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Author Ale, S.
Title Conservation of the snow leopard in Nepal Type Miscellaneous
Year Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Nepal; radio-collars; tracking; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; protected-areas; parks; reserves; refuge; conservation; livestock; religion; folklore; blue-sheep; blue; sheep; browse; radio collars; radio; collar; collars; annapurna conservation area; annapurna; area; protected; areas; 4080
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Notes Full text available at URL Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 2 Serial (up) 51
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Author Ale, S.; Whelan, C.
Title Reappraisal of the role of big, fierce predators Type Miscellaneous
Year 2008 Publication Biodiversity Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 685-690
Keywords Biodiversity ú Conservation ú Costs of predation ú Indirect effects ú Non-lethal effects ú Predators ú Top-down control; big; predators; predator
Abstract The suggestion in the early 20th century that top predators were a necessary component of ecosystems because they hold herbivore populations in check and promote biodiversity was at Wrst accepted and then largely rejected. With the advent of Evolutionary Ecology and a more full appreciation of direct and indirect effects of top predators, this role of top predators is again gaining acceptance. The previous views were predicated upon lethal effects of predators but largely overlooked their non-lethal effects. We suggest that

conceptual advances coupled with an increased use of experiments have convincingly demonstrated that prey experience costs that transcend the obvious cost of death. Prey species use adaptive behaviours to avoid predators, and these behaviours are not cost-free. With predation risk, prey species greatly restrict their use of available habitats and consumption of available food resources. Effects of top predators consequently cascade down to the trophic levels below them. Top predators, the biggies, are thus both the targets of and the means for conservation at the landscape scale.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 885 Serial (up) 52
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Author Ale, S.; Brown, J.
Title The contingencies of group size and vigilance Type Miscellaneous
Year 2007 Publication Evolutionary Ecology Research, Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9 Issue Pages 1263-1276
Keywords attraction effect,contingency,dilution effect,fitness,group-size effect,many-eyes effect,predation risk,vigilance behaviour; predation; decline; potential; predators; predator; feeding; Animals; Animal; use; food; effects; Relationship; behaviour; methods; game; Interactions; interaction; factor; value; Energy
Abstract Background: Predation risk declines non-linearly with one's own vigilance and the vigilance of others in the group (the 'many-eyes' effect). Furthermore, as group size increases, the individual's risk of predation may decline through dilution with more potential victims, but may increase if larger groups attract more predators. These are known, respectively, as the dilution effect and the attraction effect.

Assumptions: Feeding animals use vigilance to trade-off food and safety. Net feeding rate declines linearly with vigilance.

Question: How do the many-eyes, dilution, and attraction effects interact to influence the relationship between group size and vigilance behaviour?

Mathematical methods: We use game theory and the fitness-generating function to determine the ESS level of vigilance of an individual within a group.

Predictions: Vigilance decreases with group size as a consequence of the many-eyes and dilution effects but increases with group size as a consequence of the attraction effect, when they act independent of each other. Their synergetic effects on vigilance depend upon the relative strengths of each and their interactions. Regardless, the influence of other factors on vigilance – such as encounter rate with predators, predator lethality, marginal value of energy, and value of vigilance – decline with group size.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 886 Serial (up) 53
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Author Ale, S.B.
Title Snow Leopard in Remote Districts of Nepal Type Miscellaneous
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume xii Issue Pages
Keywords Nepal; Manang; livestock; livestock-depredation; baiting; predation; villagers; herders; annapurna; retribution; conservation; management; training; tourism; browse; 4600
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Seattle Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 447 Serial (up) 54
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Author Ale, S.B.
Title The Annapurna Conservation Area Project: A Case Study of an Integrated Conservation and Development Project in Nepal Type Conference Article
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 155-169
Keywords conservation; annapurna; park; parks; reserve; reserves; refuge; management; habitat; livestock; herders; herder; Acap; education; community-development; tourism; women; protected-area; browse; community; development; protected; area; 2960
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor Jackson, R.; Ahmad, A.
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Notes Full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 394 Serial (up) 55
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Author Ale, S.B.
Title Religion and Snow Leopards in Nepal Type Miscellaneous
Year 1998 Publication Snow Line Abbreviated Journal
Volume xvi Issue Pages 10-10
Keywords Nepal; religion; tourism; Culture; folklore; buddhism; 4850
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Seattle Editor
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Notes Journal Title: Snow Line Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 472 Serial (up) 56
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Author Ale, S.B.; Karky, B.S.
Title Observations on Conservation of Snow Leopards in Nepal Type Conference Article
Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords 4880; bio; conservation; diversity; enclave; leopard; management; Nepal; poverty; protected; protection; religion; uncia
Abstract The wild populations of snow leopards are threatened in Nepal. For their effective conservation, this paper seeks to build a strategy based not only on protected enclaves but also on landscapes, using an integrated grass-roots approach that essentially reduces poverty and addresses the needs of human beings and that of wildlife. Also equally relevant in places with a strong hold by religious and cultural authorities in the decision-making processes is the recognition and possible integration of cultural and traditional belief systems in overall snow leopard conservation schemes.
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Islt Editor
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Notes Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 474 Serial (up) 57
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Author Ale, S.B.; Yonzon, P.; Thapa, K.
Title Recovery of snow leopard Uncia uncia in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park, Nepal Type Miscellaneous
Year 2007 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume 41 Issue Pages 89-92
Keywords Nepal; recovery; Sagarmatha Mount Everest National Park; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; surveys; survey; snow; snow-leopard; leopard; uncia; Uncia-uncia; valley; Sagarmatha; national; national park; National-park; park; using; information; management; system; research; transects; transect; sign; areas; area; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; 40; Himalayan; tahr; musk; musk-deer; deer; location; recent; species; grazing; land; Forest; habitat; domestic; wild; ungulates; ungulate; livestock; tourism; development; traditional; land use; land-use; use; wildlife
Abstract From September to November 2004 we conducted surveys of snow leopard Uncia uncia signs in three major valleys in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park in Nepal using the Snow Leopard Information Management System, a standardized survey technique for snow leopard research. We walked 24 transects covering c. 14 km and located 33 sites with 56 snow leopard signs, and 17 signs incidentally in other areas. Snow leopards appear to have re-inhabited the Park, following their disappearance c. 40 years ago, apparently following the recovery of Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus and musk deer Moschus chrysogaster populations. Taken together the locations of all 73 recent snow leopard signs indicate that the species is using predominantly grazing land and shrubland/ open forest at elevations of 3,000-5,000 m, habitat types that are also used by domestic and wild ungulates. Sagarmatha is the homeland of c. 3,500 Buddhist Sherpas with .3,000 livestock. Along with tourism and associated developments in Sagarmatha, traditional land use practices could be used to ensure coexistence of livestock and wildlife, including the recovering snow leopards, and ensure the wellbeing of the Sherpas.
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Notes http://www.snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/Ale_2007.pdf Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 884 Serial (up) 58
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Author Jackson, R.M.; Ahlborn, G.; Gurung, M.; Ale, S.
Title Reducing livestock depredation losses in the Nepalese Himalaya Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Proc.Vertebr.Pest Conf Abbreviated Journal
Volume 17 Issue Pages 241-247
Keywords damage; damage-by-wildlife; endangered; threatened species; livestock; mammals; management; predator-control; public-relations; wildlife; livestock-relationships; Nepal; asia; herders; conservation; Manang; Khangshar; depredation; conflict; predator; prey; browse; public; threatened; species; control; Relations; 700
Abstract The authors investigated livestock depredation patterns of snow leopards on the northern slopes of the Himalayans near the villages of Manang and Khangshar, Nepal. Information is discussed on the relationships among livestock loss, endangered species management, public relations/conservation issues, and cooperative efforts among institutions involved in the decision making process. A plan is devised for alleviating livestock loss and protecting endangered species in the area. pcp
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Notes Full Text at URL: ADDRESS: Mountain Inst., Main & Dogwood St., Franklin, WV 26807//“Proceedings Seventeenth Vertebrate Pest Conference-March 5-7, 1996, Rohnert Park, California”; Timm, Robert M.; Crabb, A. Charles, editorsDocument Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 271 Serial (up) 480
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Author Wolf, M.; Ale, S.
Title Signs at the Top: Habitat Features Influencing Snow Leopard Uncia Uncia Activity in Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication Journal of Mammalogy Abbreviated Journal
Volume 90 Issue 3 Pages 604-611
Keywords activity patterns,human activity,Nepal,predator-prey,sign data,Uncia uncia
Abstract We used logistic regression to examine factors that affected the spatial distribution of sign (scrapes, feces, footprints, spray or scent marks, and rubbing sites) in a newly reestablished population of snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park, Nepal. Our results indicate that terrain and human activity were the most important factors determining the spatial distribution of leopard activity, whereas presence of their major prey species (Himalayan tahr [Hemitragus jemlahicus]) had only a moderate effect. This suggests that localities at which these animals are active represent a trade-off between suitable habitat and avoidance of potential risk from anthropogenic origins. However, the influence of prey presence was likely underestimated because of the methodology used, and likely weighed in the trade-off as well.
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Notes Department of Biological Sciences (M/C 066), University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, 3352 SES, Chicago, IL 60607-7060, USA Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1026 Serial (up) 1027
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