts; conflict; people; control; husbandry; compensation; reintroduction; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; free ranging
Abstract Predators have significant ecological impacts on the region's prey-predator dynamic and community structure through their numbers and prey selection. During April-December 2007, I conducted a research in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park (SNP) to: i) explore population status and density of wild prey species; Himalayan tahr, musk deer and game birds, ii) investigate diet of the snow leopard and to estimate prey selection by snow leopard, iii) identify the pattern of livestock depredation by snow leopard, its mitigation, and raise awareness through outreach program, and identify the challenge and opportunities on conservation snow leopard and its co-existence with wild ungulates and the human using the areas of the SNP. Methodology of my research included vantage points and regular monitoring from trails for Himalayan tahr, fixed line transect with belt drive method for musk deer and game birds, and microscopic hair identification in snow leopard's scat to investigate diet of snow leopard and to estimate prey selection. Based on available evidence and witness accounts of snow leopard attack on livestock, the patterns of livestock depredation were assessed. I obtained 201 sighting of Himalayan tahr (1760 individuals) and estimated 293 populations in post-parturient period (April-June), 394 in birth period (July -October) and 195 November- December) in rutting period. In average, ratio of male to females was ranged from 0.34 to 0.79 and ratio of kid to female was 0.21-0.35, and yearling to kid was 0.21- 0.47. The encounter rate for musk deer was 1.06 and density was 17.28/km2. For Himalayan monal, the encounter rate was 2.14 and density was 35.66/km2. I obtained 12 sighting of snow cock comprising 69 individual in Gokyo. The ratio of male to female was 1.18 and young to female was 2.18. Twelve species (8 species of wild and 4 species of domestic livestock) were identified in the 120 snow leopard scats examined. In average, snow leopard predated most frequently on Himalayan tahr and it was detected in 26.5% relative frequency of occurrence while occurred in 36.66% of all scats, then it was followed by musk deer (19.87%), yak (12.65%), cow (12.04%), dog (10.24%), unidentified mammal (3.61%), woolly hare (3.01%), rat sp. (2.4%), unidentified bird sp. (1.8%), pika (1.2%), and shrew (0.6%) (Table 5.8 ). Wild species were present in 58.99% of scats whereas domestic livestock with dog were present in 40.95% of scats. Snow leopard predated most frequently on wildlife species in three seasons; spring (61.62%), autumn (61.11%) and winter (65.51%), and most frequently on domestic species including dog in summer season (54.54%). In term of relative biomass consumed, in average, Himalayan tahr was the most important prey species contributed 26.27% of the biomass consumed. This was followed by yak (22.13%), cow (21.06%), musk deer (11.32%), horse (10.53%), wooly hare (1.09%), rat (0.29%), pika (0.14%) and shrew (0.07%). In average, domestic livestock including dog were contributed more biomass in the diet of snow leopard comprising 60.8% of the biomass consumed whilst the wild life species comprising 39.19%. The annual prey consumption by a snow leopard (based on 2 kg/day) was estimated to be three Himalayan tahr, seven musk deer, five wooly hare, four rat sp., two pika, one shrew and four livestock. In the present study, the highest frequency of attack was found during April to June and lowest to July to November. The day of rainy and cloudy was the more vulnerable to livestock depredation. Snow leopard attacks occurred were the highest at near escape cover such as shrub land and cliff. Both predation pressure on tahr and that on livestock suggest that the development of effective conservation strategies for two threatened species (predator and prey) depends on resolving conflicts between people and predators. Recently, direct control of free – ranging livestock, good husbandry and compensation to shepherds may reduce snow leopard – human conflict. In long term solution, the reintroduction of blue sheep at the higher altitudes could also “buffer” predation on livestock.
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Notes Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program. Forum of Natural Resource Managers, Nepal. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1076 Serial 887
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Author (up) Turner, L.
Title Oklahoma City Zoo-Twenty Nine Snow Leopards Type Journal Article
Year 1980 Publication Int.Ped Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 2 Issue Pages 96-111
Keywords zoos; captivity; husbandry; zoo; breeding; housing; browse; 3690
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Notes Discusses breeding, housing, aquisition, history Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 66 Serial 974
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Author (up) Wangchuk, R.; Jackson, R.
Title A Community-based Approach to Mitigating Livestock-Wildlife Conflict in Ladakh, India Type Report
Year 2009 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-9
Keywords community-based; approach; conflict; Ladakh; India; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; wolf; wolves; Himalayan; region; Jackson; kibber; Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary; wildlife; sanctuary; sanctuaries; loss; us; villagers; predation; establishment; surveys; survey; number; change; Animal; animal-husbandry; husbandry; system; 2000
Abstract Livestock depredation by snow leopard and wolf is widespread across the Himalayan region (Jackson et al. 1996, Jackson and Wangchuk 2001; Mishra 1997, Oli et al 1994). For example, in India's Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary, Mishra (1997) reported losses amounting to 18% of the livestock holdings and valued at about US $138 per household. The villagers claimed predation rates increased after establishment of the sanctuary, but

surveys indicated a dramatic increase in livestock numbers accompanying changes in animal husbandry systems (Mishra 2000).
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1014 Serial 1005
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Author (up) Wharton, D.; Mainka, S.A.
Title Management and husbandry of the snow leopard Uncia uncia Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication International Zoo Yearbook Abbreviated Journal
Volume 35 Issue Pages 139-147
Keywords breeding; captive-management; diet; enclosures; housing; husbandry; nutrition; veterinary-care; zoo; browse; veterinary; care; captive; management; 1290
Abstract The international studbook for the Snow leopard Uncia uncia was established in 1976. The species has been the focus of intensive captive management and as at 1 January 1992, 541 animals were maintained at 160 collections. This paper gives an overview of the diet, housing, breeding and captive management of the species with specific reference to animals maintained in North American collections. A summary of veterinary care reported in the Snow leopard captive-management survey is also given.
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Notes Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 331 Serial 1018
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Author (up) Wharton, D.; Mainka, S.A.
Title Captive Management of the Snow Leopard Type Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 135-148
Keywords zoos; captivity; captive; management; husbandry; diet; social; behavior; housing; habitat; breeding; status; distribution; parasites; vaccination; quarantine; Disease; medical; veterinary; medicine; ceasarean; hand-rearing; browse; hand rearing; hand; rearing; 3550
Abstract
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 265 Serial 1017
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Author (up) Xinchun, M.
Title Distribution in the wild and the captive raising of snow leopards in Xinjiang, China Type Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 157-162
Keywords distribution; habitat; ibex; blue-sheep; argali; hides; skins; pelts; furs; coats; zoos; zoo; China; captivity; care; husbandry; feeding; diet; housing; Disease; blue; sheep; browse; 3770
Abstract
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
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Notes Full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 267 Serial 1031
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Author (up) Yanfa, L.; Huanwen, L.
Title A preliminary study on the rearing and breeding of ounce Type Journal Article
Year 1986 Publication Acta Theriologica Sinica Abbreviated Journal
Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 93-99
Keywords captivity; husbandry; zoos; breeding; reproduction; mating; rearing; browse; 3710; Chinese
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Publisher Place of Publication China Editor
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Notes Document Type: Chinese Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 96 Serial 1045
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