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Anonymous. Central Asian Republic Snow Leopard Specialists Plan Joint Conservation Strategy.
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Kreuzberg-Mukhina, E., Bikova, E., & Esipov, A. Regional Meeting on the Protection of Snow Leopard.
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Shnitnikov V.N. (1934). Rocks and taluses. Alpine meadows. Economic value of local animals (Vol. Part. 1. South Kazakhstan.).
Abstract: It reviews fauna of rocks, taluses, and alpine meadows of South Kazakhstan. The most typical mammal of rocks and taluses are picas (I¤hotona rutila and I. macrotis), ibex (¥…dr… sibirica), and snow leopard (Felis irbis). Besides, snow leopard, along with Tien Shan bear (Ursus l†u¤Œn¢o), ibex, mountain wolf (¥uŒn alpinus) and others, is met in the alpine meadow zone. Zoo-export of snow leopards to the zoos does not result in extermination of the animals but generates income. Various animal species are subject to trade as zoos do not limit their collections with some specific species or groups; quite the contrary they are interested in obtaining each species. Valuable animals exported from Kazakhstan are tiger, snow leopard, Tien-Shan bear, argali, and mountain wolf. The latter costs 1,000 roubles in gold, and argali even 1,500 roubles.
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Shnitnikov V.N. (1936). Rocks and taluses. Snow leopard, Irbis Felis irbis Shreb.
Abstract: In Semerechie, snow leopard is not a rare species. In 1931, 53 snow leopards were hunted in southern Semerechie. In the past, at the markets of Central Tien Shan one could buy skins or live snow leopards, which were in demand abroad. Probably, number of snow leopards in Semerechie has increased. Now, it can be found not only in remote areas but in the vicinity of settlements (snow leopards, for instance, were observed some 20 30 km from Almaty, and 60 km from Frunze). Snow leopard preys mainly on ibex (¥…dr… sibiri¤…), snow-cock (O†traogallus himalauenses), and numerous argali – in some areas. The animal will never attack a man, even if wounded.
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Kuznetzov B.A. (1948). Felidae (Vol. Vol.13 (XXVIII)).
Abstract: The snow leopard widely wide distributed in mountains of Middle and Central Asia. Irbis meets in Altai, Saur, Tarbagatai, Jungarian and Zaili Ala Tau, Kirghiz ridge and Talass within the Kazakhstan. The snow leopard is very rare in Southern Altai, and probably it stay here occasionally.
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Bannikov A.G. (1966). Mountains of Middle Asia and Kazakhstan.
Abstract: The data on geographical location, plants and animals of mountain nature reserves of Middle Asia and Kazakhstan are given. Snow leopard and its preys (wild ibexes and sheep) were recorded in both Almaty and Aksu Jabagly nature reserves.
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Kovshar A.F. (1969). Aksu Jabagly nature reserve.
Abstract: In territory of reserve and surrounding foothills 238 birds, 42 mammals, 9 reptiles, 2 amphibious and 2 fishes are registered. The mammal: argali, wild ibex, roe deer, red deer, a wild boar, snow leopard, steppe cat, a stone marten, ermine, red fox, badger, long-tailed marmot and Menzbier's marmot. Irbis is rare in reserve. Ibexes (numerous spesies) and wild sheep are main prey of the snow leopard. With the beginning of ibexes migration snow leopards follow them.
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Proskuryakov M.A. (1969). Almaty nature reserve.
Abstract: A description of the Almaty nature reserve is given and includes as follows: data of establishment, location, physic and geographic description, types of soils, climate, flora and fauna. In the nature reserve there are 39 mammals and 117 birds. Snow leopard, wild ibex, brown bear, lynx, wild boar, red deer, wolf, fox etc. inhabited in the nature reserve.
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Kovshar A.F. (1972). Soils. Plants and animals. Vertical zones.
Abstract: A description of the Aksu Jabagly nature reserve is given and includes as follows: data of establishment, location, physic and geographic description, types of soils, climate, flora and fauna. In the nature reserve there are 238 birds, 42 mammals, 9 reptiles and 2 fishes. Snow leopard inhabited in the nature reserve.
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Sludskiy A.A. (1973). Snow leopard or irbis Pantera (Uncia) uncia Schreber (1776) (Vol. Vol. 34. Hunting mammals of Kazakhstan).
Abstract: A detailed description of the snow leopard habitat in Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Pakistan, and India is given. Provided are data concerning its distribution and population size in the USSR, Kazakhstan and other neighbour countries, as well as its habitat, catching, and fur trade. Reduction of the snow leopard catching volumes for zoological trade to 10 or less animals is recommended to preserve the species; establish two new highland nature reserves; improve the management of snow leopard raising in captivity.
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Syroyechkovskiy E.E. (1975). Kazakhstan and Central Asia.
Abstract: Common features, origin, and landscape and zonal peculiarities of fauna in Kazakhstan and Central Asia are described. This region is part of the Mediterranean and Central Asia sub-zone of Golarctic, while north-eastern part of Kazakhstan is incorporated in the Round-boreal sub-zone. The main features of nature (sharply continental climate, vast valleys and well-marked zoning combined with a sophisticated system of vertical mountain zoning) stipulate the abundance and diversity of fauna. There are over 100 fish species, some 100 reptile and amphibian species, about 500 bird and 160 mammal species here. Snow leopard can be found in Kazakhstan's part of the Altai, in the Tien Shan and Pamir mountains.
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Zhiryakov V.A. (1976). Ibex. Rare ungulate species of the Almaty nature reserve and their protection.
Abstract: Collected are data on rare ungulates in the Almaty nature reserve in 1968-1973. Since recently the population of goitered gazelle has dropped sharply and is now 20-30 animals per seven ha. The nature reserve shall be expanded in order to protect the animals. Argali inhabits a desert area in the mountains of Greater and Lesser Kalkana. Argali sometimes migrates outside the nature reserve. Ibex inhabits a mountainous part of the nature reserve, its population being 10-13 animals per 1,000 ha. Predators have negligible impact on the ibex population (12.5 percent of deaths), which is preyed on solely by snow leopard and wolf.
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Strautman Ye.I.Bekenov A. (1978). Rare and endangered vertebrate animas of Kazakhstan, and their protection.
Abstract: In Kazakhstan, there are 158 mammal species, 485 bird species, 52 reptile and 12 amphibian species, and about 150 fish species, of which 31 mammal species, 43 bird species, eight reptile, one amphibian and four fish species need protection. Snow leopard is referred to endangered species. Six nature reserves and 43 preserves have been established to protect rare and endangered animal and plant species in Kazakhstan.
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Grachev Yu.A. (1978). Snow leopard, or irbis Uncia uncia (Vol. Part 1. Vertebrate animals.).
Abstract: Snow leopard is rare and endangered species. At present it is met in Tien Shan and the spurs: in the ridges of Pskem, Ugam, Karjantau, Talas, Kyrgyz, Zailiyskiy, Ketmene, Kungei Alatau, Terskey Alatau, as well as Jungar Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saure, and Altai. In 19th century, snow leopard used to be met in the Karatau ridge (the Syrdarya ridge). Over the last two decades population of snow leopard reduced due to increased development of mountainous areas and reduction of wild animal populations (ibex, argali, morals, marmots, etc.). In Kazakhstan, snow leopard is protected in the Aksu-Djabagly and Alma-Ata nature reserves.
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Elkin K.F. (1979). Predatory mammals in the Eastern Kazakhstan.
Abstract: There are 20 predatory mammal species in eastern Kazakhstan, three of which disappeared (tiger, dhole, raccoon), five are endangered (snow leopard, wild cat, manul, marbled polecat, and stone marten). Snow leopard is not met in the South Altai and Tarbagatai each year.
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Satimbekov R. (1979). Nature reserves of Kazakhstan and protection of rare predatory animal species.
Abstract: There are 20 snow leopards in the Aksu-Djabagly nature reserve, and three four families in the Alma-Ata nature reserve. Single snow leopards are known to be met in the Markakol nature reserve.
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Fedosenko A.K. (1979). Relationship between the predators and wild ungulates in North Tien Shan and Jungar Alatau.
Abstract: Ibex is a main prey for snow leopards. The role of marmots and snow cocks in snow leopard's consumption is negligent. It can prey on morals in the fir-wood. A case of snow leopard's attacking a dog is also known.
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Zhiryakov V.A. (1979). The influence of large predators on wild mammal populations in the Almaty nature reserve.
Abstract: There are following large predators in the Almaty nature reserve: wolf (5-6), snow leopard (single occasions), Turkistan lynx (single occasions), and Tien Shan brown bear (15-20). The share of wild mammals (roe-deer, ibex, wild boar, argali, gazelle, moral, and badger) being eaten by predators is 18.2 percent, about 60 percent of the entire prey falling to the share of wolf.
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Rashek V.A. (1980). The Chatkal State nature reserve. Aksu Jabagly nature reserve.
Abstract: It describes history of the Chatkal and Aksu Jabagly nature reserves' establishment and provides data concerning hydrography, soils, climate, landscapes, altitude zoning, flora and fauna, and main aspects of scientific work.
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Yazan Yu.P. (1980). The Almaty state nature reserve.
Abstract: History of the Alma-Ata nature reserve establishment, its location physical and geographic data, climate, and vegetation zones are described. Fauna of the protected area is represented by 64 mammal species, and about 200 bird species. Briefly described are behavioural patterns of roe deer, moral, wild boar, Siberian ibex, snow leopard, lynx, brown bear, and marten, and other mammals of the mountainous area.
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Tsherbakov B.V. (1982). About rare and endangered mammal species in the East Kazakhstan region.
Abstract: Given is data concerning numbers and distribution of yellow lemming on the Korjun cape and in the Karakas tract; dhole in the tundra zoneof the Azu-Tau ridge (South Alati) between Matabay and Urunkhaikoy, in the Salkanchok mountains; concering an encounter with snow leopard (March 25, 1981) in the upper river Bukhtarma near eastern extremity of the South Altai ridge, and argali in the mountain group Kalby-Baicha, the Taldy, Koktau, Monraka mountains (an area between Kusty and Kizil-Gain), near summit Shorbas.
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Berezovikov N.N. (1982). Rare and endangered birds and animals of South Altai.
Abstract: This article describes distribution of snow leopard (Uncia uncia), argali (Ovis ammon), dhole (Cyon alpinus), and manul (Felis manul) in South Altai. Nine encounters with snow leopard and its traces were registered in 1966 1980, including two facts of catching and one of shooting the animal.
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Sludsky A.A. (1982). Genus Snow leopard Uncia Gray, 1854. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreber, 1775 (Vol. Vol. III, Part 2.).
Abstract: Snow leopard is rare and extinctive species that have scientific and aesthetic significance. The features of genus Uncia and species Uncia uncia are described. Also distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, infections and parasites, enemies and competitors, number and number fluctuation, practical value of snow leopard in the Kazakhstan are given.
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Kovshar A.F. (1982). A problem of conservation of rare and endangered vertebrate animals in the mountains of southeast Kazakhstan.
Abstract: Of 27 vertebrate animal species inhabiting the mountains of southeastern Kazakhstan and included in the Red Data Book of the USSR (1978) and Red Data Book of Kazakhstan (1978), 11 are mammals (free-toiled bat, Menzbier's marmot, dhole, Tien Shan brown bear, stone marten, otter, Turkistan lynx, snow leopard, manul, and argali). Snow leopard is met in the nature reserves Aksu Jabagly and Almaty. In the Almaty nature reserve snow leopard migrates outside the protected area following the ungulates. The extension of the nature reserve would improve the protection.
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Kovshar A.F. (1982). A problem of rare and endangered animal species in Kazakhstan.
Abstract: The Red Book of the Kazakh SSR includes 91 rare and endangered vertebrate animal species: 30 mammal, 48 bird, eight reptile, one amphibian, and four fish species. 26 species (Menzbier's marmot, marten species, lynx, snow leopard, and other species) became rare because of a direct anthropogenic pressure. The prohibition of hunting, conservation and rehabilitation of their habitats, reproduction in enclosures and preservation of some species' genomes is a way that would conserve rare species, the authors believe.
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