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	Author	Subbotin, A.E.; Istomov, S.V.
	Title	The population status of snow leopards Uncia uncia (Felidae, Carnivora) in the western Sayan Mountain Ridge			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Doklady Biologicl Sciences	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	425	Issue		Pages	183-186
	Keywords	population; status; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Felidae; Carnivora; Sayan; mountain; Russian; Test; species; cat; Russia; area; range; Data; study; activity; activities; behavior; habitats; habitat; humans; Human; number; description; Animal; structure
	Abstract	The snow leopard (Uncia uncial Schreber, 1776) is the most poorly studied species of the cat family in the world and, in particular, in Russia, where the northern periphery of the species area (no more than 3% of it) is located in the Altai-Hangai-Sayan range [1]. It is generally known that the existing data on the Russian part of the snow leopard population have never been a result of targeted studies; at best, they have been based on recording the traces of the snow leopard vital activity [2]. This is explained by the snow leopard's elusive behavior, inaccessibility of its habitats for humans, and its naturally small total numbers in the entire species area. All published data on the population status of the snow leopard in Russia, from the first descriptions of the species [3-6] to the latest studies [7, 8] are subjective, often speculative, and are not confirmed by quantitative estimates. It is obvious, however, that every accurate observation of this animal is of particular interest [9]. The purpose of our study was to determine the structure and size of the population group presumably inhabiting the Western Sayan mountain ridge at the northern boundary of the species area
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	Publisher	Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.	Place of Publication		Editor
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	ISSN	0012-4966	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Original Russian test published in Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 425, No.6, pp.846-849.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1005			Serial	941
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	Author	Seidensticker, J.; Lumpkin, S.
	Title	The adaptable leopard; unfortunately it's no match for modern man			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Wildlife Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	99	Issue	3	Pages	52
	Keywords	predator; prey; poaching; hunting; behavior; feeding; conflict; habitat; browse; 1130
	Abstract	Abstract: Leopards' adaptability has become the species' vulnerability. The animals do not hesitate to eat rotting flesh and will come back repeatedly to their meal, if disturbed. People have taken advantage of this by lacing carcasses with poison. Leopards are moderate in size compared to other cats, are stealthy and can live in areas as diverse as rain forests and deserts.
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 291			Serial	876
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	Author	Schmidt, A.M.; Hess, D.L.; Schmidt, M.J.; Lewis, C.R.
	Title	Serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone and frequency of sexual behaviour during the normal oestrous cycle in the snow leopard (Panthera uncia)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	J Reprod Fertil	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	98	Issue	1	Pages	91-95
	Keywords	Animal; Animals; zoo; physiology; Carnivora; Estradiol; Blood; estrus; Female; Progesterone; Seasons; Sex; behavior; Support; U.S.Gov't; P.H.S.; browse; us; government; gov't; 490
	Abstract	Serum oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured at weekly intervals for six months, and correlated with daily behavioural observations in two adult female snow leopards (Panthera uncia). Three oestradiol peaks (> 21 pg ml-1; interval 3.6 weeks) were identified in a snow leopardess housed alone (two more were probably missed because of the weekly sampling schedule), and three oestradiol peaks were identified in a snow leopardess housed with a male as a breeding pair (interval 6 weeks). Daily frequencies of feline reproductive behaviour averaged 1.77 observations per observation period during weeks of high oestradiol and 0.62 during weeks of low oestradiol. Progesterone concentrations did not rise above baseline values (< 2 ng ml-1) in the isolated animal, but 6 weeks of high progesterone concentrations (4.9- 38.8 ng ml-1) was recorded in the paired snow leopardess following mating. No offspring were produced. Snow leopards were observed daily for an additional 4.5 years. Sexual behaviour peaks could be clearly identified from December through April, and average daily sexual behaviour scores were higher during these months than during the rest of the year. Intervals between sexual behaviour peaks for the isolated snow leopardess averaged 3.03 weeks. The sexual behaviour of the paired snow leopards decreased for 8-9 weeks following mating when no offspring were produced, and decreased for 13 weeks in one year when a single cub was born.
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	ISSN	0022-4251	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 204			Serial	874
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	Author	Rana, B.S.
	Title	Distinguishing kills of two large mammalian predators in Spiti Valley Himachal Pradesh			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	J.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	94	Issue	3	Pages	553
	Keywords	behavior; endangered; threatened species; foods; feeding; mammals; predation; wildlife; livestock relationships; snow leopard; Tibetan wolf; prey; livestock; India; panthera uncia; canis lupis; browse; threatened; species; relationships; tibetan; wolf; panthera; uncia; canis; lupis; 610
	Abstract	The author studied livestock killed by predators in the Spiti Valley, India, to determine what species had killed yaks, horses, donkeys, and other domestic animals. Eleven of the kills examined were made by snow leopards and six by the Tibetan wolf. Wolves were involved in surplus killings, while snow leopards kill as food is needed. lgh
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 326			Serial	804
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	Author	Matyushkin, E.N.
	Title	Tracks and tracking techniques in studies of large carnivorous mammals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Zoologichesky Zhurnal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	79	Issue	(4)	Pages	412-429
	Keywords	Lynx; Scent-Marking; Organization; population; behavior; Felidae; Forest; Russia; tracking; pug marks; scent; marking; browse; 60; Russian
	Abstract	In Russia, traditions of track observations and the use of tracking techniques in studying the ecology and behavior of mammals were founded by A.N. Formozov. An analytic review of his data on large carnivorous mammals (tiger, snow leopard, wolf, brown bear, wolverine, and others) is given. A special detailed observation of animals' tracks as a source of information on their life is shown only to start. The efficiency of track observations in various fields of studies, including counting animals, is estimated. The values of day and night distances for various animal species, given in literature, have never been properly substantiated methodically. The tracking method is the most effective in studying the use of the home range by animals, drawing the network of their movements and scent-marking behavior. The hunting behavior of large predators in dense forests is can only be deduced by observing their tracks. In some cases, the use of tracking has a distinct advantage over radio tracking. The main propositions are illustrated by the materials of the author obtained in various Russian regions (in forests of the northern Russian Plain and southern Far east) for 1958-1998.
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	Notes	Document Type: Russian			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 391			Serial	652
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	Author	Schaller, G.B.
	Title	On meeting a Snow Leopard			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	Animal Kingdom	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	75	Issue	1	Pages	7-13
	Keywords	Pakistan; ecology; conservation; distribution; livestock; goat; baiting; reserves; reserve; park; parks; refuge; behavior; protected-area; browse; protected area; protected; area; 2220
	Abstract	Discusses snow leopard distribution, ecology and conservation. Describes baiting (with a domestic goat) of a snow leopard and cub in a game reserve in Northern Pakistan. Incudes a description of the Leopard killing a goat, and observations over a week when the leopards were feeding on the goat baits.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 23			Serial	861
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	Author	Ale, S.B., Brown, J.S.
	Title	Prey behavior leads to predator: a case study of the Himalayan tahr and the snow leopard in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	55	Issue	4	Pages	315-327
	Keywords	vigilance, fear, behavioral indicator, predator, prey, snow leopard, Himalayan tahr, Mount Everest
	Abstract	Rare, elusive predators offer few sightings, hindering research with small sample sizes and lack of experimentation. While predators may be elusive, their prey are more readily observed. Prey respond to the presence of a predator, and these fear responses may have population- and community-level consequences. Anti-predator behaviors, such as vigilance, allow us to sidestep the difficulty of direct field studies of large predators by studying them indirectly. Here we used a behavioral indicator, the vigilance behavior of the Himalayan tahr, the snow leopard’s main local prey, to reveal the distribution and habitat use of snow leopards in the Mt. Everest region of Nepal. We combined techniques of conventional field biology with concepts of foraging theory to study prey behavior in order to obtain insights into the predator’s ecology. The Himalayan tahr’s vigilance behavior correlates with the distribution of snow leopard signs. Tahr actually led us to six sightings of snow leopards. We conclude that behavioral indicators provided by prey offer a valuable tool for studying and monitoring stealthy and rare carnivores.
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	Publisher	Science from Israel, a division of LPPLtd.	Place of Publication	Israel	Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1109
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	Author	Fox, J.L.; Chundawat, R.S.
	Title	Observations of snow leopard stalking, killing and feeding behavior			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Mammalia	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	52	Issue	1	Pages	137-140
	Keywords	India; stalking; killing; feeding; behavior; observations; browse; 850
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	Notes	Full Text at URLDocument Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 99			Serial	292
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	Author	Ming, M.; Chundawat R.S.; Jumabay, K.; Wu, Y.; Aizeizi, Q.; Zhu, M.H.
	Title	Camera trapping of snow leopards for the photo capture rate and population size in the Muzat Valley of Tianshan Mountains			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Acta Theriologica Sinica	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	52	Issue	4	Pages	788-793
	Keywords	behavior; camera trapping; capture; China; Chinese; density; feces; fox; ibex; infrared trapping cameras; livestock; photo; population; research; reserve; sign; snow leopard; survey; Tianshan Mountains; Tomur; transect; Uncia uncia; Xinjiang
	Abstract	The main purpose of this work was to study the use of infrared trapping cameras to estimate snow leopard Uncia uncia population size in a specific study area. This is the first time a study of this nature has taken place in China. During 71 days of field work, a total of 36 cameras were set up in five different small vales of the Muzat Valley adjacent to the Tomur Nature Reserve in Xinjiang Province, E80ø35' – 81ø00' and N42ø00' – 42ø10', elevation 2'300 – 3'000 m, from 18th October to 27th December 2005. We expended approximately 2094 trap days and nights total (c. 50'256 hours). At least 32 pictures of snow leopards, 22 pictures of other wild species (e.g. chukor, wild pig, ibex, red fox, cape hare) and 72 pictures of livestock were taken by the passive Cam Trakker (CT) train monitor in about 16 points of the Muzat Valley. The movement distance of snow leopard was 3-10 km/day. And the capture rate or photographic rate of snow leopard was 1.53%. Meanwhile, 20 transects were run and 31 feces sample were collected. According to 32 photos, photographic rate and sign survey after snowing on the spot, were about 5-8 individuals of snow leopards in the research area, and the minimum density of snow leopard in Muzat Valley was 2.0 – 3.2 individuals/100 km2. We observed the behavior of ibex for 77.3 hours, and found about 20 groups and a total of approximately 264 ibexes in the research area.
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	Notes	In Chinese			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 971			Serial	683
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	Author	Freeman, H., Braden, K.
	Title	Zoo location as a factopr in the reproductive behavior of captive snow leopards, Uncia uncia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Zoological Garten J.F.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	47	Issue	3/4	Pages	280-288
	Keywords	snow leopard, captivity, behavior, breeding, reproduction
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1256
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	Author	McCarthy, T.; Khan, J.; Ud-Din, J.; McCarthy, K.
	Title	First study of snow leopards using GPS-satellite collars underway in Pakistan			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Cat News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	46	Issue	Spring	Pages	22-23
	Keywords	study; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; using; collars; collar; Pakistan; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; habitat; Cats; cat; sound; knowledge; ecology; behavior; conserve; information; radio; radio collars; radio collar; radio-collars; radio-collar; Nepal; 1980; Mongolia; 1990; Gps; Report; Data; Satellite
	Abstract	Snow leopards (Uncia uncia) are highly cryptic and occupy remote inaccessible habitat, making studying the cats difficult in the extreme. Yet sound knowledge of the cat's ecology, behavior and habitat needs is required to intelligently conserve them. This information is lacking for snow leopards, and until recently so was the means to fill that knowledge gap. Two long-term studies of snow leopards using VHF radio collars have been undertaken in Nepal (1980s) and Mongolia (1990s) but logistical and technological constraints made the findings of both studies equivocal. Technological advances in the interim, such as GPS collars which report data via satellite, make studies of snow leopards more promising, at least in theory.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1009			Serial	666
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	Author	Rieger, I.; Peters, G.
	Title	Observations on the mating and vocal behavior of snow leopards (Uncia-uncia) in zoological garden			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	Zeitschrift Fur Saugetierkunde International Journal of Mamamalian Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	46	Issue	1	Pages	35-48
	Keywords	mating; breeding; vocalization; zoos; zoo; veterinary; behavior; browse; 1570
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	Notes	Publisher:GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG, JENA Document Type: German			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 59			Serial	821
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	Author	Jackson, R.; Roe, J.; Wangchuk, R.; Hunter, D.
	Title	Camera-Trapping of Snow Leopards			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Cat News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	42	Issue	Spring	Pages	19-21
	Keywords	camera trapping; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; felids; tigers; tiger; techniques; surveys; survey; information; factor; marking; behavior; Ahlborn; Jackson; habitat; status; range; census; India; Hemis; High; national; national park; National-park; park; Ladakh; leh
	Abstract	Solitary felids like tigers and snow leopards are notoriously difficult to enumerate, and indirect techniques like pugmark surveys often produce ambiguous information that is difficult to interpret because many factors influence marking behavior and frequency (Ahlborn & Jackson 1988). Considering the snow leopard's rugged habitat, it is not surprising then that information on its current status and occupied range is very limited. We adapted the camera-trapping techniques pioneered by Ullas Karanth and his associates for counting Bengal tigers to the census taking of snow leopards in the Rumbak watershed of the India's Hemis High Altitude National Park (HNP), located in Ladakh near Leh (76ø 50' to 77ø 45' East; 33ø 15' to 34ø 20'North).
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	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1017			Serial	475
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	Author	Sloane, A.; Kelly, C.; McDavitt, S.; Marples, N.
	Title	Big cats in captivity: a quantitative analysis of enrichment			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Adv.Etho	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	33	Issue		Pages	43
	Keywords	abnormal-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; zoos; enrichment; abnormal; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; browse; 1280; study; big; big cats; Cats; cat; zoo; effects; Lions; lion; jaguar; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; behaviour; using; activity; activities; change; presence; enclosures; range; scent; cage; horse; hides; management
	Abstract	Studies on three species of big cats at Dublin Zoo have led to firm conclusions about the effects of certain forms of enrichment, some of which will be presented here. Lions, jaguars, and snow leopards were studied over two years and their behaviours quantified using focal animal sampling during selected hours during daylight. By comparison of these activity budgets with and without the enrichments being present, it was possible to identify the exact behavioural changes caused by each enrichment method, and to quantify these changes. In this contribution we present results showing that the presence of a platform in both lion and jaguar enclosures dramatically reduced stereotypic pacing behaviour. We will demonstrate that the effects of short term enrichment devices may have a wide range of effects on behaviours which outlast the presence of the stimulus. For instance scents added to the cage, or food/play items such as horse hides, hidden fish or ice-blocks often reduce pacing and increase resting later in the day, even after the cats have ceased using the enrichment items. This reduction in pacing and increase in resting time often meant that the amount of the enclosure used per hour was actually reduced with the presence of new stimuli, as result opposite to what might have been expected. The results of these studies will be discussed in relation to effective animal management.
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	Notes	WILDLIFE REVIEW ABSTRACTS (“Contributions to the International Symposium on Physiology and Ethology of Wild and Zoo Animals, Berlin, Germany, 7-10 October 1998”; Hofer, Heribert; Pitra, Christian; Hofmann, Reinhold R., editors).			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 349			Serial	897
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	Author	Jackson, R.
	Title	Linking Snow Leopard Conservation and People-Wildlife Conflict Resolution, Summary of a multi-country project aimed at developing grass-roots measures to protect the endangered snow leopard from herder retribution			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Cat News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	33	Issue		Pages	12-15
	Keywords	livestock-depredation; livestock; pastoralists; herders; Pakistan; Nepal; Tibet; Mongolia; India; protected-areas; parks; reserves; refuge; snow-leopard-incentive-program; economics; tourism; pens; corrals; enclosures; trapping; poisoning; killing; cubs; dens; retribution; behavior; predator; prey; Qomolangma; habitat; feces; fecal-analysis; compensation; Dogs; guard-dogs; religion; conservation; browse; depredation; snow; leopard; incentive; program; fecal; analysis; guard; Dog; 4000
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	Notes	Full Text at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 375			Serial	464
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	Author	Koshkarev, E.
	Title	Snow leopard along the border of Russia and Mongolia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Cat News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	28	Issue		Pages	12-14
	Keywords	behavior; census; survey methods; desert-habitat; distribution; ecosystems; endangered; threatened species; home-range; territory; mammals; montane; Russia; Mongolia; scat-analysis; tracks; tracking; status; Hovsogul; Sayan; siberia; Hovsogol; browse; survey; methods; desert; habitat; threatened; species; home; range; scat; analysis; 550
	Abstract	The author discusses the distribution of snow leopards along the border of Russia and Mongolia. The range extension of the leopard indicates their ability to cross desert areas that separate mountain habitats.habitat; range extension; scat analysis; techniques; tracks/tracking \| snow leopard
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	Notes	Full Text at URL: Inst. Biol., Irkutsk Univ., Russia , data base: Wildlife Review AbstractsDocument Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 339			Serial	565
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	Author	Ali, S.M.
	Title	The Cats of India			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Myforest	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	26	Issue	3	Pages	275-291
	Keywords	lion; clouded-leopard; cheetah; tiger; leopard; snow-leopard; India; Panthera-leo; Neofelis-nebylosa; Acinonyx-jubatus; Panthera-tigris; Panthera-pardus; Panthera-uncia; behavior; ecology; snow leopard; browse; panthera; uncia; pardus; clouded; leo; neofelis; nebylosa; ancinonyx; jubatus; 820
	Abstract	Describes the range, behaviour and ecology of lion Panthera leo, tiger P. tigris, leopard P. pardus, snow leopard P. uncia, clouded leopard Neofelis nebylosa and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus. -P.J.Jarvis
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 144			Serial	59
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	Author	Reed-Smith, J.; Kumpf, M.
	Title	Snow leopards (Uncia uncia): family group management alternatives			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Anim.Keepers' Forum	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	25	Issue	10	Pages	386-391
	Keywords	behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; intraspecies-relationships; mammals; techniques; zoos; snow leopard; husbandry; browse; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; intraspecies; relationships; 1300
	Abstract	The authors offer insights into creating family groups of snow leopards in zoos. The programs at the Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado, and at John Ball Zoological Gardens, Grand Rapids, Michigan, are highlighted. lgh.
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 340			Serial	814
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	Author	Guerrero, D.
	Title	Animal behavior concerns & solutions: snow leopard (Uncia uncia) evaluation, zoo			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Anim.Keepers' Forum	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	25	Issue	2	Pages	56-58
	Keywords	aggressive-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; diets; endangered; threatened-species; genetics; handling-methods; intraspecies-relationships; social-behavior; husbandry; zoos; snow leopard; aggressive; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; handling; methods; intraspecies; relationships; social; browse; 1310
	Abstract	The author offers advice on how a captive-raised snow leopard cub could be acclimated to humans so it could be used as a zoo “ambassador”. The cub had negative experiences with humans and lacked socialization with other animals and conspecifics. Methods of avoiding and redirecting the cub's aggressive behavior are suggested. lgh.
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	Notes	Ark Anim., Inc., P.O. Box 1154, Escondido, CA 92033-1154. e-mail: arkabc@arkanimals.com Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 338			Serial	358
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	Author	Chubykina, H.L., Shilo, R.A.
	Title	A study of diurnal activity rhythms in snow leopards and lynx (Panthera uncia and Felix lynx) at Novosibirsk Zoo			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	International Zoo Yearbook	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	21	Issue		Pages	193-196
	Keywords	snow leopard, captivity, activity, behaviors, Novosibirsk Zoo
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1211
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	Author	Fox, J.L.
	Title	Conflict between predators and people in Ladakh			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Cat News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	17	Issue		Pages	18
	Keywords	asia; India; behavior; endangered; threatened-species; mammals; management; predation; public relations; reserves; refuges; parks; wildlife; human-relationships; livestock; sheep; goats; prey; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; protected-area; Hemis; browse; Islt; International; snow; leopard; trust; public; Relations; Human; relationships; protected; 640
	Abstract	During a six-week period in Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India, snow leopards killed 10 sheep and goats and one leopard gained access to a livestock pen and killed many of the animals inside. Dholes also killed sheep and goats, and a wolf killed a young horse. Residents routinely remove snow leopard cubs from their dens to limit future damage by this species. How to deal with the plight of the people living in the area while still protecting the endangered species are major concerns of the International Snow Leopard Trust, which manages Hemis National Park. lgh.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	AUTHOR ADDRESS: Dep. Ecol./Zool., IBG Univ. Tromso, Tromso, Norway, ORIGINAL SOURCE: Snow Leopard News, Autumn 1997 Document Type: English Call Number: WR99-007446			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 309			Serial	310
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	Author	Kitchener, S.L.; Meritt; Rosenthal, M.
	Title	Observations on the breeding and husbandry of snow leopards, Panthera uncia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1975	Publication	Int.Zoo Yearbook	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	15	Issue		Pages	212-217
	Keywords	breeding; husbandry; behavior; captivity; zoos; zoo; browse; 3640; Adult; care; biology; growth; mortality; factor; young; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; program; park
	Abstract	Describes adult care and breeding biology, and the care, growth, and mortality factors of young snow leopards in a successful breeding program in the Lincon Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 31			Serial	535
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	Author	Graham, L.H.; Goodrowe, K.L.; Raeside, J.I.; Liptrap, R.M.
	Title	Non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in several felid species by measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestins			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Zoo Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	14	Issue	3	Pages	223-237
	Keywords	Artificial-Breeding-Program; captive-management; Estradiol-17beta; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Progestin; sexual-behavior; genetics; zoo; medicine; veterinary; snow-leopard; feces; fecal-analysis; snow leopard; artificial; breeding; program; captive; management; Estradiol; 17beta; sexual; behavior; browse; snow; leopard; fecal; analysis; 1390
	Abstract	An extraction and assay procedure to measure fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations in several cat species was developed and validated for use for noninvasive monitoring of ovarian function. Fecal samples were collected over a range of 3-20 months from female tigers (three), lions (three), snow leopards (three), cheetahs (two), caracals (two), and domestic cats (five). Samples were extracted with 90% methanol, lipids removed with petroleum ether, and the estradiol and progestins in the methanol measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation and subsequent RIA of the fractions indicated that the estradiol-17-beta antiserum cross-reacted primarily with estradiol-17-beta in the feces of lions and tigers and was assumed to be specific for estradiol-17-beta in the feces of other species as well. However, there were several immunoreactive compounds, presumably progesterone metabolites, excreted in the feces which varied both quantitatively and qualitatively among species. The behavior of tigers, lions, cheetahs, and caracals was visually monitored during the collection period and frequency of sexual behaviors was positively correlated with increases in fecal estradiol in all species observed. The mean fecal estradiol-17-beta peaks were as follows: tigers, 128.0 +- 13.1; lions, 186.0 +- 14.8; snow leopards, 136.7 +- 15.9; cheetahs, 140.9 +- 9.0; caracals, 24.5 +- 4.0; and domestic cats 158.9 +- 19.3 ng/gm. Fecal progestin concentrations rose significantly (P lt 0,001) only after breeding or during pregnancy and were as follows: tigers, 5.6 +- 0.6; lions, 1.9 +- 0.1; cheetahs, 8.4 +- 1.1; and caracals, 2.4 +- 0.4 mu-g/gm. Fecal progestins were elevated for one-half to two-thirds of the gestation length during presumed pseudopregnancy but remained elevated throughout successful pregnancies. These results suggest that ovarian function can be monitored noninvasively in the family Felidae by the measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 279			Serial	345
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	Author	Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G.
	Title	Observation on Movements and Home Range of the Snow Leopard, (Panthera Uncia) In the Langu Gorge, West Nepal			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1987	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	No. 13	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	tracking; radio-tracking; collars; behavior; home-range; Nepal; browse; 4790
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 466			Serial	440
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	Author	Ahlborn, G.; Jackson, R.
	Title	Marking in Wild Snow Leopards: A preliminary assesment			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1987	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	No. 13	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	estrus; estrual-cycle; reserach; behavior; scrapes; sprays; Langu-Gorge; Langu; China; browse; 4800
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 467			Serial	36
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