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| Author | Waits, L.P.; Buckley-Beason, V.A.; Johnson, W.E.; Onorato, D.; McCarthy, T. | ||||
| Title | A select panel of polymorphic microsatellite loci for individual identification of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Molecular Ecology Notes | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | Pages | 311-314 | |
| Keywords | identification; leopard; leopards; microsatellites,noninvasive genetic sampling,Panthera uncia,snow leopard; panthera; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; snow; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; uncia; endangered; carnivores; carnivore; mountain; region; central; Central Asia; asia; methods; conservation; management; Molecular; individual identification; Hair; domestic; cat; felis; captive; number; probability; using; wild | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are elusive endangered carnivores found in remote mountain regions of Central Asia. New methods for identifying and counting snow leopards are needed for conservation and management efforts. To develop molecular genetic tools for individual identification of hair and faecal samples, we screened 50 microsatellite loci developed for the domestic cat (Felis catus) in 19 captive snow leopards. Forty-eight loci were polymorphic with numbers of alleles per locus ranging from two to 11. The probability of observing matching genotypes for unrelated individuals (2.1 x10-11) and siblings (7.5x10-5) using the 10 most polymorphic loci was low, suggesting that this panel would easily discriminate among individuals in the wild. | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 865 | Serial | 1001 | ||
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| Author | Laptev M.K. | ||||
| Title | The cats – Felidae | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1929 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue I. | Issue | Pages | 55-60 | |
| Keywords | Central Asia; Felidae; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution.; 7550; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | It describes identification features of the Felidae family species (ItŒ¤ŒlŒbus, A¤inŒn¢o, L¢no, Oigris, D…rdus, Uncia, r†m…†lurus, ¥…a…¤…l, ¥atolynx, Felis): colour, body size and skull length, length of limbs, presence or absence of ear-brushes, cheek-bones width, nasal bones, palatine bone, rapacious tooth, and acoustical capsules. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Central Asia mammals Guide (insectivorous, bats, predators, and ungulates). | Approved |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 733 | Serial | 611 | ||
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| Author | Ming, M.; Baowen, H.; Yu, M.; McCarthy, T. | ||||
| Title | Survey on Bird Species and Analysis on Bird Diversity in the Central Kunlun Mountains in the Early Winter | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Arid Zone Research | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 27 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 227-232 |
| Keywords | survey; species; analysis; diversity; central; Kunlun; mountains; mountain; winter | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1098 | Serial | 687 | ||
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| Author | Mishra, C.; Madhusudan, M.D. | ||||
| Title | An Incentive Scheme for Wildlife Conservation in the Indian Trans-Himalaya | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | snow; leopard; asia; south; central; uncia; depredation; livestock; India; Himalaya; Himalayan; conservation; prey; density; 5010 | ||||
| Abstract | The habitat of the snow leopard Uncia uncia across South and Central Asia is subject to extensive pastoral use. Levels of livestock depredation by the snow leopard and other carnivores in the region are high, and often provokes retaliatory killing by the herders. This direct threat to large carnivores is further aggravated by a depletion of wild prey due to poaching and out-competition by livestock. In this paper, we describe a pilot project in the Indian Trans-Himalaya, which uses an incentive scheme to create areas free from livestock grazing on community-owned land, thereby fostering conservation commitment among local pastoralists, as well as contributing directly to an enhancement of wild prey density. |
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| Notes | Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA | Approved |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 487 | Serial | 692 | ||
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| Author | Mishra, C.; Allen, P.; McCarthy, T.; Madhusudan, M.D.; Agvaantserengiin, B.; Prins H. | ||||
| Title | The role of incentive programs in conserving the snow leopard | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Conservation Biology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 17 | Issue | Pages | 1512-1520 | |
| Keywords | Central Asia; community; conservation; herder; incentive program; India; livestock; Mongolia; pastoralists; poaching; retaliatory killing; snow leopard; Uncia uncia | ||||
| Abstract | Pastoralists and their livestock share much of the habitat of the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) across south and central Asia. The levels of livestock predation by the snow leopard and other carnivores are high, and retaliatory killing by the herders is a direct threat to carnivore populations. Depletion of wild prey by poaching and competition from livestock also poses an indirect threat to the region's carnivores. Conservationists working in these underdeveloped areas that face serious economic damage from livestock losses have turned to incentive programs to motivate local communities to protect carnivores. We describe a pilot incentive program in India that aims to offset losses due to livestock predation and to enhance wild prey density by creating livestock-free areas on common land. We also describe how income generation from handicrafts in Mongolia is helping curtail poaching and retaliatory killing of snow leopards. However, initiatives to offset the costs of living with carnivores and to make conservation beneficial to affected people have thus far been small, isolated, and heavily subsidized. Making these initiatives more comprehensive, expanding their coverage, and internalizing their costs are future challenged for the conservation of large carnivores such as the snow leopard. | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 904 | Serial | 693 | ||
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| Author | Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association | ||||
| Title | Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association Report March 2010 | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | nature; tourism; surveys; survey; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; attack; domestic; Animals; Animal; illegal; illegal hunting; hunting; territory; province; 2010; hunt; 1990; movements; movement; pasture; desert; number; species; birds; river; mountain; hunters; hunter; recent; government; structure; management; national; central; people; Report; gobi; Gobi Desert; reproduction; Adult; meat; food; ibex; wild; wild sheep; sheep; marmot; nutrition; schools; population; use; local; big; big game; big-game; game; 310; mountains; wolves; wolf; Seasons; times; zones; global; Mongolia; 40; history; ecology | ||||
| Abstract | In accordance with order of the Ministry of Nature and Tourism, zoologists of our association have made surveys in three ways such as reasons why snow leopards attack domestic animals, “Snow leopard” trial operation to count them and illegal hunting in territories of Khovd, Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor, Uvurkhangai and Umnugobi provinces from September 2009 to January 2010. As result of these surveys it has made the following conclusions in the followings: Reason to hunt them illegally: the principal reason is that administrative units have been increased and territories of administrative units have been diminished. There have been four provinces in 1924 to 1926, 18 since 1965, 21 since 1990. Such situation limits movements of herdsmen completely and pastures digressed much than ever before. As result of such situation, 70% of pastures become desert. Such digression caused not only heads of animals and also number of species. Guarantee is that birds such as owls, cuckoo, willow grouse in banks of Uyert river, Burkhanbuudai mountain, located in Biger soum, Gobi-Altai province, which are not hunted by hunters, are disappearing in the recent two decades. For that reason we consider it is urgently necessary for the government to convert administrative unit structures into four provinces. This would influence herdsmen moving across hundreds km and pastures could depart from digression. Second reason: cooperative movement won. The issues related to management and strengthening of national cooperatives, considered by Central Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party in the meeting in March 1953 was the start of cooperatives' movement. Consideration by Yu. Tsedenbal, chairman of Ministers Council, chairman of the MPRP, on report “Result of to unify popular units and some important issues to maintain entity management of agricultural cooperatives” in the fourth meeting by the Central Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party /MPRP/ on December 16-17, 1959, proclaimed complete victory of cooperative. At the end of 1959, it could unify 767 small cooperative into 389 ones, unify 99.3 % of herdsmen and socialize 73.3 % of animals. The remaining of animals amount 6 million 163 thousands animals, and equals to 26.7% of total animals. This concerned number of animals related to the article mentioned that every family should have not more that 50 animals in Khangai zone and not more 75 animals in Gobi desert. It shows that such number could not satisfy needs of family if such number is divided into five main animals in separating with reproduction animals and adult animals. So herdsmen started hunt hoofed animals secretly and illegally in order to satisfy their meat needs. Those animals included main food of snow leopard such as ibex, wild sheep, and marmot. Third reason is that the state used to hunt ibex, which are main nutrition of snow leopards, every year. The administrative unit of the soum pursued policy to hunt ibex in order to provide meat needs of secondary schools and hospitals. That's why this affected decrease of ibex population. Preciously from 1986 to 1990 the permissions to hunt one thousands of wild sheep and two thousands of ibexes were hunt for domestic alimentary use every year. Not less than 10 local hunters of every soum used to take part in big game of ibexes. Also they hunted many ibexes, chose 3-10 best ibexes and hid them in the mountains for their consummation during hunting. Fourth reason: hunting of wolves. Until 1990 the state used to give prizes to hunter, who killed a wolf in any seasons of the year. Firstly it offered a sheep for the wolf hunter and later it gave 25 tugrugs /15 USD/. Every year, wolf hunting was organized several times especially picking wolf-cubs influenced spread and population of wolves. So snow leopard came to the places where wolves survived before and attack domestic animals. Such situation continued until 1990. Now population of ibexes has decreased than before 1990 since the state stopped hunting wolves, population of wolves increased in mountainous zones. We didn't consider it had been right since it was natural event. However population of ibexes decreased. Fifth reason: Global warming. In recent five years it has had a drought and natural disaster from excessive snow in the places where it has never had such natural disasters before. But Mongolia has 40 million heads of domestic animals it has never increased like such quantity in its history before. We consider it is not incorrect that decrease of domestic animals could give opportunities to raise population of wild animals. Our next survey is to make attempt to fix heads of snow leopards correctly with low costs. |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1100 | Serial | 705 | ||
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| Author | Novikov G.A. | ||||
| Title | Sub-genus UNCIA Gray | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1956 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 274-277 | ||
| Keywords | Ussr; Central Asia; uncia; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; habitats; highly mountain; reproduction; Migration; use.; 7760; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Identification features of the sub-genus Uncia (colour; length of body and tail; shoulder height, and skull measurements) are given. Distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, commercial value of snow leopard in the USSR is described. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Predatory mammals of the USSR fauna. | Approved |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 754 | Serial | 726 | ||
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| Author | Puzanov I.I. | ||||
| Title | Central Asia sub-area | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1938 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 240-244 | ||
| Keywords | Central Asia; fauna; snow leopard.; 8020; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | The author describes fauna of the Central Asia sub-area. Snow leopard is a typical inhabitant of the sub-area highlands. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoogeography. | Approved |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 780 | Serial | 797 | ||
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| Author | Riddell, Mand L.G. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Expedition Kazakhstan 2004 | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | Kazakhstan; snow leopard; expedition; Central Asia; ecotourism; map; 5730 | ||||
| Abstract | This Newcastle University Expedition reviewed the conflict between man and snow leopard in the region east of Tekeli in the Dzhungarian Alatau range, Kazakhstan. After the soviet state breakup in 1991 snow leopards in Kazakhstan and in the other Asian republics were subjected to high levels of persecution. There are thought to be between 180-200 snow leopards in Kazakhstan, of which 37-40 individuals inhabit the Dzhungarian Mountains. No work has been done previously to review the present snow leopard-human conflicts in this region, and this project looked to update previous reports from Central Asia about predominant conflicts in these regions. The expedition team worked with the Institute of Zoology in Kazakhstan and two of the six person team were Kazakh students. Methods comparable to those used in previous studies were used to map and rank the threats in the western area of the range, over an eight week period. The expedition team lived in the mountains for periods of two-three weeks, carrying all their food and equipment and using local vehicles, horses and trekking to move from pasture to pasture. Semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and prey counts were used to assess snow leopard-human conflicts including poaching of snow leopard, poaching of leopard wild prey, human disturbance and livestock overgrazing. The results from the report support much previous work from Kazakhstan and other areas in Central Asia, but serve as a useful update shedding light on an optimistic future for snow leopard conservation while highlighting what the expedition team perceives to be the major threats to snow leopards. The threats to snow leopards, in order of relevance from most to least, are loss of prey predominantly through hunting by local people (both legal and illegal), direct hunting of snowleopard for pelt/medicine, disturbance by herders on the pastures, snow leopard habitat fragmentation around the mountain bases, and least importantly overgrazing by domestic livestock. Retaliatory kills by herders are not a threat in the region and on livestock were killed by snow leopards. Levels of all hunting, legal and illegal, need to be reduced in the range until wildlife populations have recovered significantly from the mid-1990's over-hunting period. Levels of rural corruption among many stakeholders were high around the mountain region, and are thought to contribute negatively to wildlife conservation in the area. Ecotourism in the area, that incorporates local people around the mountain region, is proposed as a solution to offer local people's incentives to lower hunting levels. This report makes the following main recommendations: ÿStrengthening law enforcement capacity ÿIncreasing the number of ecological rangers ÿIncreasing incentives of ecological rangers to prevent poaching ÿEquipping the ecological rangers more sufficiently ÿMore effective communication between ranger and National Park administrative regions ÿThe involvement of all stakeholders in wildlife conservation including military officials and local herders ÿWhistle blower policies to prevent illegal trade in all animals in the region ÿMore geographic consistency between present and proposed protected areas in the region Accurate snow leopard monitoring to build on valuable information previously collected in Kazakhstan Provision of local incentives (ecotourism and community based hunting reserves) to reduce local hunting and local unemployment around the mountains Increased interest and technical assistance in Kazakhstan from conservation International Non-Governmental Organizations More government fund for the Institute of Zoology Stronger cross border (Kazakhstan-China) legislation implementation Further research could involve establishing an annual, standardized, snow leopard survey in the range, or could compare these findings of threats to snow leopards to other regions in Kazakhstan (eg. The Altai) or Central Asia. This report has been replicated for all the expedition sponsors, put on the internet, and distributed among contacts in the snow leopard conservation community. The expedition team also spent some time exploring and photographing some of the remoter valleys around the study pastures, and made a short video of the teams exploits. Links were made between KIMEP University in Almaty, and Newcastle University, registered a research centre with the Royal Geographical Society, and lectured about the Dzhungarian range and snow leopard conservation at; the Royal Geographical Society, Newcastle University, Royal Zoological Society for Scotland(Edinburgh Zoo), and Wilderness Lecturers (Bristol). |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 283 | Serial | 816 | ||
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| Author | Sunquist, F. | ||||
| Title | Where cats and herders mix. (snow leopards in Tibet and Mongolia) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | International Wildlife | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 27 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 27-33 |
| Keywords | Mongolia; Tibet; herder; livestock; snow-leopard; predator; prey; World-Wildlife-Foundation; habitat; reserve; park; refuge; Pakistan; China; herders; parks; protected-area; snow leopard; browse; Wwf; world wildlife foundation; 1110; snow; leopard; range; territory; central; Central Asia; asia; Animal; region; conservation; wildlife; foundation; border; sheep; Baltistan; enclosures; area; home; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; countries; country; Feed; Cats; cat; mountain; peoples; people | ||||
| Abstract | The snow leopard inhabits a huge range of territory which encompasses some of Central Asia's most bleak and inhospitable terrains. The animal herders in these regions are desperately poor and yet they have agreed to cooperate with conservation groups in protecting the snow leopard. The World Wildlife Foundation has worked to create a refuge on the Pakistan-China border. Sheep herders near Askole, a village in the Baltistan region of northern Paksitan, drive their flocks past stone enclosures. The area is also home to snow leopards. With their natural prey dminished, leopards in 13 countries of central Asia occasionally feed on livestock, putting the cats on a collision course with mountain peoples. | ||||
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| Notes | COPYRIGHT 1997 National Wildlife Federation , Jan-Feb 1997 v27 n1 p26(8) Document Type: English | Approved |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 330 | Serial | 950 | ||
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| Author | Syroyechkovskiy E.E. | ||||
| Title | Kazakhstan and Central Asia | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1975 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 223-231 | ||
| Keywords | Central Asia; Kazakhstan; fauna; snow leopard; distribution.; 8370; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Common features, origin, and landscape and zonal peculiarities of fauna in Kazakhstan and Central Asia are described. This region is part of the Mediterranean and Central Asia sub-zone of Golarctic, while north-eastern part of Kazakhstan is incorporated in the Round-boreal sub-zone. The main features of nature (sharply continental climate, vast valleys and well-marked zoning combined with a sophisticated system of vertical mountain zoning) stipulate the abundance and diversity of fauna. There are over 100 fish species, some 100 reptile and amphibian species, about 500 bird and 160 mammal species here. Snow leopard can be found in Kazakhstan's part of the Altai, in the Tien Shan and Pamir mountains. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of the USSR. | Approved |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 815 | Serial | 954 | ||
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| Author | Vashetko E.V. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard bibliography in Central Asia | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 358-383 | ||
| Keywords | Central Asia; bibliography; snow leopard.; 8470; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Reference List of the Snow Leopard investigation included publications on the studying various questions of ecology and conservation of the Snow Leopard in Central Asia (355) for the period with 1851 for 2004. The most important work on this species in the region, as well as results of the analysis of timing of publications was described. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Status and perspectives of the protected area network in Central Asia. | Approved |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 824 | Serial | 982 | ||
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| Author | Vashetko, E.; Esipov A.; Bykova, E.; Kreuzberg, E. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Bibliography. Central Asia (Abstracts) | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | analysis; asia; bibliography; central; Central Asia; conservation; ecology; International; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; international snow leopard trust; Islt; leopard; project; region; Russian; snow; snow-leopard; snow leopard; species; trust; work | ||||
| Abstract | Bibliography of the Snow Leopard included publications on the studying various questions of ecology and conservation of the Snow Leopard in Central Asia (305) for the period 1873 to 2004. The most important works on this species in the region, as well as results of the analysis of timing of publications was described. | ||||
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| Notes | English version. Also available in Russian in the SLN bibliography. Project supported by International Snow Leopard Trust (ISLT), was carried out in 2004-2005. | Approved |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1061 | Serial | 983 | ||
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| Author | Kuznetzov B.A. | ||||
| Title | Materials on mammal fauna in Central Asia. Central Asian mountainous province | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1963 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 116-121 | ||
| Keywords | Central Asia; mountains; fauna; snow leopard; distribution.; 7520; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | It provides a list of mammals of Central Asia (species and sub-species) indicating their main habitats, and undertakes an attempt to zone fauna of Central Asia based on data collected by the world science community concerning distribution of various mammal species over the country. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schr. was indicated to inhabit the mountains of Central Asia. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biology, biogeography, and taxonomy of mammals in the USSR. Proceeding of MOIP. | Approved |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 730 | Serial | 604 | ||
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| Author | Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Chundawat R.S.; Marden; Nui, Y. | ||||
| Title | Preliminary Study on the Habitat Selection of Uncia uncia | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | 23 | Issue | Pages | 471-473 | |
| Keywords | study; habitat; Habitat selection; selection; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Chinese; research; large; species; extinction; Felidae; central; mountains; mountain; Xinjiang; Tianshan Mountains; Altay; national; nature; reserve; fieldwork; sign; grazing; status; Test; analysis; primary; factor; topography; valley | ||||
| Abstract | Uncia uncia is one of the rare large species on the brink of extinction in Felidae in the world, and inhabit only the Central Asian mountains. It is said that there are currently only 4500-7300 Uncia uncia surviving. During the period from September 2004 to July 2005, the habitat selection of Uncia uncia was investigated in some mountains in Xinjiang, including the eastern Tianshan Mountains, Beita Mountains, Altay Mounts and Mount Tumor National Nature Reserve. In several months of fieldwork, we got 171 sign samples of Uncia uncia and 123 random samples in total. Five habitat features, i.e., the elevation, topographic features, vegetation type, grazing status and ruggedness, are selected to compare the difference of selectivity of the Uncia uncia habitat selection. The Chi-square goodness-of-fit test and the binomial test are used to check the significance of Uncia uncia habitat selection, and the principal component analysis is used to find the primary factors in in the selection. The result s are as follows : (1) Uncia uncia selected all kinds of the habitat types , especially the elevation , topography , vegetation types and ruggedness ; (2) Ruggedness and the vegetation types are the preliminary factors for the habitat selection. Topography is the secondary factor ; (3) Uncia uncia prefer to inhabit in the rugged habitat s with moderate shrubberies , and they also like to leave signs in valley bottoms rather than hillsides. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in ChineseName of periodical: Arid Zone Research | Approved |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 871 | Serial | 1036 | ||
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| Author | Zakhidov T.Z.Meklenburtsev R.N., B.O.P. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreb. Distribution of fauna elements over Central Asia | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1971 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Vol. 2. Vertebrate animals. | Issue | Pages | 234-235 | |
| Keywords | Central Asia; snow leopard; distribution; preys; behavior; practical value.; 8670; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopard inhabits the mountainous ecosystems from Tarbagatai to Hissar and Pamir. It feeds upon large animals such as ibex, argali, roe deer, and sometimes domestic sheep, rodents, and birds (most frequently snow cock). The skin of this animal is not of significant value and is rarely an item of trade. In many countries, zoos will readily buy snow leopards. There is no danger for a man to catch snow leopard since even being wounded during a hunt, the animal would never attack the man. An encounter with snow leopard in the mountains will always end safely for human being, as it is always first to spot a man and go away unnoticed. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature and fauna of Central Asia. | Approved |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 844 | Serial | 1069 | ||
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| Author | Singh, N., Milner-Gulland, E.J. | ||||
| Title | Monitoring ungulates in Central Asia: current constraints and future potential | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Oryx | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-12 | ||
| Keywords | Central Asia, confidence intervals, cost, participatory monitoring, saiga, sampling effort, stratified random sampling, ungulate | ||||
| Abstract | Asia’s rangelands and mountains are strongholds for several endemic ungulate species. Little is known about the ecology of these species because of the region’s remoteness and the lack of robust scientific studies. Hunting, habitat modification, increased livestock grazing, disease and development are the major threats to the species. There is an urgent need for better monitoring to identify the size, distribution and dynamics of the populations of these species, and the threats to them, for effective conservation. The feasibility of standard scientific monitoring is greatly influenced by the remoteness of the region, the pre-existing scientific ideology, lack of expertise in the latest monitoring methods and awareness of biases and errors, and low capacity and logistical and financial constraints. We review the existing methods used for monitoring ungulates, identify the practical and institutional challenges to effective monitoring in Central Asia and categorize the methods based on various criteria so that researchers can plan better monitoring studies suited to particular species. We illustrate these issues using examples from several contrasting ungulate species. We recommend that scientific surveys should be complemented by increases in participatory monitoring, involving local people. The future of ungulate monitoring in Central Asia lies in a better recognition of the existing errors and biases in monitoring programmes and methods, allocation of more monitoring effort in terms of manpower, finances and logistics, understanding of robust scientific methods and sampling theory and changing the scientific culture, as well as a commitment to ensuring that we monitor the things that matter. |
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1291 | ||
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| Author | Jumabay, K., Wegge, P., Mishra, C., Sharma, K | ||||
| Title | Large carnivores and low diversity of optimal prey: a comparison of the diets of snow leopards Panthera uncia and wolves Canis lupus in Sarychat-Ertash Reserve in Kyrgyzstan | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Oryx | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-7 | ||
| Keywords | Canis lupus, Central Asia, food habits, intraguild competition, Panthera uncia, scat analysis | ||||
| Abstract | In the cold and arid mountains of Central Asia, where the diversity and abundance of wild ungulates are generally low, resource partitioning among coexisting carnivores is probably less distinct than in prey-rich areas. Thus, similar-sized carnivores are likely to compete for food. We compared the summer diets of snow leopards Panthera uncia and wolves Canis lupus in Sarychat-Ertash Reserve in the Tien-Shan mountains of Kyrgyzstan, based on analysis of genetically confirmed scats. Abundances of the principal prey species, argali Ovis ammon and Siberian ibex Capra sibirica, were estimated from field surveys. The diets consisted of few species, with high interspecific overlap (Pianka’s index50.91). Argali was the predominant prey, with .50% frequency of occurrence in both snow leopard and wolf scats. This was followed by Siberian ibex and marmots Marmota baibacina. Being largely unavailable, remains of livestock were not detected in any of the scats. In the snow leopard diet, proportions of argali and ibex were in line with the relative availabilities of these animals in the Reserve. This was in contrast to the diet of wolf, where argali occurred according to availability and ibex was significantly underrepresented. The high diet overlap indicates that the two predators might compete for food when the diversity of profitable, large prey is low. Competition may be more intense in winter, when marmots are not available. Hunting of argali and ibex outside the Reserve may be unsustainable and therefore reduce their abundances over time. This will affect both predators negatively and intensify competition for food. Reduction in ibex populations will directly affect the snow leopard, and the wolf is likely to be indirectly affected as a result of increased snow leopard predation of argali. |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1397 | ||
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| Author | Mishra, C., Suryawanshi, K. | ||||
| Title | Managing conflicts over livestock depradation by Large Carnivores | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION – Human-Wildlife Conflict in the Mountains of SAARC Region – Compilation of Successful Management Strategies and Practices | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 27-47 | ||
| Keywords | Snow leopard Panthera uncia, wolf Canis lupus, Himalayas, Central Asia | ||||
| Abstract | Managing wildlife-caused damage to human interests has become an important aspect of contemporary conservation management. Conflicts between pastoralism and carnivore conservation over livestock depredation pose a serious challenge to endangered carnivores worldwide, and have become an important livelihood concern locally. Here, we first review the primary causes of these conflicts, their socio-ecological correlates, and commonly employed mitigation measures. We then describe a community-based program to manage conflicts over livestock depredation by snow leopards Panthera uncia and wolves Canis lupus. A threats-based conceptual model of conflict management is presented. Conflicts over livestock depredation are characterized by complex, multi-scale interactions between carnivore and livestock behavioral ecology, animal husbandry, human psyche, culture, world-views, and socio-economic and education levels of affected peoples. A diversity of commonly employed conflict-mitigation measures is available. They aim at (i) reducing livestock depredation through better livestock herding, use of physical, chemical or psychological barriers, removal of carnivores, and use of livestock guard animals, (ii) offsetting economic losses through damage compensation and insurance programmes, and (iii) increasing peoples’ tolerance of carnivores through indirect approaches such as conservation education and economic incentives. For effective management, conflicts need to be understood along two important dimensions, viz., the reality of damage caused to humans, and the psyche and perceptions of humans who suffer wildlife caused damage. The efficacy of commonly used mitigation measures is variable. A combination of measures that reduce the level of livestock depredation, share or offset economic losses, and improve the social carrying capacity for carnivores will be more effective in managing conflicts than standalone measures | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1424 | ||
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| Author | Tumursukh, L., Suryawanshi, K. R., Mishra, C., McCarthy, T. M., Boldgiv, B. | ||||
| Title | Status of the mountain ungulate prey of the Endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia in the Tost Local Protected Area, South Gobi, Mongolia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Oryx | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-6 | ||
| Keywords | Argali, Central Asia, double-observer survey, ibex, Panthera uncia, snow leopard, ungulate prey | ||||
| Abstract | The availability of wild prey is a critical predictor of carnivore density. However, few conservation pro- grammes have focused on the estimation and monitoring of wild ungulate populations and their trends, especially in the remote mountains of Central Asia. We conducted double-observer surveys to estimate the populations of ibex Capra sibirica and argali Ovis ammon in the mountain- ous regions of Tost Local Protected Area, South Gobi prov- ince, Mongolia, which is being considered for designation as a Nature Reserve. We also conducted demographic surveys of the more abundant ibex to examine their sex-ratio and the survival of young during –. The estimated ibex population remained stable in  and  and the es- timated argali population increased from  in  to  in . The biomass of wild ungulates was c. % that of live- stock. Mortality in young ibex appeared to increase after weaning, at the age of  months. We estimated the popula- tion of wild ungulates was sufficient to support – adult snow leopards Panthera uncia. The adult snow leopard population in our study area during –, estimated independently using camera-trap-based mark–recapture methods, was –. Based on our results we identify the Tost Local Protected Area as an important habitat for the conservation of these ungulates and their predator, the Endangered snow leopard, and recommend elevation of its status to a Nature Reserve. | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1425 | ||
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| Author | Kashkarov, E. | ||||
| Title | THE SNOW LEOPARD OF KIRGIZIA: NATIONAL SHAME OR NATIONAL PRIDE | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2017 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 239-253 | ||
| Keywords | snow leopard, irbis, ibex, mountain sheep, conservation, range, reserve, monitoring, cameratrap, Sarychat, Kirgizia, Central Asia. | ||||
| Abstract | Article examines the problems existing in conservation of the snow leopard in Kirgizia after break-up of the USSR. Unfortunate situation is common to most of the 14 countries in the snow leopard range, but seems especially sharp to Kirgizia. Yet half of the century ago Kirgizia has had about 1.5 thousand of the snow leopards, and today there remains no more than 1/10. In Soviet time Kirgizia was a global supplier of the snow leopards for the zoo-export � to create a reserve number of endangered cats in captivity. Today, at least half of the snow leopards in the Zoos of the world are individuals, caught in Kirgizia or their descendants. Since independence, Kirgizia has set new records. In Sarychat-Irtash reserve � the best for the snow leopard in Central Asia, and probably in the whole range � this species was completely destroyed after 3 years of reserve opening... and 17 years later � revived... Situation comes presently back to the worst-case scenario, and not only for the snow leopard. Author shows how work in this direction social and economic levers, and what kind future he would like to see in Kirgizia, where he lived for 12 years and was at the forefront of pioneering research of the snow leopard and its conservation. |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1454 | ||
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| Author | Maheshwari, A., Niraj, S. K | ||||
| Title | Monitoring illegal trade in snow leopards: 2003e2014 | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2018 | Publication | Elsevier | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1 -6 | ||
| Keywords | Snow leopard, Illegal trade, Central and southern Asia, Conservation | ||||
| Abstract | Illegal trade in snow leopards (Panthera uncia) has been identified as one of the major threats to long-term survival of the species in the wild. To quantify severity of the threats to dwindling snow leopard population, we examined market and questionnaire surveys, and information from the published and unpublished literature on illegal trade and poaching of snow leopards.We collected information from 11 of the 12 snow leopard range counties in central and southern Asia, barring Kazakhstan, and reported 439 snow leopards (88 records) in illegal trade during 2003e2014, which represents a loss of approximately 8.4%e10.9% snow leopard population (assuming mid-point population of 5240 to minimum population of 4000 individuals) in a period of 12 years. Our data suggested a 61% decadal increase in snow leopard trade during 2003e2012 compared with 1993e2002, while taking the note of significant strengthening of wildlife enforcement and crime control network in the decades of 2000s and 2010s. We found 50% prosecution rate of snow leopard crimes resulting in only 20% conviction rate globally. Many limitations e.g., secretive nature of illegal trade, ill developed enforcement mechanism, poor and passive documentation of snow leopards' seizures, restricted us to reflect actual trend of snow leopards' illegal trade. Even on a conservative scale the present situation is alarming and may detrimental to snow leopard conservation. We propose an effective networking of enforcement efforts and coordination among the law enforcement agencies, efficient collection of data and data management, and sharing of intelligence in snow leopard range countries, could be useful in curbing illegal trade in snow leopards in central and southern Asia. |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1466 | ||
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| Author | Suryawanshi, K. R., Khanyari, M., Sharma, K., Lkhagvajav, P., Mishra, C. | ||||
| Title | Sampling bias in snow leopard population estimation studies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2019 | Publication | Population Eccology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-9 | ||
| Keywords | camera trap, Central Asia, Himalaya, meta-analysis, monitoring, Panthera uncia, population ecology | ||||
| Abstract | Accurate assessments of the status of threatened species and their conservation planning require reliable estimation of their global populations and robust monitoring of local population trends. We assessed the adequacy and suitability of studies in reliably estimating the global snow leopard (Panthera uncia) population. We compiled a dataset of all the peer-reviewed published literature on snow leopard population estimation. Metadata analysis showed estimates of snow leopard density to be a negative exponential function of area, suggesting that study areas have generally been too small for accurate density estimation, and sampling has often been biased towards the best habitats. Published studies are restricted to six of the 12 range countries, covering only 0.3�0.9% of the presumed global range of the species. Re-sampling of camera trap data from a relatively large study site (c.1684 km2) showed that small-sized study areas together with a bias towards good quality habitats in existing studies may have overestimated densities by up to five times. We conclude that current information is biased and inadequate for generating a reliable global population estimate of snow leopards. To develop a rigorous and useful baseline and to avoid pitfalls, there is an urgent need for (a) refinement of sampling and analytical protocols for population estimation of snow leopards (b) agreement and coordinated use of standardized sampling protocols amongst researchers and governments across the range, and (c) sampling larger and under-represented areas of the snow leopard's global range. |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1477 | ||
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| Author | Rode, J., Pelletier, A., Fumey, J., Rode, S., Cabanat, A. L., Ouvrard, A., Chaix, B., White, B., Harnden, M., Xuan, N. T., Vereshagin, A., Casane, D. | ||||
| Title | Diachronic monitoring of snow leopards at Sarychat-Ertash State Reserve (Kyrgyzstan) through scat genotyping: a pilot study | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2020 | Publication | bioRxiv | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-21 | ||
| Keywords | snow leopard, noninvasive genotyping, population dynamics, microsatellite, relatedness, diachronic monitoring, citizen science, Central Asia | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are a keystone species of Central Asia’s high mountain ecosystem. The species is listed as vulnerable and is elusive, preventing accurate population assessments that could inform conservation actions. Non-invasive genetic monitoring conducted by citizen scientists offers avenues to provide key data on this species that would otherwise be inaccessible. From 2011 to 2015, OSI-Panthera citizen science expeditions tracked signs of presence of snow leopards along transects in the main valleys and crests of the Sarychat-Ertash State Reserve (Kyrgyzstan). Scat samples were genotyped at seven autosomal microsatellite loci and at a X/Y locus for sex identification, which allowed estimating a minimum of 11 individuals present in the reserve from 2011 to 2015. The genetic recapture of 7 of these individuals enabled diachronic monitoring, providing indications of individuals’ movements throughout the reserve. We found putative family relationships between several individuals. Our results demonstrate the potential of this citizen science program to get a precise description of a snow leopard population through time. | ||||
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| Call Number | Serial | 1602 | |||
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| Author | Hacker, C., Atzeni, L., Munkhtsog, B., Munkhtsog, B., Galsandorj, N., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Buyanaa, C., Bayandonoi, G., Ochirjav, M., Farrington, J. D., Jevit, M., Zhang, Y., Wu, L. Cong, W., Li, D., Gavette, C., Jackson, R., Janecka, J. E. | ||||
| Title | Genetic diversity and spatial structures of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) reveal proxies of connectivity across Mongolia and northwestern China | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2022 | Publication | Landscape Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-19 | ||
| Keywords | Admixture · Central Asia · Connectivity · Habitat Modeling · Landscape Genetics · Noninvasive Genetics · MEM · Spatial Structures | ||||
| Abstract | Understanding landscape connectivity and population genetic parameters is imperative for threatened species management. However, such information is lacking for the snow leopard (Panthera uncia). This study sought to explore hierarchical snow leopard gene flow patterns and drivers of genetic structure in Mongolia and China. A total of 97 individuals from across Mongolia and from the north-eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in Gansu Province to the middle of Qinghai Province in China were genotyped across 24 microsatellite loci. Distance-based frameworks were used to determine a landscape scenario best explaining observed genetic structure. Spatial and non-spatial methods were used to investigate fine-scale autocorrelation and similarity patterns as well as genetic structure and admixture. A genetic macro-division between populations in China and Mongolia was observed, suggesting that the Gobi Desert is a substantial barrier to gene flow. However, admixture and support for a resistance-based mode of isolation suggests connective routes that could facilitate movement. Populations in Mongolia had greater connectivity, indicative of more continuous habitat. Drivers of genetic structure in China were difficult to discern, and fine-scale sampling is needed. This study elucidates snow leopard landscape connectivity and helps to prioritize conservation areas. Although contact zones may have existed and occasional crossings can occur, establishing corridors to connect these areas should not be a priority. Focus should be placed on maintaining the relatively high connectivity for snow leopard populations within Mongolia and increasing research efforts in China. | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1717 | ||
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