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Author Vipin, Golla, T. R., Sharma, V., Kumar, B. K., Gaur, A. pdf 
  Title Kleptoparasitic interaction between Snow Leopard Panthera uncia and Red Fox Vulpes vulpes suggested by circumstantial evidence in Pin Valley National Park, India Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication Journal of Threatened Taxa Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 14 Issue 10 Pages (down) 21928-21935  
  Keywords Animal interaction, carnivore, mammals, prey, Trans-Himalaya.  
  Abstract In the present study, we describe an interspecific kleptoparasitic interaction between two sympatric mammalian carnivores in the high altitudinal Trans-Himalaya region of Himachal Pradesh, India. The study was based on the inferences drawn from the circumstantial evidence (direct and indirect) noticed in the study area in Pin Valley National Park. The inferences from the analysis of the evidence suggested the interaction between a Snow Leopard Panthera uncia, a Red Fox Vulpes vulpes, and a donkey. The arrangement of evidence in a sequential manner suggested that a donkey was killed by a Snow Leopard and a Red Fox stole the food from the carrion of the Snow Leopard’s prey. The Red Fox was killed by the Snow Leopard, which was caught while stealing. The present study represents an example of kleptoparasitic interaction between the Snow Leopard and the Red Fox. This study also proves that such interactions may cost the life of a kleptoparasite and supports the retaliation behaviour of Snow Leopards.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1702  
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Author Chandra, S.; Laughlin, D.C. url 
  Title Virus-like particles in cystic mammary adenoma of a snow leopard Type Journal Article
  Year 1975 Publication Cancer Res Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 35 Issue 11 Pt 1 Pages (down) 3069-3074  
  Keywords Adenoma pathology veterinary; Animal; Animals; zoo; Carnivora; Cytoplasmic Granules; Endoplasmic Reticulum: ultrastructure; Inclusion Bodies; Mammae: pathology; Neoplasms: pathology: veterinary; neoplasms; pathology; mammae; inclusion; bodies; ultrastructure; reticulum; endoplasmic; granules; cytoplasmic; adenoma; veterinary; browse; 380  
  Abstract Virus-like particles were observed in the giant cells of a mammary adenoma of a snow leopard kept in captivity. Particles that measured 115 to 125 nm in diameter budded from the lamella of endoplasmic reticulum and were studded on their inner surfaces with dense granules (approximately 12 nm) that gave them their unique ultrastructural morphology. Such particles were not observed extracellularly. Type B or type C particles were not seen in the tumor tissue.  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0008-5472 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Document Type: eng Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 27 Serial 212  
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Author Woodroffe, R.; Ginsberg, J.R. url 
  Title Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Science Washington D.C. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 280 Issue 5372 Pages (down) 2126-2128  
  Keywords edge-effects; extinction; human-animal-conflict; mortality; population-size; protected-areas; browse; edge effects; Human; Animal; conflict; population; protected; area; 590  
  Abstract Theory predicts that small populations may be driven to extinction by random fluctuations in demography and loss of genetic diversity through drift. However, population size is a poor predictor of extinction in large carnivores inhabiting protected areas. Conflict with people on reserve borders is the major cause of mortality in such populations, so that border areas represent population sinks. The species most likely to disappear from small reserves are those that range widely-and are therefore most exposed to threats on reserve borders-irrespective of population size. Conservation efforts that combat only stochastic processes are therefore unlikely to avert extinction.  
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  Notes Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 351 Serial 1028  
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Author Kleinman, M.S.; Garman, R.H. url 
  Title An endoscopic approach to a snow leopard Type Journal Article
  Year 1978 Publication Gastroenterology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 74 Issue 6 Pages (down) 1348  
  Keywords Animal; Bezoars; veterinary; Carnivora; Cats; Esophagoscopy; Male; browse; 370  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0016-5085 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Document Type: eng Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 47 Serial 536  
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Author Ale, S.; Brown, J. url 
  Title The contingencies of group size and vigilance Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2007 Publication Evolutionary Ecology Research, Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 9 Issue Pages (down) 1263-1276  
  Keywords attraction effect,contingency,dilution effect,fitness,group-size effect,many-eyes effect,predation risk,vigilance behaviour; predation; decline; potential; predators; predator; feeding; Animals; Animal; use; food; effects; Relationship; behaviour; methods; game; Interactions; interaction; factor; value; Energy  
  Abstract Background: Predation risk declines non-linearly with one's own vigilance and the vigilance of others in the group (the 'many-eyes' effect). Furthermore, as group size increases, the individual's risk of predation may decline through dilution with more potential victims, but may increase if larger groups attract more predators. These are known, respectively, as the dilution effect and the attraction effect.

Assumptions: Feeding animals use vigilance to trade-off food and safety. Net feeding rate declines linearly with vigilance.

Question: How do the many-eyes, dilution, and attraction effects interact to influence the relationship between group size and vigilance behaviour?

Mathematical methods: We use game theory and the fitness-generating function to determine the ESS level of vigilance of an individual within a group.

Predictions: Vigilance decreases with group size as a consequence of the many-eyes and dilution effects but increases with group size as a consequence of the attraction effect, when they act independent of each other. Their synergetic effects on vigilance depend upon the relative strengths of each and their interactions. Regardless, the influence of other factors on vigilance – such as encounter rate with predators, predator lethality, marginal value of energy, and value of vigilance – decline with group size.
 
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 886 Serial 53  
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Author Paul, H.A.; Bargar, W.L.; Leininger, R. url 
  Title Total hip replacement in a snow leopard Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication J Am Vet Med Assoc Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 187 Issue 11 Pages (down) 1262-1263  
  Keywords Animal; Carnivora; surgery; Case; Report; Hip; Dislocation; veterinary; Prosthesis; Male; browse; 310  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0003-1488 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Document Type: eng Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 82 Serial 760  
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Author Mainka, S.A. url 
  Title Bilateral separation of the olecranon and proximal epiphysis from the ulnar diaphysis in a snow leopard cub Type Journal Article
  Year 1986 Publication J Am Vet Med Assoc Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 189 Issue 9 Pages (down) 1204-1205  
  Keywords Animal; Carnivora; injuries; Case-Report; Epiphyses; Forelimb; Male; Ulna; browse; 290  
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  ISSN 0003-1488 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Document Type: eng Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 97 Serial 636  
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Author Karesh, W.B.; Kunz, L.L. url 
  Title Bilateral testicular seminoma in a snow leopard Type Journal Article
  Year 1986 Publication J Am Vet Med Assoc Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 189 Issue 9 Pages (down) 1201  
  Keywords Animal; Carnivora; Case Report; Dysgerminoma; pathology; veterinary; Male; Testicular; neoplasms; Testis; browse; 300  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0003-1488 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Document Type: eng Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 98 Serial 514  
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Author Johnston, L.A.; Donoghue, A.M.; O'Brien, S.J.; Wildt, D.E. url 
  Title Rescue and maturation in vitro of follicular oocytes collected from nondomestic felid species Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication Biol Reprod Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 45 Issue 6 Pages (down) 898-906  
  Keywords Animal; Carnivora; anatomy; histology; physiology; Cells; Cultured; Female; Fertilization; Vitro; inVitro; Male; Oocytes; cytology; growth; development; ovarian; Follicle; Spermatozoa; Support; Non-U.S.Gov't; U.S.Gov't; P.H.S.; browse; non; us; gov't; government; 230  
  Abstract The potential for rescuing immature oocytes from the ovaries of females of rare felid species which die or undergo medical ovariohysterectomy was evaluated. Ovaries were recovered from 13 species representing 35 individuals in good-to-poor health. Although the majority of females were 10 yr of age or older and in fair-to-poor health, a total of 846 oocytes were recovered of which 608 (71.9%) were classified as fair-to- excellent quality. One hundred of these oocytes were used for initial maturation classification and as parthogenetic controls. Overall, of the 508 fair-to-excellent quality oocytes placed in culture, 164 (32.3%) matured to metaphase II in vitro. For species in which 3 or more individuals yielded oocytes, mean oocyte maturation rates were as follows: 36.2%, tiger; 27.9% leopard; and 8.3%, cheetah. In vitro insemination of oocytes resulted in fertilization (2 polar bodies, 2 pronuclei, or cleavage) rates of 9.1% to 28.6% (leopard) using homologous fresh spermatozoa and 4.0% (lion) to 40.0% (puma) using homologous frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Inseminations using heterologous (domestic cat) spermatozoa also resulted in fertilized oocytes in the tiger, leopard, snow leopard, puma, serval, and Geoffroy's cat (range in fertilization rate, 5.0% for leopard to 46.2% for puma). Cleaved embryos resulted from the insemination of leopard oocytes with homologous sperm (n = 1 embryo) and puma oocytes with domestic cat sperm (n = 3 embryos). These results demonstrate that immature ovarian oocytes from rare felid species can be stimulated to mature in vitro despite an excision-to-culture interval as long as 36 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  
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  ISSN 0006-3363 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Document Type: eng Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 172 Serial 503  
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Author White, S.D.; Stannard, A.A.; Ihrke, P.J.; Rosser, E.J. url 
  Title Therapy of demodicosis in snow leopard challenged Type Journal Article
  Year 1981 Publication J Am Vet Med Assoc Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 178 Issue 9 Pages (down) 877-878  
  Keywords Amoxicillin: therapeutic use; Animal; Animals; zoo; Calcium: therapeutic use; Carnivora; Mite Infestations: drug therapy; veterinary; Sulfides: therapeutic use; Thiosulfates: therapeutic use; amoxicillin; therapeutic; calcium; mite; infestations; drug; therapy; drug therapy; sulfides; thiosulfates; browse; use; 360  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0003-1488 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Document Type: eng Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 57 Serial 1020  
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