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Author Thapa, K., Rayamajhi, S.
Title Anti-predator strategies of blue sheep (naur) under varied predator compositions: a comparison of snow leopard-inhabited valleys with and without wolves in Nepal Type Journal Article
Year 2023 Publication Wildlife Research Abbreviated Journal
Volume (down) Issue Pages 1-9
Keywords Annapurna conservation area, antipredator behavior, blue sheep (Naur), predation, prey predator traits, snow leopard, trade-off, wolf.
Abstract In Nepal, naur are usually the staple wild prey for the snow leopard, a solitary stalker hunter, and in some cases, for the wolf who hunts in a pack. We assumed that naur would adapt their anti-predatory responses to the presence of chasing and ambushing predators in the Manang Valley, where there are snow leopards and wolves, and in the Nar Phu valley, an area where there is only the snow leopard.

Aims. The aim of this study was to determine if there were differences in anti-predator strategies (vigilance, habitat selection and escape terrain) of naur in two valleys over two seasons, spring and autumn.

Methods. In spring 2019, we conducted a reconnaissance survey on the status of the naur and its habitat in the Manang and Nar Phu valleys of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. In spring and autumn 2020 and 2021, we observed 360 focal naur individuals (180 individuals in each valley), using the vigilance behaviour methodology to examine the behaviour of the naur.

Key results. There was little difference in the size of the naur groups between the Manang and Nar Phu valleys. The naur were twice as vigilant in Manang (15%), where there are snow leopards and wolves, as they were in Nar Phu (9%), with only snow leopards. The distance from the naur to escape cover was significantly shorter in Manang than in Nar Phu valley. Naur used significantly more rolling terrain in Nar Phu than in Manang. Conclusions. The return of wolves to the Manang valley may have resulted in an increase in the level of naur vigilance. Most likely, the wolves in Manang have already had an effect on the female-to-young-ratio, and this effect will possibly have important consequences for the naur population, as well as at the ecosystem level in the future. Other key determining factors, such as the climate crisis and changes in local resources, could have a significant impact on the naur population, indicating the need for more research. Implications. The findings of this study would provide valuable baseline information for the design of a science-based conservation strategy for conservation managers and scientists on naur, snow leopards and wolves.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1732
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Author Schaller, G.B.
Title Stones of Silence: Journeys in the Himalaya Type Book Whole
Year 1980 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume (down) Issue Pages
Keywords Himalaya; Pakistan; behavior; browse; 2260
Abstract Anecdotal description of wildlife field studies in the Himalaya, including information on snow leopard natural history and an encounter with snow leopards in Pakistan.
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Publisher Viking Press Place of Publication New York Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 63 Serial 865
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Author Sitnikov, P.
Title The Death of a Snow Leopard Type Conference Article
Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume (down) Issue Pages 7-8
Keywords siberia; Ussr; Irkutsk; behavior; interaction; human-interaction; 4150
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Publisher Place of Publication Helsinki, Finland Editor L.Blomqvist
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Notes Full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: International Pedigree Book of Snow LeopardsDate of Copyright: 1988 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 401 Serial 895
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Author Hunter, D.
Title Mongolian-American Snow Leopard Project Type Miscellaneous
Year 1996 Publication Snow Line Abbreviated Journal
Volume (down) xiv Issue Pages 4-5
Keywords behavior; collars; desert; gobi; home-range; Islt; Macne; McCarthy; Mongolia; Munkhtsog; radio-collars; Satellite; Slims; telemetry; Wcs
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Seattle Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 442 Serial 391
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Author Ahlborn, G.; Jackson, R.M.
Title Marking in Free-Ranging Snow Leopards in West Nepal: A preliminary assesment Type Conference Article
Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume (down) Issue Pages 25-49
Keywords Nepal; sign; markings; scrapes; spray; scat; habitat; status; behavior; browse; 1630
Abstract Describes and Quantifies snow leopard marking behaviour, based primarily on sign, gatherd during a four year study in Nepal. Emphasis is on scrapes and spray markings, detailing their frequency of occurence realtive to habitat characteristics and season. Both sexes mark intensively, sign abundance is associated with intensity of use, and sign is concentrated along breaks in terrain.
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Publisher Snow Leopard Trust and the Wildlife Institute of India Place of Publication India Editor H.Freeman
Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Shrinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 102 Serial 37
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Author Akimushkin I.
Title Snow leopard or irbis Type Miscellaneous
Year 1971 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume (down) Issue Pages 210-211
Keywords Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; behavior; reproduction.; 5990; Russian
Abstract The biology of snow leopard is described in a popular form. Information of distribution, behavior and reproductive biology, etc. is given.
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Language Russian Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animal kingdom. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 578 Serial 48
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Author Akimushkin I.
Title Snow leopard or irbis Type Miscellaneous
Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume (down) Issue Pages 139-140
Keywords Ussr; snow leopard; number; food; behavior; reproduction; threats.; 6000; Russian
Abstract Snow leopard behavioral patterns, food preferences, and reproduction are described in a popular way. The population of snow leopard is defined to be 1,000 animals. A reason for the population decline is hunting for the sake of beautiful fur.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animal kingdom. Mammals or animals. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 579 Serial 49
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Author Annenkov, B.P.
Title The Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) in the Dzungarsky Alatau Type Conference Article
Year 1990 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume (down) Issue Pages 21-24
Keywords Kazakhstan; status; distribution; conservation; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; behavior; protected-area; kazakstan; browse; protected; area; 3010
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Notes Full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Sixth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: KazakhstanDate of Copyright: 1990 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 163 Serial 74
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Author Aramov, B.
Title The Biology of the Snow Leopard in the Gissarsky Nature Reserve Type Conference Article
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume (down) Issue Pages 108-109
Keywords breeding; diet; predator; prey; reserve; reserves; park; parks; refuge; livestock; marmot; goat; sheep; horse; ibex; habitat; Gissarsky; Tajikistan; Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; behavior; wolves; Dogs; herder; herders; protected-area; browse; soviet; union; soviet union; 2820
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor Jackson, R. and A.A.
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad. PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 302 Serial 95
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Author Bogdanov O.P.
Title Snow leopard or irbis Uncia Uncia Type Miscellaneous
Year 1992 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume (down) Issue Pages 76-80
Keywords Ussr; Uzbekistan; Pamir; tien shan; Hissar ridge; Turkestan ridge; Chatkal ridge; juniper forest; snow leopard; species range; hunting; behavior; diet; reproductive activity; number; ibex; mountain sheep.; 6380; Russian
Abstract Snow leopard and its habitat within the USSR and Uzbek SSR are described. Its habitat in the Chatkal and Hissar ridges are described too. Given are data concerning alimentary biology, reproduction, and attitude to man. Female snow leopards become mature at the age of two three years, male at the age of four years. Reproduction occurs once every two years. Presumably, there are 10 animals in the country. Snow leopard is protected in four nature reserves in Uzbekistan and a number of nature reserves in neighbour countries.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered animals of Uzbekistan. Encyclopedic reference book. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 616 Serial 185
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