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Ruedi, D.; Heldstab, A.; Wiesner, H.; Keller, P. |
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Title |
Liver cirrhosis in the snow leopard (Uncia uncia): Case histories of three animals and suggestion of some diagnostic possibilities |
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Book Chapter |
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1978 |
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International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
1 |
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113-129 |
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captive; Cirrhosis; diagnostic; history; International; Liver; pedigree; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; zoo |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
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Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1039 |
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835 |
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Author |
Schaller, G. |
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Title |
Saving China's Wildlife |
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Journal Article |
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1990 |
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International Wildlife |
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1 |
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2 |
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30-41 |
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China; conservation; browse; 3210 |
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SLN @ rana @ 166 |
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857 |
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Author |
Shnitnikov V.N. |
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Title |
Rocks and taluses. Alpine meadows. Economic value of local animals |
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Miscellaneous |
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1934 |
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Part. 1. South Kazakhstan. |
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86-88 |
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Kazakhstan; mountains; fauna; mammals; snow leopard.; 8140; Russian |
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It reviews fauna of rocks, taluses, and alpine meadows of South Kazakhstan. The most typical mammal of rocks and taluses are picas (I¤hotona rutila and I. macrotis), ibex (¥…dr… sibirica), and snow leopard (Felis irbis). Besides, snow leopard, along with Tien Shan bear (Ursus l†u¤Œn¢o), ibex, mountain wolf (¥uŒn alpinus) and others, is met in the alpine meadow zone. Zoo-export of snow leopards to the zoos does not result in extermination of the animals but generates income. Various animal species are subject to trade as zoos do not limit their collections with some specific species or groups; quite the contrary they are interested in obtaining each species. Valuable animals exported from Kazakhstan are tiger, snow leopard, Tien-Shan bear, argali, and mountain wolf. The latter costs 1,000 roubles in gold, and argali even 1,500 roubles. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 792 |
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885 |
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Author |
Vashetko E.V. |
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Title |
On the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates inhabiting Hissar Nature Reserve |
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1996 |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Issue 1. |
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35-43 |
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Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; fauna; vertebrates; amphibians; reptiles; mammals; lizards; snakes; insectivores; bats; carnivores; ungulates; rodents; lagomorphs; species composition; biodiversity assessment; snow leopard.; 8460; Russian |
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The data on the species composition, numbers and distribution of the terrestrial vertebrates over territory Hissar nature reserve are discussed. About 60 species of amphibians, reptiles and mammals have been recorded in the reserve as a result of our own researches and the analyses of communication. There were recorded 5-7 individuals of snow leopard in Kyzylsu site of nature reserve and 15 individuals in Miraki site of nature reserve in 1979-1981. |
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Full text available in Russian.Journal Title: Proceeding of Nature Reserves in Uzbekistan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 823 |
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981 |
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Author |
Weilenmann, P. |
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Title |
First experiences in keeping snow leopards in the Zurich Zoo |
Type |
Book Chapter |
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Year |
1978 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
1 |
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35-43 |
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International; pedigree; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1042 |
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1013 |
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Author |
Zheleznyakov D.F. |
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Title |
Order Predators |
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Miscellaneous |
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1958 |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Edition 1. |
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110-112 |
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Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; mammals; snow leopard.; 8720; Russian |
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Data about distribution of stone marten, ermine, weasel, badger, bear, wolf, fox, and snow leopard in the Chatkal nature reserve is provided. In Tien Shan, snow leopard is not a rare species, and even a rather common species in some places. In the nature reserve, snow leopard was observed near the mountain Kurgan-Tash in 1948. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceeding of the mountain-forest state nature reserve. |
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SLN @ rana @ 849 |
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1076 |
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Author |
Zhiryakov V.A. |
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Title |
Ecology and behavior of the Snow leopard in Kazakhstan |
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Miscellaneous |
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2002 |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
N 1-4. |
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184-199 |
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Kazakhstan; distribution; number; density; population size; habitats; marking; Migration; diet; prey species; hunting; faeces; Sex; Age; population dynamics; reproductive activity; competitors; mortality; snow leopard.; 8810; Russian |
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The data on spreading, numbers and population density of snow leopard in Kazakhstan are given in this article. The total number of the snow leopard in Kazakhstan is evaluated in 100-110 individuals. The everywhere occurred numbers' reduction under the influence of the anthropogenic factors is observed. The snow leopard' inhabitation area varies from 20 to 120 square kilometers depending on its regions. Sex and composition of the population and its aggregative behavior are given. The dynamics of numbers and mortality are estimated. |
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Full text available in Russian.Journal Title: Selevinia. The zoological journal of Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 858 |
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1087 |
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LI. J, WANG. D, YIN. H,ZHAXI. D, JIAGONG. Z,SCHALLER. G. B,MISHRA. C,MCCARTHY. T. M, WANG. H,WU. L,XIAO. L,BASANG. L,ZHANG. Y,ZHOU. Y,LU. Z |
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Title |
Role of Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries in Snow Leopard Conservation |
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2013 |
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Conservation Biology |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
00 |
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1-8 |
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conservation strategy, distribution, MaxEnt, nature reserve, Panthera uncia, sacred mountain |
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The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) inhabits the rugged mountains in 12 countries of Central Asia,
including the Tibetan Plateau. Due to poaching, decreased abundance of prey, and habitat degradation, it was listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 1972. Current conservation strategies, including nature reserves and incentive programs, have limited capacities to protect snow leopards. We investigated the role of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in snow leopard conservation in the Sanjiangyuan region in China’s Qinghai Province on the Tibetan Plateau. From 2009 to 2011, we systematically surveyed snow leopards in the Sanjiangyuan region. We used the MaxEnt model to determine the relation of their presence to environmental variables (e.g., elevation, ruggedness) and to predict snow leopard distribution. Model results showed 89,602 km2 of snow leopard habitat in the Sanjiangyuan region, of which 7674 km2 lay within Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve’s core zones. We analyzed the spatial relation between snow leopard habitat and Buddhist monasteries and found that 46% of monasteries were located in snow leopard habitat and 90% were within 5 km of snow leopard habitat. The 336 monasteries in the Sanjiangyuan region could protect more snow leopard habitat (8342 km2) through social norms and active patrols than the nature reserve’s core zones. We conducted 144 household interviews to identify local herders’ attitudes and behavior toward snow leopards and other wildlife. Most local herders claimed that they did not kill wildlife, and 42% said they did not kill wildlife because it was a sin in Buddhism. Our results indicate monasteries play an important role in snow leopard conservation. Monastery-based snow leopard conservation could be extended to other Tibetan Buddhist regions that in total would encompass about 80% of the global range of snow leopards. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1400 |
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Suryawanshi, K. R., Bhatia, S., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Redpath, S., Mishra, C |
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Title |
Multiscale Factors Affecting Human Attitudes toward Snow Leopards and Wolves |
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2014 |
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Conservation biology |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
00 |
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1-10 |
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Canis lupus, carnivore, human–wildlife conflicts, Panthera uncia, wildlife acceptance |
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The threat posed by large carnivores to livestock and humans makes peaceful coexistence between
them difficult. Effective implementation of conservation laws and policies depends on the attitudes of local
residents toward the target species. There are many known correlates of human attitudes toward carnivores,
but they have only been assessed at the scale of the individual. Because human societies are organized hierarchically, attitudes are presumably influenced by different factors at different scales of social organization, but this scale dependence has not been examined.We used structured interview surveys to quantitatively assess the attitudes of a Buddhist pastoral community toward snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and wolves (Canis lupus).
We interviewed 381 individuals from 24 villages within 6 study sites across the high-elevation Spiti Valley in
the Indian Trans-Himalaya. We gathered information on key explanatory variables that together captured
variation in individual and village-level socioeconomic factors.We used hierarchical linear models to examine how the effect of these factors on human attitudes changed with the scale of analysis from the individual to the community. Factors significant at the individual level were gender, education, and age of the respondent (for wolves and snow leopards), number of income sources in the family (wolves), agricultural production, and large-bodied livestock holdings (snow leopards). At the community level, the significant factors included the number of smaller-bodied herded livestock killed by wolves and mean agricultural production (wolves) and village size and large livestock holdings (snow leopards). Our results show that scaling up from the individual to higher levels of social organization can highlight important factors that influence attitudes of people toward wildlife and toward formal conservation efforts in general. Such scale-specific information can help managers apply conservation measures at appropriate scales. Our results reiterate the need for conflict management programs to be multipronged. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1417 |
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Manati, A.R. |
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Fur trade of large cats and the question of the subspecies status of leopards in Afghanistan (Der Handel mit Fellen von Grosskatzen und die Abklärung der Unterartenfrage beim |
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2008 |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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125 |
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fur trade, genetics, leopard, Panthera pardus, snow leopard, subspecies, Uncia uncia |
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Over a time of four years the bazars of Afghanistan were surveyed for furs of spotted wild cats, in particular leopards and snow leopards. In 2004 in Kabul a total of 28 furs of leopards were purchased by shopkeepers and 21 sold at an average price of 825 $. In the same year 25 furs of snow leopards were purchased and 19 sold to clients at an average price of 583 $. In 2006 at a single inspection double as many furs of leopards were found to be offered for sale in comparison to the whole year of 2004. Also prices had increased over the two years by 20 % to an average of 1037 $. Similarly the number of furs of snow leopards at 21 pieces was higher than in 2004, and the prices had increased to an average of 652 $. In 2007 investigations rendered more difficult, because the authorities had started to control the fur trade, and the results are not unequivocal. Clients were without any exception foreigners.
Surveys in 2004 in Mazar-e-Sharif, Kunduz, Takhar and Faiz Abad, in 2006 additionally in Baharak and Iskashem in the province of Badakhshan, revealed a regular trade in furs of spotted cats, however not as extensive as in Kabul. The most interesting finding was a fur of a cheetah in Mazar-e-Sharif, the first record of this species after 35 years.
From the surveys can be concluded that leopards still exist in the whole range of its distribution area in Afghanistan. However they don't allow any conclusion on the population size and its threat by hunting. In contrast to the leopard there exists a recent estimation of the population size of the snow leopard, saying that there are still 100 to 200 snow leopards living in Afghanistan. On the basis of these figures as well as the numbers of furs traded annually a Population and Habitat Viability Analysis was conducted. The result of this analysis is alarming. It has to be assumed that the snow leopard will be extinct in Afghanistan within the next ten years. To improve the protection of spotted cats in Afghanistan it needs both, a better implementation of the existing legislation as well as an awareness campaign among potential clients, i. e. foreigners living in Afghanistan.
The second part of this thesis deals with the question of subspecies of leopards in Afghanistan. Out of the 27 subspecies described four are believed to exist in Afghanistan. However, according to a molecularbiological revision of the species there occurs only one subspecies in Afghanistan, Panthera pardus saxicolor. To clarify the subspecies question various measures of furs had been taken in the bazars. The results revealed that the leopards in Afghanistan are the biggest of its species. However a further differentiation according to the area of origin within the country was not possible. Also the traditional differentiation on the basis of colours and patterns on the furs was not possible.
In contrast to the molecularbiological investigations published not only samples of zoo animals were available in this study but also samples from the wild. The own results confim that almost all leopards from Afghanistan and Iran belong to one and the same subspecies, P. p. saxicolor. Only in the most eastern part of Afghanistan, the Indian leopard, Panthera pardus fusca, can be found. The International Studbook for the Persian Leopard was analysed. The whole population derives from a few founder animals, which were imported in the midth fifties from Iran and in the late sixties from Afghanistan. To avoid inbreeding later on the Iranian and the Afghan lines were mixed. A female imported in 1968 from Kabul to Cologne is represented in each of the more than 100 today living animals.Mixing the two lines subsequently is justified by the genetic results of this study. Recently acquired animals from the Caucasus, however, should be tested genetically before integrating them into the zoo population. |
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University of Köln |
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Germany |
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German |
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SLN @ rana @ |
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1123 |
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