| Records |
| Author |
Rieger, I. |
| Title |
Scent marking behaviour of ounces, Uncia uncia |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1978 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
1 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
78-103 |
| Keywords |
behavior; behaviour; captive; International; marking; ounce; pedigree; scent; Scent-Marking; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo |
| Abstract |
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| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
Helsinki Zoo |
Place of Publication |
Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
| Language |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1037 |
Serial |
818 |
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| Author |
Seidensticker, J.; Lumpkin, S. |
| Title |
The adaptable leopard; unfortunately it's no match for modern man |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Wildlife Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
99 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
52 |
| Keywords |
predator; prey; poaching; hunting; behavior; feeding; conflict; habitat; browse; 1130 |
| Abstract |
Abstract: Leopards' adaptability has become the species' vulnerability. The animals do not hesitate to eat rotting flesh and will come back repeatedly to their meal, if disturbed. People have taken advantage of this by lacing carcasses with poison. Leopards are moderate in size compared to other cats, are stealthy and can live in areas as diverse as rain forests and deserts. |
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| Notes |
Document Type: English |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 291 |
Serial |
876 |
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| Author |
Guerrero, D. |
| Title |
Animal behavior concerns & solutions: snow leopard (Uncia uncia) evaluation, zoo |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Anim.Keepers' Forum |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
25 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
56-58 |
| Keywords |
aggressive-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; diets; endangered; threatened-species; genetics; handling-methods; intraspecies-relationships; social-behavior; husbandry; zoos; snow leopard; aggressive; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; handling; methods; intraspecies; relationships; social; browse; 1310 |
| Abstract |
The author offers advice on how a captive-raised snow leopard cub could be acclimated to humans so it could be used as a zoo “ambassador”. The cub had negative experiences with humans and lacked socialization with other animals and conspecifics. Methods of avoiding and redirecting the cub's aggressive behavior are suggested. lgh. |
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| Notes |
Ark Anim., Inc., P.O. Box 1154, Escondido, CA 92033-1154. e-mail: arkabc@arkanimals.com
Document Type: English |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 338 |
Serial |
358 |
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| Author |
Hunter, D. |
| Title |
Mongolian-American Snow Leopard Project |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Snow Line |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
xiv |
Issue |
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Pages |
4-5 |
| Keywords |
behavior; collars; desert; gobi; home-range; Islt; Macne; McCarthy; Mongolia; Munkhtsog; radio-collars; Satellite; Slims; telemetry; Wcs |
| Abstract |
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| Publisher |
International Snow Leopard Trust |
Place of Publication |
Seattle |
Editor |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 442 |
Serial |
391 |
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| Author |
Schaller, G.B. |
| Title |
Stones of Silence: Journeys in the Himalaya |
Type |
Book Whole |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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| Keywords |
Himalaya; Pakistan; behavior; browse; 2260 |
| Abstract |
Anecdotal description of wildlife field studies in the Himalaya, including information on snow leopard natural history and an encounter with snow leopards in Pakistan. |
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| Publisher |
Viking Press |
Place of Publication |
New York |
Editor |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 63 |
Serial |
865 |
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| Author |
Schaller, G.B. |
| Title |
Mountain Monarchs: Wild Sheep and Goats of the Himalaya (Wildlife Behavior & Ecology) |
Type |
Book Whole |
| Year |
1977 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
146-159 |
| Keywords |
sheep; goats; Pakistan; Nepal; marking; spraying; scrapes; sprays; behavior; predator; prey; browse; 2250; mountain; wild; wild sheep; goat; Himalaya; wildlife; ecology |
| Abstract |
Describes snow leopard status and field observations from studies in Pakistan and Nepal. Review provides some data on snow leopard marking behavior, social relations, food habits and predator behavior. |
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| Publisher |
University of Chicago Press |
Place of Publication |
Chicago |
Editor |
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| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 39 |
Serial |
864 |
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| Author |
Schaller, G.B. |
| Title |
On meeting a Snow Leopard |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1972 |
Publication |
Animal Kingdom |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
75 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
7-13 |
| Keywords |
Pakistan; ecology; conservation; distribution; livestock; goat; baiting; reserves; reserve; park; parks; refuge; behavior; protected-area; browse; protected area; protected; area; 2220 |
| Abstract |
Discusses snow leopard distribution, ecology and conservation. Describes baiting (with a domestic goat) of a snow leopard and cub in a game reserve in Northern Pakistan. Incudes a description of the Leopard killing a goat, and observations over a week when the leopards were feeding on the goat baits. |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 23 |
Serial |
861 |
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| Author |
Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G. |
| Title |
Snow Leopards in Nepal-home range and movements |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1989 |
Publication |
National Geographic Res. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
5 |
Issue |
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Pages |
161-175 |
| Keywords |
home-range; behavior; Nepal; browse; home; range; 3190 |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 140 |
Serial |
443 |
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| Author |
Jackson, R. |
| Title |
SSC Plan for Snow Leopard |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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| Keywords |
physiology; status; distribution; description; behavior; reproduction; mating; breeding; vocalization; gestation; biology; habitat; scrapes; sprays; scat; feces; longevity; homerange; home-range; prey; diet; Cites; Iunc; parks; preserves; reserves; refuge; protected-areas; movements; activity; livestock; herders; depredation; conflict; trade; poaching; hunting; research; captivity; management; zoos; Slims; surveys; transects; browse; home range; home; range; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; 3920; plan; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard |
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| Notes |
Full Text at URL
DRAFT – Revised September 22, 1992 by Rodney Jackson |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 201 |
Serial |
450 |
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| Author |
Rieger, I.; Peters, G. |
| Title |
Observations on the mating and vocal behavior of snow leopards (Uncia-uncia) in zoological garden |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Zeitschrift Fur Saugetierkunde International Journal of Mamamalian Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
46 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
35-48 |
| Keywords |
mating; breeding; vocalization; zoos; zoo; veterinary; behavior; browse; 1570 |
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| Notes |
Publisher:GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG, JENA Document Type: German |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 59 |
Serial |
821 |
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| Author |
Jackson, R.; Roe, J.; Wangchuk, R.; Hunter, D. |
| Title |
Camera-Trapping of Snow Leopards |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Cat News |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
42 |
Issue |
Spring |
Pages |
19-21 |
| Keywords |
camera trapping; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; felids; tigers; tiger; techniques; surveys; survey; information; factor; marking; behavior; Ahlborn; Jackson; habitat; status; range; census; India; Hemis; High; national; national park; National-park; park; Ladakh; leh |
| Abstract |
Solitary felids like tigers and snow leopards are notoriously difficult to enumerate, and indirect techniques like pugmark surveys often produce ambiguous information that is difficult to interpret because many factors influence marking behavior and frequency (Ahlborn & Jackson 1988). Considering the snow leopard's rugged habitat, it is not surprising then that information on its current status and occupied range is very limited. We adapted the camera-trapping techniques pioneered by Ullas Karanth and his associates for counting Bengal tigers to the census taking of snow leopards in the Rumbak watershed of the India's Hemis High Altitude National Park (HNP), located in Ladakh near Leh (76ø 50' to 77ø 45' East; 33ø 15' to 34ø 20'North). |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1017 |
Serial |
475 |
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| Author |
Rieger, I. |
| Title |
Some difficulty breeding ounces, (Uncia uncia) at zoological gardens |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Int.Ped Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
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Pages |
76-95 |
| Keywords |
breeding; captivity; zoo; zoos; monagamy; behavior; browse; 3670 |
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| Notes |
discusses monagamy in snow leopards |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 54 |
Serial |
819 |
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| Author |
Jackson, R.M. |
| Title |
Home Range, Movements and Habitat use of Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) in Nepal |
Type |
Book Whole |
| Year |
1996 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
233 pp |
| Keywords |
Nepal; blue-sheep; predator; prey; home-range; behavior; capture; telemetry; habitat; marking; activity; movement; tracking; blue; sheep; browse; home range; home; range; 990 |
| Abstract |
Home ranges for five radio-tagged snow leopards (Uncia uncia) inhabiting prime habitat in Nepal Himalaya varied in size from 11-37 km2. These solitary felids were crepuscular in activity, and although highly mobile, nearly 90% of all consecutive day movements involved a straight line distance of 2km or less. No seasonal difference in daily movement or home range boundry was detected. While home ranges overlapped substancially, use of common core spaces was temporally seperated, with tagged animals being located 1.9 km or more apart during the smae day. Spatial analysis indicated that 47-55% of use occured within only 6-15% of total home area. The snow leopards shared a common core use area, which was located at a major stream confuence in an area where topography, habitat and prey abundance appeared to be more favorable. A young female used her core area least, a female with two cubs to the greatest extent. the core area was marked significantly more with scrapes, Faeces and other sighn than non-core sites, suggesting that social marking plays an important role in spacing individuals. Snow leopards showed a strong preference for bedding in steep, rocky or broken terrain, on or close to a natural vegetation or landform edge. linear landform features, such as a cliff or major ridgeline, were preferred for travelling and day time resting. This behavior would tend to place a snow leopard close to its preferred prey, blue sheep (Psuedois nayaur), which uses the same habitat at night. Marking was concetrated along commonly travelled routes, particularly river bluffs, cliff ledges and well defined ridgelines bordering stream confluences--features that were most abundant within the core area. Such marking may facilitate mutual avoidance, help maintain the species' solitary social structure, and also enable a relatively high density of snow leopard, especially within high-quality habitat. |
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Thesis |
Ph.D. thesis |
| Publisher |
University of London |
Place of Publication |
University of London |
Editor |
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Date of Copyright: 1996 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 275 |
Serial |
481 |
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| Author |
Kitchener, S.L.; Meritt; Rosenthal, M. |
| Title |
Observations on the breeding and husbandry of snow leopards, Panthera uncia |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1975 |
Publication |
Int.Zoo Yearbook |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
15 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
212-217 |
| Keywords |
breeding; husbandry; behavior; captivity; zoos; zoo; browse; 3640; Adult; care; biology; growth; mortality; factor; young; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; program; park |
| Abstract |
Describes adult care and breeding biology, and the care, growth, and mortality factors of young snow leopards in a successful breeding program in the Lincon Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois. |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 31 |
Serial |
535 |
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| Author |
Schmidt, A.M.; Hess, D.L.; Schmidt, M.J.; Lewis, C.R. |
| Title |
Serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone and frequency of sexual behaviour during the normal oestrous cycle in the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
J Reprod Fertil |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
98 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
91-95 |
| Keywords |
Animal; Animals; zoo; physiology; Carnivora; Estradiol; Blood; estrus; Female; Progesterone; Seasons; Sex; behavior; Support; U.S.Gov't; P.H.S.; browse; us; government; gov't; 490 |
| Abstract |
Serum oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured at weekly intervals for six months, and correlated with daily behavioural observations in two adult female snow leopards (Panthera uncia). Three oestradiol peaks (> 21 pg ml-1; interval 3.6 weeks) were identified in a snow leopardess housed alone (two more were probably missed because of the weekly sampling schedule), and three oestradiol peaks were identified in a snow leopardess housed with a male as a breeding pair (interval 6 weeks). Daily frequencies of feline reproductive behaviour averaged 1.77 observations per observation period during weeks of high oestradiol and 0.62 during weeks of low oestradiol. Progesterone concentrations did not rise above baseline values (< 2 ng ml-1) in the isolated animal, but 6 weeks of high progesterone concentrations (4.9- 38.8 ng ml-1) was recorded in the paired snow leopardess following mating. No offspring were produced. Snow leopards were observed daily for an additional 4.5 years. Sexual behaviour peaks could be clearly identified from December through April, and average daily sexual behaviour scores were higher during these months than during the rest of the year. Intervals between sexual behaviour peaks for the isolated snow leopardess averaged 3.03 weeks. The sexual behaviour of the paired snow leopards decreased for 8-9 weeks following mating when no offspring were produced, and decreased for 13 weeks in one year when a single cub was born. |
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0022-4251 |
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| Notes |
Document Type: eng |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 204 |
Serial |
874 |
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| Author |
Reed-Smith, J.; Kumpf, M. |
| Title |
Snow leopards (Uncia uncia): family group management alternatives |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Anim.Keepers' Forum |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
25 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
386-391 |
| Keywords |
behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; intraspecies-relationships; mammals; techniques; zoos; snow leopard; husbandry; browse; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; intraspecies; relationships; 1300 |
| Abstract |
The authors offer insights into creating family groups of snow leopards in zoos. The programs at the Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado, and at John Ball Zoological Gardens, Grand Rapids, Michigan, are highlighted. lgh. |
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Document Type: English |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 340 |
Serial |
814 |
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| Author |
Rana, B.S. |
| Title |
Distinguishing kills of two large mammalian predators in Spiti Valley Himachal Pradesh |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
J.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
94 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
553 |
| Keywords |
behavior; endangered; threatened species; foods; feeding; mammals; predation; wildlife; livestock relationships; snow leopard; Tibetan wolf; prey; livestock; India; panthera uncia; canis lupis; browse; threatened; species; relationships; tibetan; wolf; panthera; uncia; canis; lupis; 610 |
| Abstract |
The author studied livestock killed by predators in the Spiti Valley, India, to determine what species had killed yaks, horses, donkeys, and other domestic animals. Eleven of the kills examined were made by snow leopards and six by the Tibetan wolf. Wolves were involved in surplus killings, while snow leopards kill as food is needed. lgh |
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Document Type: English |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 326 |
Serial |
804 |
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| Author |
Pokrovski, V.S. |
| Title |
The Snow Leopard Large Predators |
Type |
Book Whole |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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| Keywords |
Soviet-Union; Russia; Ussr; behavior; ecology; captivity; zoo; zoos; distribution; conservation; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 2590 |
| Abstract |
Detailed review of snow leopard distribution and abundance, behavior, ecology,captive population and conservation measures in the Soviet Union. Estimates a snow leopard population of 300 +/- 150. |
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Moscow |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 35 |
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778 |
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| Author |
Kuznetsnov, G.U.; Matyushkin, E.N. |
| Title |
The snow leopard hunts |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
11 |
Issue |
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Pages |
44-48 |
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Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; Tien-Shan; hunting; behavior; predator; prey; browse; soviet; union; tien; shan; 3760 |
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Describes observations of a snow leopard hunting ibex in the western Tien Shan Mountains of USSR. The hunt was unsucceseful, but the account provides information on behavior of both the snow leoaprd and ibex in a predator prey relationship |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 56 |
Serial |
599 |
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| Author |
Lanier, D.L.; Dewsbury, D.A. |
| Title |
A quantitative study of copulatory behaviour of large Felidae |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Behavioural-Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
1 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
327-333 |
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behavior; breeding; mating; copulation; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; reproduction; browse; 1590 |
| Abstract |
Observed a total of 109 copulations in 6 male-female pairs from 4 species of large Felidae. The mean intromission durations were 3.0 sec for Asian leopards (Panthera pardus), 3.3 sec for African leopards (P. pardus), 12.9 sec for snow leopards (Uncia uncia), 2.3 sec for spotted jaguars (P. onca), 3.3 sec for black jaguars (P. onca), and 12.4 sec for Siberian tigers (P. tigris). Behavioral patterns were qualitatively similar across species; all displayed a copulatory pattern with no lock, no intravaginal thrusting, ejaculation on a single insertion, and multiple ejaculations. Whereas domestic cats are reported to assume a neck grip and to tread prior to insertion, these larger Felidae generally did so after intromission had been achieved. After copulation, females of some pairs swiped at the male and displayed a rolling after-reaction. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned) |
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| Notes |
Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers BV. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 32 |
Serial |
610 |
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| Author |
O'Connor, T.; Freeman, H. |
| Title |
Maternal behavior and behavioral development in the captive snow leopard (Panthera uncia) |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
3 |
Issue |
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Pages |
103-110 |
| Keywords |
behavior; captive; development; International; Panthera-uncia; pedigree; snow leopard; zoo |
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Helsinki Zoo |
Place of Publication |
Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1035 |
Serial |
733 |
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| Author |
Matyushkin, E.N. |
| Title |
Tracks and tracking techniques in studies of large carnivorous mammals |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Zoologichesky Zhurnal |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
79 |
Issue |
(4) |
Pages |
412-429 |
| Keywords |
Lynx; Scent-Marking; Organization; population; behavior; Felidae; Forest; Russia; tracking; pug marks; scent; marking; browse; 60; Russian |
| Abstract |
In Russia, traditions of track observations and the use of tracking techniques in studying the ecology and behavior of mammals were founded by A.N. Formozov. An analytic review of his data on large carnivorous mammals (tiger, snow leopard, wolf, brown bear, wolverine, and others) is given. A special detailed observation of animals' tracks as a source of information on their life is shown only to start. The efficiency of track observations in various fields of studies, including counting animals, is estimated. The values of day and night distances for various animal species, given in literature, have never been properly substantiated methodically. The tracking method is the most effective in studying the use of the home range by animals, drawing the network of their movements and scent-marking behavior. The hunting behavior of large predators in dense forests is can only be deduced by observing their tracks. In some cases, the use of tracking has a distinct advantage over radio tracking. The main propositions are illustrated by the materials of the author obtained in various Russian regions (in forests of the northern Russian Plain and southern Far east) for 1958-1998. |
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Document Type: Russian |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 391 |
Serial |
652 |
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McCarthy, T.; Khan, J.; Ud-Din, J.; McCarthy, K. |
| Title |
First study of snow leopards using GPS-satellite collars underway in Pakistan |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
Publication |
Cat News |
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46 |
Issue |
Spring |
Pages |
22-23 |
| Keywords |
study; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; using; collars; collar; Pakistan; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; habitat; Cats; cat; sound; knowledge; ecology; behavior; conserve; information; radio; radio collars; radio collar; radio-collars; radio-collar; Nepal; 1980; Mongolia; 1990; Gps; Report; Data; Satellite |
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Snow leopards (Uncia uncia) are highly cryptic and occupy remote inaccessible habitat, making studying the cats difficult in the extreme. Yet sound knowledge of the cat's ecology, behavior and habitat needs is required to intelligently conserve them. This information is lacking for snow leopards, and until recently so was the means to fill that knowledge gap. Two long-term studies of snow leopards using VHF radio collars have been undertaken in Nepal (1980s) and Mongolia (1990s) but logistical and technological constraints made the findings of both studies equivocal. Technological advances in the interim, such as GPS collars which report data via satellite, make studies of snow leopards more promising, at least in theory. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 1009 |
Serial |
666 |
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| Author |
McVittie, R. |
| Title |
Nursing behavior of snow leopard cubs |
Type |
Journal Article |
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1978 |
Publication |
Applied-Animal-Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
159-168 |
| Keywords |
suckling; behavior; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; browse; 1580 |
| Abstract |
Reports that a preliminary project on nursing behavior in 3 young snow leopards revealed 2 phases in suckling pattern: nonnutritive and nutritive. The latter was distinguished by stereotypic rhythmical movements of the ears associated with swallowing. The cubs also demonstrated a teat preference, but the adaptive significance of such preferences and the accompanying agonistic behavior were unclear. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned) |
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Document Type: English |
Approved |
no |
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SLN @ rana @ 37 |
Serial |
669 |
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| Author |
Meiers, S.T. |
| Title |
Habitat use by captive puma (Felis concolor) and snow leopards (Pathera uncia) at the Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois |
Type |
Book Whole |
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1992 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-74 |
| Keywords |
habitat; habitat use; use; captive; felis; Felis-concolor; concolor; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; uncia; park; zoo; 1990; observations; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; zoological; zoological gardens; zoological-gardens; gardens; behavior; species; Time budget; dens; Identity; Animals; Animal; non; Cats; cat; location; relief |
| Abstract |
Between May 1990 and January 1991, behavioral observations were made of two captive pumas (Felis concolor Linnaeus), and two captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia Schreber) in their outdoor exhibits at the Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens, Chicago, Illinois. Behaviors compared within and between species included: 1) time spend in the different habitat types; 2) time budgets for the different behaviors: laying, moving, sitting, standing, crouching, in the tree, drinking, urinating, defecating, within their inside dens, and “behavior not determined” when the identity or behavior of the individuals could not be determined; and 3) mobility of the animals within their exhibits. Also examined were: 4) preferences for different habitat types; 5) recommendations for future exhibit designs. Both species located themselves within their exhibits in a non-random manner. The majority of cats' time was spent in elevated locations (i.e., gunite ledges approximately 1-5.5 m above ground-level). Snow leopards exhibited this tendency to a greater extent than did the pumas. Both species also spent the majority of their time in the lying-down behavior; again snow leopards displayed this tendency significantly more than the pumas. Pumas were highly mobile and changed locations and behaviors in their exhibit significantly more than the snow leopards. No significant differences were noted between conspecifics in regard to habitat type preference, or mobility within the exhibit. Suggestions for future exhibit design include elevated locations for the cats to lay and look around within and outside their exhibits, caves for access to shade or relief from inclement weather, and ground surfaces to move about on. Features for exhibit design should take into consideration the natural habitat of the cat to occupy the exhibit. |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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DePaul University |
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A thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences in partial fulfillment of the degree requirements for the degree of Master of Science at DePaul University. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 1008 |
Serial |
673 |
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