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| Author | Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopards in Nepal-home range and movements | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1989 | Publication | National Geographic Res. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | Pages | 161-175 | |
| Keywords | home-range; behavior; Nepal; browse; home; range; 3190 | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 140 | Serial | 443 | ||
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| Author | Reed-Smith, J.; Kumpf, M. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopards (Uncia uncia): family group management alternatives | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Anim.Keepers' Forum | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 25 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 386-391 |
| Keywords | behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; intraspecies-relationships; mammals; techniques; zoos; snow leopard; husbandry; browse; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; intraspecies; relationships; 1300 | ||||
| Abstract | The authors offer insights into creating family groups of snow leopards in zoos. The programs at the Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado, and at John Ball Zoological Gardens, Grand Rapids, Michigan, are highlighted. lgh. | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 340 | Serial | 814 | ||
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| Author | Fox, J.L. | ||||
| Title | Conflict between predators and people in Ladakh | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Cat News | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 17 | Issue | Pages | 18 | |
| Keywords | asia; India; behavior; endangered; threatened-species; mammals; management; predation; public relations; reserves; refuges; parks; wildlife; human-relationships; livestock; sheep; goats; prey; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; protected-area; Hemis; browse; Islt; International; snow; leopard; trust; public; Relations; Human; relationships; protected; 640 | ||||
| Abstract | During a six-week period in Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India, snow leopards killed 10 sheep and goats and one leopard gained access to a livestock pen and killed many of the animals inside. Dholes also killed sheep and goats, and a wolf killed a young horse. Residents routinely remove snow leopard cubs from their dens to limit future damage by this species. How to deal with the plight of the people living in the area while still protecting the endangered species are major concerns of the International Snow Leopard Trust, which manages Hemis National Park. lgh. | ||||
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| Notes | AUTHOR ADDRESS: Dep. Ecol./Zool., IBG Univ. Tromso, Tromso, Norway, ORIGINAL SOURCE: Snow Leopard News, Autumn 1997 Document Type: English Call Number: WR99-007446 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 309 | Serial | 310 | ||
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| Author | Rana, B.S. | ||||
| Title | Distinguishing kills of two large mammalian predators in Spiti Valley Himachal Pradesh | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | J.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 94 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 553 |
| Keywords | behavior; endangered; threatened species; foods; feeding; mammals; predation; wildlife; livestock relationships; snow leopard; Tibetan wolf; prey; livestock; India; panthera uncia; canis lupis; browse; threatened; species; relationships; tibetan; wolf; panthera; uncia; canis; lupis; 610 | ||||
| Abstract | The author studied livestock killed by predators in the Spiti Valley, India, to determine what species had killed yaks, horses, donkeys, and other domestic animals. Eleven of the kills examined were made by snow leopards and six by the Tibetan wolf. Wolves were involved in surplus killings, while snow leopards kill as food is needed. lgh | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 326 | Serial | 804 | ||
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| Author | Freeman, H. | ||||
| Title | Behavior in adult pairs of captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1983 | Publication | Zoo Biology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 2 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-22 |
| Keywords | behavior; zoo; zoos; captive; captivity; estrus; breeding; mating; veterinary; browse; 1600 | ||||
| Abstract | Eight adult pairs of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) were observed for one to three years in the months December through March to determine the species' social and reproductive characteristics in captivity. To statistically examine the occurrence of behaviors as a function of estrus, the observation weeks were divided into three time blocks: before estrus, estrus, and after estrus. Using percentage of scan samples as an estimate of time spent in various behaviors, 16 behaviors and combined behavior categories were examined for (1) behaviors that differentiated successfully from unsuccessfully breeding pairs, (2) sex differences in behavior, (3) significant correlations between pair members, and (4) behaviors that showed time block effects. The rationale for identifying a behavioral profile of successful breeders in snow leopards was to aid zoos in their captive management programs by increasing their knowledge of the social behavior of this species. By finding correlates to breeding success, informed decisions on whether to change partners after a certain period of time, how to group the cats, and the optimum strategy for a survival plan can be made. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 60 | Serial | 319 | ||
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| Author | Frueh, R. | ||||
| Title | A note on breeding snow leopards at the Saint Louis Zoo | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1968 | Publication | Int.Zoo Yearbook | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 8 | Issue | Pages | 74-76 | |
| Keywords | zoos; zoo; breeding; cubs; behavior; browse; 3620 | ||||
| Abstract | Breif comments on physical characteristics of the young, care and reproductive behavior of snow leopards | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 21 | Serial | 327 | ||
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| Author | Graham, L.H.; Goodrowe, K.L.; Raeside, J.I.; Liptrap, R.M. | ||||
| Title | Non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in several felid species by measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestins | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Zoo Biology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 14 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 223-237 |
| Keywords | Artificial-Breeding-Program; captive-management; Estradiol-17beta; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Progestin; sexual-behavior; genetics; zoo; medicine; veterinary; snow-leopard; feces; fecal-analysis; snow leopard; artificial; breeding; program; captive; management; Estradiol; 17beta; sexual; behavior; browse; snow; leopard; fecal; analysis; 1390 | ||||
| Abstract | An extraction and assay procedure to measure fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations in several cat species was developed and validated for use for noninvasive monitoring of ovarian function. Fecal samples were collected over a range of 3-20 months from female tigers (three), lions (three), snow leopards (three), cheetahs (two), caracals (two), and domestic cats (five). Samples were extracted with 90% methanol, lipids removed with petroleum ether, and the estradiol and progestins in the methanol measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation and subsequent RIA of the fractions indicated that the estradiol-17-beta antiserum cross-reacted primarily with estradiol-17-beta in the feces of lions and tigers and was assumed to be specific for estradiol-17-beta in the feces of other species as well. However, there were several immunoreactive compounds, presumably progesterone metabolites, excreted in the feces which varied both quantitatively and qualitatively among species. The behavior of tigers, lions, cheetahs, and caracals was visually monitored during the collection period and frequency of sexual behaviors was positively correlated with increases in fecal estradiol in all species observed. The mean fecal estradiol-17-beta peaks were as follows: tigers, 128.0 +- 13.1; lions, 186.0 +- 14.8; snow leopards, 136.7 +- 15.9; cheetahs, 140.9 +- 9.0; caracals, 24.5 +- 4.0; and domestic cats 158.9 +- 19.3 ng/gm. Fecal progestin concentrations rose significantly (P lt 0,001) only after breeding or during pregnancy and were as follows: tigers, 5.6 +- 0.6; lions, 1.9 +- 0.1; cheetahs, 8.4 +- 1.1; and caracals, 2.4 +- 0.4 mu-g/gm. Fecal progestins were elevated for one-half to two-thirds of the gestation length during presumed pseudopregnancy but remained elevated throughout successful pregnancies. These results suggest that ovarian function can be monitored noninvasively in the family Felidae by the measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations. | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 279 | Serial | 345 | ||
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| Author | Guerrero, D. | ||||
| Title | Animal behavior concerns & solutions: snow leopard (Uncia uncia) evaluation, zoo | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Anim.Keepers' Forum | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 25 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 56-58 |
| Keywords | aggressive-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; diets; endangered; threatened-species; genetics; handling-methods; intraspecies-relationships; social-behavior; husbandry; zoos; snow leopard; aggressive; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; handling; methods; intraspecies; relationships; social; browse; 1310 | ||||
| Abstract | The author offers advice on how a captive-raised snow leopard cub could be acclimated to humans so it could be used as a zoo “ambassador”. The cub had negative experiences with humans and lacked socialization with other animals and conspecifics. Methods of avoiding and redirecting the cub's aggressive behavior are suggested. lgh. | ||||
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| Notes | Ark Anim., Inc., P.O. Box 1154, Escondido, CA 92033-1154. e-mail: arkabc@arkanimals.com Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 338 | Serial | 358 | ||
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| Author | Ming, M.; Chundawat R.S.; Jumabay, K.; Wu, Y.; Aizeizi, Q.; Zhu, M.H. | ||||
| Title | Camera trapping of snow leopards for the photo capture rate and population size in the Muzat Valley of Tianshan Mountains | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Acta Theriologica Sinica | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 52 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 788-793 |
| Keywords | behavior; camera trapping; capture; China; Chinese; density; feces; fox; ibex; infrared trapping cameras; livestock; photo; population; research; reserve; sign; snow leopard; survey; Tianshan Mountains; Tomur; transect; Uncia uncia; Xinjiang | ||||
| Abstract | The main purpose of this work was to study the use of infrared trapping cameras to estimate snow leopard Uncia uncia population size in a specific study area. This is the first time a study of this nature has taken place in China. During 71 days of field work, a total of 36 cameras were set up in five different small vales of the Muzat Valley adjacent to the Tomur Nature Reserve in Xinjiang Province, E80ø35' – 81ø00' and N42ø00' – 42ø10', elevation 2'300 – 3'000 m, from 18th October to 27th December 2005. We expended approximately 2094 trap days and nights total (c. 50'256 hours). At least 32 pictures of snow leopards, 22 pictures of other wild species (e.g. chukor, wild pig, ibex, red fox, cape hare) and 72 pictures of livestock were taken by the passive Cam Trakker (CT) train monitor in about 16 points of the Muzat Valley. The movement distance of snow leopard was 3-10 km/day. And the capture rate or photographic rate of snow leopard was 1.53%. Meanwhile, 20 transects were run and 31 feces sample were collected. According to 32 photos, photographic rate and sign survey after snowing on the spot, were about 5-8 individuals of snow leopards in the research area, and the minimum density of snow leopard in Muzat Valley was 2.0 – 3.2 individuals/100 km2. We observed the behavior of ibex for 77.3 hours, and found about 20 groups and a total of approximately 264 ibexes in the research area. | ||||
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| Notes | In Chinese | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 971 | Serial | 683 | ||
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| Author | Ming, M. | ||||
| Title | Camera trapping on snow leopards in the Muzat Valley, Reserve, Xinjiang, P.R. China (October-December 2005) | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-5 | ||
| Keywords | behavior; camera trapping; China; feces; ibex; infrared trapping cameras; livestock; population size; snow leopard; Tomur; transect; Xinjiang | ||||
| Abstract | The main purpose of this work was to study the use of infrared trapping cameras to estimate Snow Leopard population size in a specific study area. This is the first time a study of this nature has taken place in China. During 71 days of field work, a total of 36 cameras were set up in Muzat Valley adjacent to the Tomur Nature Reserve in Xinjiang Province. We expended approximately 2094 trap days total. At least 32 pictures of Snow Leopards, 22 pictures of other wild species and 72 pictures of livestock were taken in the Muzat Valley. Meanwhile, 20 transects were run and 31 feces sample were collected. We also observed the behavior of ibex for 77.3 hours and found a total of approximately 264 ibexes in the research area. | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 970 | Serial | 682 | ||
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| Author | Johansson, O., Ausilio, G., Low, M., Lkhagvajav, P., Weckworth, B., Sharma, K. | ||||
| Title | The timing of breeding and independence for snow leopard females and their cubs. | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2020 | Publication | Mammalian Biology | Abbreviated Journal | |
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| Keywords | Age of independence; Life-history trade-offs; Panthera uncia; Parental care; Pre-dispersal behavior; Separation; Subadult | ||||
| Abstract | Significant knowledge gaps persist on snow leopard demography and reproductive behavior. From a GPS-collared population in Mongolia, we estimated the timing of mating, parturition and independence. Based on three mother–cub pairs, we describe the separation phase of the cub from its mother as it gains independence. Snow leopards mated from January–March and gave birth from April–June. Cubs remained with their mother until their second winter (20–22 months of age) when cubs started showing movements away from their mother for days at a time. This initiation of independence appeared to coincide with their mother mating with the territorial male. Two female cubs remained in their mothers’ territory for several months after initial separation, whereas the male cub quickly dispersed. By comparing the relationship between body size and age of independence across 11 solitary, medium-to-large felid species, it was clear that snow leopards have a delayed timing of separation compared to other species. We suggest this may be related to their mating behavior and the difficulty of the habitat and prey capture for juvenile snow leopards. Our results, while limited, provide empirical estimates for understanding snow leopard ecology and for parameterizing population models. |
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| Call Number | Serial | 1613 | |||
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| Author | Jackson, R. | ||||
| Title | SSC Plan for Snow Leopard | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1992 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | physiology; status; distribution; description; behavior; reproduction; mating; breeding; vocalization; gestation; biology; habitat; scrapes; sprays; scat; feces; longevity; homerange; home-range; prey; diet; Cites; Iunc; parks; preserves; reserves; refuge; protected-areas; movements; activity; livestock; herders; depredation; conflict; trade; poaching; hunting; research; captivity; management; zoos; Slims; surveys; transects; browse; home range; home; range; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; 3920; plan; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard | ||||
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| Notes | Full Text at URL DRAFT – Revised September 22, 1992 by Rodney Jackson | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 201 | Serial | 450 | ||
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| Author | Meiers, S.T. | ||||
| Title | Habitat use by captive puma (Felis concolor) and snow leopards (Pathera uncia) at the Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1992 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-74 | ||
| Keywords | habitat; habitat use; use; captive; felis; Felis-concolor; concolor; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; uncia; park; zoo; 1990; observations; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; zoological; zoological gardens; zoological-gardens; gardens; behavior; species; Time budget; dens; Identity; Animals; Animal; non; Cats; cat; location; relief | ||||
| Abstract | Between May 1990 and January 1991, behavioral observations were made of two captive pumas (Felis concolor Linnaeus), and two captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia Schreber) in their outdoor exhibits at the Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens, Chicago, Illinois. Behaviors compared within and between species included: 1) time spend in the different habitat types; 2) time budgets for the different behaviors: laying, moving, sitting, standing, crouching, in the tree, drinking, urinating, defecating, within their inside dens, and “behavior not determined” when the identity or behavior of the individuals could not be determined; and 3) mobility of the animals within their exhibits. Also examined were: 4) preferences for different habitat types; 5) recommendations for future exhibit designs. Both species located themselves within their exhibits in a non-random manner. The majority of cats' time was spent in elevated locations (i.e., gunite ledges approximately 1-5.5 m above ground-level). Snow leopards exhibited this tendency to a greater extent than did the pumas. Both species also spent the majority of their time in the lying-down behavior; again snow leopards displayed this tendency significantly more than the pumas. Pumas were highly mobile and changed locations and behaviors in their exhibit significantly more than the snow leopards. No significant differences were noted between conspecifics in regard to habitat type preference, or mobility within the exhibit. Suggestions for future exhibit design include elevated locations for the cats to lay and look around within and outside their exhibits, caves for access to shade or relief from inclement weather, and ground surfaces to move about on. Features for exhibit design should take into consideration the natural habitat of the cat to occupy the exhibit. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
| Publisher | DePaul University | Place of Publication |
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| Notes | A thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences in partial fulfillment of the degree requirements for the degree of Master of Science at DePaul University. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1008 | Serial | 673 | ||
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| Author | McVittie, R. | ||||
| Title | Nursing behavior of snow leopard cubs | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1978 | Publication | Applied-Animal-Ethology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 4 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 159-168 |
| Keywords | suckling; behavior; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; browse; 1580 | ||||
| Abstract | Reports that a preliminary project on nursing behavior in 3 young snow leopards revealed 2 phases in suckling pattern: nonnutritive and nutritive. The latter was distinguished by stereotypic rhythmical movements of the ears associated with swallowing. The cubs also demonstrated a teat preference, but the adaptive significance of such preferences and the accompanying agonistic behavior were unclear. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned) | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 37 | Serial | 669 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R.; Roe, J.; Wangchuk, R.; Hunter, D. | ||||
| Title | Camera-Trapping of Snow Leopards | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Cat News | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 42 | Issue | Spring | Pages | 19-21 |
| Keywords | camera trapping; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; felids; tigers; tiger; techniques; surveys; survey; information; factor; marking; behavior; Ahlborn; Jackson; habitat; status; range; census; India; Hemis; High; national; national park; National-park; park; Ladakh; leh | ||||
| Abstract | Solitary felids like tigers and snow leopards are notoriously difficult to enumerate, and indirect techniques like pugmark surveys often produce ambiguous information that is difficult to interpret because many factors influence marking behavior and frequency (Ahlborn & Jackson 1988). Considering the snow leopard's rugged habitat, it is not surprising then that information on its current status and occupied range is very limited. We adapted the camera-trapping techniques pioneered by Ullas Karanth and his associates for counting Bengal tigers to the census taking of snow leopards in the Rumbak watershed of the India's Hemis High Altitude National Park (HNP), located in Ladakh near Leh (76ø 50' to 77ø 45' East; 33ø 15' to 34ø 20'North). | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1017 | Serial | 475 | ||
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| Author | McCarthy, T.; Khan, J.; Ud-Din, J.; McCarthy, K. | ||||
| Title | First study of snow leopards using GPS-satellite collars underway in Pakistan | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Cat News | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 46 | Issue | Spring | Pages | 22-23 |
| Keywords | study; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; using; collars; collar; Pakistan; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; habitat; Cats; cat; sound; knowledge; ecology; behavior; conserve; information; radio; radio collars; radio collar; radio-collars; radio-collar; Nepal; 1980; Mongolia; 1990; Gps; Report; Data; Satellite | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopards (Uncia uncia) are highly cryptic and occupy remote inaccessible habitat, making studying the cats difficult in the extreme. Yet sound knowledge of the cat's ecology, behavior and habitat needs is required to intelligently conserve them. This information is lacking for snow leopards, and until recently so was the means to fill that knowledge gap. Two long-term studies of snow leopards using VHF radio collars have been undertaken in Nepal (1980s) and Mongolia (1990s) but logistical and technological constraints made the findings of both studies equivocal. Technological advances in the interim, such as GPS collars which report data via satellite, make studies of snow leopards more promising, at least in theory. | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1009 | Serial | 666 | ||
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| Author | Matyushkin, E.N. | ||||
| Title | Tracks and tracking techniques in studies of large carnivorous mammals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | Zoologichesky Zhurnal | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 79 | Issue | (4) | Pages | 412-429 |
| Keywords | Lynx; Scent-Marking; Organization; population; behavior; Felidae; Forest; Russia; tracking; pug marks; scent; marking; browse; 60; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | In Russia, traditions of track observations and the use of tracking techniques in studying the ecology and behavior of mammals were founded by A.N. Formozov. An analytic review of his data on large carnivorous mammals (tiger, snow leopard, wolf, brown bear, wolverine, and others) is given. A special detailed observation of animals' tracks as a source of information on their life is shown only to start. The efficiency of track observations in various fields of studies, including counting animals, is estimated. The values of day and night distances for various animal species, given in literature, have never been properly substantiated methodically. The tracking method is the most effective in studying the use of the home range by animals, drawing the network of their movements and scent-marking behavior. The hunting behavior of large predators in dense forests is can only be deduced by observing their tracks. In some cases, the use of tracking has a distinct advantage over radio tracking. The main propositions are illustrated by the materials of the author obtained in various Russian regions (in forests of the northern Russian Plain and southern Far east) for 1958-1998. | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: Russian | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 391 | Serial | 652 | ||
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| Author | Kitchener, S.L.; Meritt; Rosenthal, M. | ||||
| Title | Observations on the breeding and husbandry of snow leopards, Panthera uncia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1975 | Publication | Int.Zoo Yearbook | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 15 | Issue | Pages | 212-217 | |
| Keywords | breeding; husbandry; behavior; captivity; zoos; zoo; browse; 3640; Adult; care; biology; growth; mortality; factor; young; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; program; park | ||||
| Abstract | Describes adult care and breeding biology, and the care, growth, and mortality factors of young snow leopards in a successful breeding program in the Lincon Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 31 | Serial | 535 | ||
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| Author | Lanier, D.L.; Dewsbury, D.A. | ||||
| Title | A quantitative study of copulatory behaviour of large Felidae | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1976 | Publication | Behavioural-Processes | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 1 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 327-333 |
| Keywords | behavior; breeding; mating; copulation; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; reproduction; browse; 1590 | ||||
| Abstract | Observed a total of 109 copulations in 6 male-female pairs from 4 species of large Felidae. The mean intromission durations were 3.0 sec for Asian leopards (Panthera pardus), 3.3 sec for African leopards (P. pardus), 12.9 sec for snow leopards (Uncia uncia), 2.3 sec for spotted jaguars (P. onca), 3.3 sec for black jaguars (P. onca), and 12.4 sec for Siberian tigers (P. tigris). Behavioral patterns were qualitatively similar across species; all displayed a copulatory pattern with no lock, no intravaginal thrusting, ejaculation on a single insertion, and multiple ejaculations. Whereas domestic cats are reported to assume a neck grip and to tread prior to insertion, these larger Felidae generally did so after intromission had been achieved. After copulation, females of some pairs swiped at the male and displayed a rolling after-reaction. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned) | ||||
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| Notes | Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers BV. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 32 | Serial | 610 | ||
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| Author | Kuznetsnov, G.U.; Matyushkin, E.N. | ||||
| Title | The snow leopard hunts | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1980 | Publication | Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 11 | Issue | Pages | 44-48 | |
| Keywords | Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; Tien-Shan; hunting; behavior; predator; prey; browse; soviet; union; tien; shan; 3760 | ||||
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| Notes | Describes observations of a snow leopard hunting ibex in the western Tien Shan Mountains of USSR. The hunt was unsucceseful, but the account provides information on behavior of both the snow leoaprd and ibex in a predator prey relationship | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 56 | Serial | 599 | ||
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| Author | Rieger, I. | ||||
| Title | Some difficulty breeding ounces, (Uncia uncia) at zoological gardens | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1980 | Publication | Int.Ped Book of Snow Leopards | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 76-95 | |
| Keywords | breeding; captivity; zoo; zoos; monagamy; behavior; browse; 3670 | ||||
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| Notes | discusses monagamy in snow leopards | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 54 | Serial | 819 | ||
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| Author | Subbotin, A.E.; Istomov, S.V. | ||||
| Title | The population status of snow leopards Uncia uncia (Felidae, Carnivora) in the western Sayan Mountain Ridge | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Doklady Biologicl Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 425 | Issue | Pages | 183-186 | |
| Keywords | population; status; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Felidae; Carnivora; Sayan; mountain; Russian; Test; species; cat; Russia; area; range; Data; study; activity; activities; behavior; habitats; habitat; humans; Human; number; description; Animal; structure | ||||
| Abstract | The snow leopard (Uncia uncial Schreber, 1776) is the most poorly studied species of the cat family in the world and, in particular, in Russia, where the northern periphery of the species area (no more than 3% of it) is located in the Altai-Hangai-Sayan range [1]. It is generally known that the existing data on the Russian part of the snow leopard population have never been a result of targeted studies; at best, they have been based on recording the traces of the snow leopard vital activity [2]. This is explained by the snow leopard's elusive behavior, inaccessibility of its habitats for humans, and its naturally small total numbers in the entire species area. All published data on the population status of the snow leopard in Russia, from the first descriptions of the species [3-6] to the latest studies [7, 8] are subjective, often speculative, and are not confirmed by quantitative estimates. It is obvious, however, that every accurate observation of this animal is of particular interest [9]. The purpose of our study was to determine the structure and size of the population group presumably inhabiting the Western Sayan mountain ridge at the northern boundary of the species area |
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| Publisher | Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. | Place of Publication |
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| ISSN | 0012-4966 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Original Russian test published in Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 425, No.6, pp.846-849. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1005 | Serial | 941 | ||
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| Author | Burgener, N.; Gusset, M.; Schmid, H. | ||||
| Title | Frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 11 | Issue | Pages | 74-83 | |
| Keywords | behavior; captive; fecal; feeding strategy; physiological; snow leopard; zoo | ||||
| Abstract | This study hypothesized that permanently frustrated, appetitive-foraging behavior caused the stereotypic pacing regularly observed in captive carnivores. Using 2 adult female snow leopards (Uncia uncia), solitarily housed in the Zurich Zoo, the study tested this hypothesis experimentally with a novel feeding method: electronically controlled, time-regulated feeding boxes. The expected result of employing this active foraging device as a successful coping strategy was reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress, compared with a control-feeding regime without feeding boxes. The study assessed this through behavioral observations and by evaluating glucocorticoid levels noninvasively from feces. Results indicated that the 2 snow leopards did not perform successful coping behavior through exercising active foraging behavior or through displaying the stereotypic pacing. The data support a possible explanation: The box-feeding method did not provide the 2 snow leopards with the external stimuli to satisfy their appetitive behavioral needs. Moreover, numerous other factors not necessarily or exclusively related to appetitive behavior could have caused and influenced the stereotypic pacing. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 915 | Serial | 202 | ||
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| Author | Sloane, A.; Kelly, C.; McDavitt, S.; Marples, N. | ||||
| Title | Big cats in captivity: a quantitative analysis of enrichment | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Adv.Etho | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 33 | Issue | Pages | 43 | |
| Keywords | abnormal-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; zoos; enrichment; abnormal; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; browse; 1280; study; big; big cats; Cats; cat; zoo; effects; Lions; lion; jaguar; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; behaviour; using; activity; activities; change; presence; enclosures; range; scent; cage; horse; hides; management | ||||
| Abstract | Studies on three species of big cats at Dublin Zoo have led to firm conclusions about the effects of certain forms of enrichment, some of which will be presented here. Lions, jaguars, and snow leopards were studied over two years and their behaviours quantified using focal animal sampling during selected hours during daylight. By comparison of these activity budgets with and without the enrichments being present, it was possible to identify the exact behavioural changes caused by each enrichment method, and to quantify these changes. In this contribution we present results showing that the presence of a platform in both lion and jaguar enclosures dramatically reduced stereotypic pacing behaviour. We will demonstrate that the effects of short term enrichment devices may have a wide range of effects on behaviours which outlast the presence of the stimulus. For instance scents added to the cage, or food/play items such as horse hides, hidden fish or ice-blocks often reduce pacing and increase resting later in the day, even after the cats have ceased using the enrichment items. This reduction in pacing and increase in resting time often meant that the amount of the enclosure used per hour was actually reduced with the presence of new stimuli, as result opposite to what might have been expected. The results of these studies will be discussed in relation to effective animal management. | ||||
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| Notes | WILDLIFE REVIEW ABSTRACTS (“Contributions to the International Symposium on Physiology and Ethology of Wild and Zoo Animals, Berlin, Germany, 7-10 October 1998”; Hofer, Heribert; Pitra, Christian; Hofmann, Reinhold R., editors). | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 349 | Serial | 897 | ||
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| Author | Seidensticker, J.; Lumpkin, S. | ||||
| Title | The adaptable leopard; unfortunately it's no match for modern man | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Wildlife Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 99 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 52 |
| Keywords | predator; prey; poaching; hunting; behavior; feeding; conflict; habitat; browse; 1130 | ||||
| Abstract | Abstract: Leopards' adaptability has become the species' vulnerability. The animals do not hesitate to eat rotting flesh and will come back repeatedly to their meal, if disturbed. People have taken advantage of this by lacing carcasses with poison. Leopards are moderate in size compared to other cats, are stealthy and can live in areas as diverse as rain forests and deserts. | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 291 | Serial | 876 | ||
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