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| Author | Kuznetzov B.A. | ||||
| Title | The cat family. The province of Central Asia mountains. The West Tien Shan area | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1948 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume  |
Issue | Pages | 92-97 | ||
| Keywords | Kyrgyzstan; distribution; snow leopard.; 7500; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | It provides description of geographical distribution, habitats, behavior, and food of the cat family species in Kyrgyzstan (tiger, snow leopard, lynx, manul). It also provides zoogeographical description of Kyrgyzstan (zoogeographical zoning, landscape, fauna complexes), and zoning of Central Asia's mountainous areas. Snow leopard is met in the East Tien Shan, West Tien Shan, East Pamir, and Tajikistan mountainous areas. In Kyrgyzstan, snow leopard is distributed in highlands of the Talas Ala-Tau. Terskey Ala-Tau, Kyrgyz, Fergana, Alai and Zaalai ridges. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in Russian Journal Title: Animals of Kyrgyzstan. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 728 | Serial | 603 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Kuznetzov B.A. | ||||
| Title | Materials on mammal fauna in Central Asia. Central Asian mountainous province | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1963 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume |
Issue | Pages | 116-121 | ||
| Keywords | Central Asia; mountains; fauna; snow leopard; distribution.; 7520; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | It provides a list of mammals of Central Asia (species and sub-species) indicating their main habitats, and undertakes an attempt to zone fauna of Central Asia based on data collected by the world science community concerning distribution of various mammal species over the country. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schr. was indicated to inhabit the mountains of Central Asia. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biology, biogeography, and taxonomy of mammals in the USSR. Proceeding of MOIP. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 730 | Serial | 604 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Kyes, R.; Chalise, M.K. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Study Summary 2003, Langtang National Park, Nepal | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume |
Issue | Pages | 1-7 | ||
| Keywords | snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; study; Langtang; national; national park; National-park; park; Nepal; project; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program | ||||
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| Notes | Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1071 | Serial | 606 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Kyes, R.; Chalise, M.K. | ||||
| Title | Assessing the Status of the Snow Leopard Population in Langtang National Park, Nepal | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume |
Issue | Pages | 1-22 | ||
| Keywords | status; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; population; Langtang; national; national park; National-park; park; Nepal; project; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; biodiversity; research; study; Support; Islt; approach; Data; conservation; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; survey; distribution; abundance; prey; prey species; prey-species; species; populations; programs; local; sign; pugmarks; scats; scat; primary; Himalayan; areas; area; Response; Pressure; domestic; domestic livestock; livestock; grazing | ||||
| Abstract | This project is part of an ongoing snow leopard study established in 2003 with support from the ISLT. The study involves a multifaceted approach designed to provide important baseline data on the status of the snow leopard population in Langtang National Park (LNP), Nepal and to generate long-term support and commitment to the conservation of snow leopards in the park. The specific aims include: 1) conducting a population survey of the snow leopards in LNP, focusing on distribution and abundance; 2) assessing the status of prey species populations in the park; and 3) providing educational outreach programs on snow leopard conservation for local school children (K-8) living in the park. During the 2004 study period, snow leopard signs were observed (including pugmarks and scats) although somewhat fewer than in 2003. Similarly, the average herd size of the snow leopards' primary prey species in LNP (the Himalayan thar) was a bit lower than in 2003. There is speculation that the thar populations and the snow leopards may be moving to more remotes areas of the park perhaps in response to increasing pressure from domestic livestock grazing. This possibility is being addressed during the 2005 study period. | ||||
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| Notes | Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program, 2004. University of Washington and Nepal Biodiversity Research Society/Tribhuvan University. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1072 | Serial | 607 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Lama, T.T. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Conservation Annual Progress Report | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | Nepal; conservation; Iunc; Wwf; management; Islt; field-study; field; study; Kanchenjunga; annapurna; parks; preserves; reserves; protected-area; habitat; workshops; monitoring; browse; 4170; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; status; Report | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available at URLAuthor Role: Program OfficerAuthor Affiliation: WWF Nepal ProgramTitle, Analytic: Snow Leopard Conservation Annual Progress Report.ProCite field [12]: (2000-20001) | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 405 | Serial | 608 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Laptev M.K. | ||||
| Title | The cats – Felidae | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1929 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume |
Issue I. | Issue | Pages | 55-60 | |
| Keywords | Central Asia; Felidae; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution.; 7550; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | It describes identification features of the Felidae family species (ItŒ¤ŒlŒbus, A¤inŒn¢o, L¢no, Oigris, D…rdus, Uncia, r†m…†lurus, ¥…a…¤…l, ¥atolynx, Felis): colour, body size and skull length, length of limbs, presence or absence of ear-brushes, cheek-bones width, nasal bones, palatine bone, rapacious tooth, and acoustical capsules. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Central Asia mammals Guide (insectivorous, bats, predators, and ungulates). | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 733 | Serial | 611 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Laptev M.K. | ||||
| Title | The cats – Felidae | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1936 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume |
Issue V. | Issue | Pages | 77-82 | |
| Keywords | Turkmenistan; Kopet-Dag; Felidae; taxonomy; snow leopard.; 7560; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | An identification table for genus and species of Felidae family of Turkmenistan is given. The following features are used: colour, pattern, teeth formula, skull measurements, and sizes of body, head, and tail. The presence of snow leopard for Kopet-Dag is indicated. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Guide of vertebrate species of Turkmen SSR. Mammals. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 734 | Serial | 612 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Lavrov N.P. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopard, or irbis | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1985 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume |
Issue | Pages | 58-60 | ||
| Keywords | Ussr; Russia; Red Data book; snow leopard; status; distribution; number; life history characteristics; conservation measures.; 7570; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopard Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775, has status I, that is rare, non-numerous and endangered species. Information about its distribution, habitats, biology, number, existing and required conservation measures in the RSFSR and USSR is provided. Total population in the USSR is 800 1,000 animals. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the RSFSR. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 735 | Serial | 613 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Lesnyak A.P. | ||||
| Title | Cats in Uzbekistan's fur trade | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1984 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume |
Issue | Pages | 57-64 | ||
| Keywords | Uzbekistan; rare species; Cats; species range; diet; hunting; pelts; poaching; snow leopard.; 7580; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Data of distribution, food, and fur trade of Felidae (North Persian leopard, snow leopard, caracal, Turkestan lynx, manul, Turkestan steppe cat, jungle cat [chaus], sand cat) in Uzbekistan is given. Snow leopard is an object of illegal hunting. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Hunting and nature protection in Uzbekistan. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 736 | Serial | 615 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Loginov O. | ||||
| Title | Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Kazakhstan | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume |
Issue | Pages | 39-41 | ||
| Keywords | Kazakhstan; number; distribution; threats; protected areas; conservation activity; snow leopard.; 7590; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopards are to be found in the most extreme eastern, southeastern and southern mountainous regions, including the Altai. Saur, Tarbagatai. Dzhungarian, Alatau, Northern and Western Tian-Shan ranges. The snow leopard or irbis is the most rare in eastern Kazakstan in the ranges of Katunskie Belki, South Altai, Kurchumski, Sarymsakty, Saur and Tarbagatai. Total snow leopard population in Kazakstan is estimated at no more than 100-110 animals, including 20-25 in the central part of the Zailisky-Alatau. Although there are nine protected areas in Kazakstan, snow leopards are only regularly reported from the Aksu-Dzhabagly and Almaty reserves and occasionally in Markakolsky Reserve. The major threats to the species include: Deliberate poaching with the aim of selling the valuable fur of the snow leopard; habitat loss resulting from the expansion of human activity in its mountain habitat, and deliberate or retaliatory killing by shepherds in response to predation upon livestock. |
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 737 | Serial | 623 | ||
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| Author | Lukarevskiy V.S. | ||||
| Title | Peculiarities of communicative behavior of leopard, irbis, lynx, and caracal | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume |
Issue | Pages | 200 | ||
| Keywords | Felidae; communicative behavioral; leopard; snow leopard; Lynx; caracal.; 7600; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | It gives the description of communicative behavioral system (visual, olfactory and vocal elements) for two groups of large Felidae species such as leopard-irbis and lynx-caracal. General and specific behavioral regularities are given. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Russia and neighbouring countries. Proceedings of the conference. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 738 | Serial | 627 | ||
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| Author | Mackay, C. | ||||
| Title | Open season on snow leopard and HK could catch the flak | Type | Newspaper Article | ||
| Year | 1987 | Publication | Unknown | Abbreviated Journal | |
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| Keywords | Hong Kong; hunting; snow leopard | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 972 | Serial | 634 | ||
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| Author | Mainka, S.A. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopard surgery | Type | Magazine Article | ||
| Year | 1986 | Publication | Calgary Zoo Newsletter | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
Issue | Pages | 10-10 | ||
| Keywords | snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; surgery; zoo; veterinary; veterinary service | ||||
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| Notes | Dr. Sue Mainka, Veterinary Services. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 996 | Serial | 637 | ||
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| Author | Marma, B.B.; Yunchis, V.V. | ||||
| Title | Observations on the breeding, management and physiology of Snow leopards (Panthera u. uncia) at Kaunas Zoo from 1962 to 1967 | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 1968 | Publication | Canids and Felids in Captivity | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
Issue | Pages | 66-73 | ||
| Keywords | observations; breeding; management; physiology; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; panthera; uncia; zoo; felids; captivity | ||||
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| Publisher | Zoological Society of London | Place of Publication | Editor | Jarvis, C.; Biegler, R. | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1004 | Serial | 649 | ||
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| Author | McCarthy, T. | ||||
| Title | Update: Mongolia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Snow Line | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
Xii | Issue | 1 | Pages | 3-4 |
| Keywords | conservation; ecology; Mongolia; snow leopard | ||||
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| Publisher | International Snow Leopard Trust | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 239 | Serial | 654 | ||
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| Author | McCarthy, T. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Conservation Plan for the Republic of Mongolia | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | Mongolia; conservation; legal-status; Iunc; Cites; distribution; status; Altay; gobi; parks; preserves; habitat; reserves; refuge; protected-area; poaching; hunting; trade; furs; pelts; skins; coats; bones; trapping; livestock; herders; killing; habitat-fragmentation; threats; Disease; prey; diet; Mne; laws; education; management; Macne; Wwf; Islt; regulations; monitoring; Slims; tourism; conflict; browse; legal status; legal; protected; area; fragmentation; world wildlife fund; international snow leopard trust; 3890 | ||||
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| Notes | Full Text Available at URL: DRAFT | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 366 | Serial | 657 | ||
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| Author | McCarthy, T. | ||||
| Title | Re: Snow leopard conservation plan for Mongolia | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume |
Issue | Pages | 1-18 | ||
| Keywords | snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; snow-leopard-conservation-plan; leopard; conservation; conservation plan; plan; Mongolia; Report; Wwf | ||||
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| Notes | Consultant's report to WWF | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 973 | Serial | 660 | ||
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| Author | McCarthy, T. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Conservation Comes of Age | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | Mongolia; snow-leopard-conservation-plan; slcp; conservation; knitting-for-snow-leopards; education; herders; conflict; livestock; prey; David-Shepard-Conservation-Foundation; WWF-Mongolia; browse; snow; leopard; plan; knitting; foundation; Dscf; Wwf; 3860 | ||||
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| Notes | Full Text at URL Published in Cat News, 2000 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 382 | Serial | 661 | ||
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| Author | McCarthy, T. | ||||
| Title | Ecology and Conservation of Snow Leopards, Gobi Brown Bears, and Wild Bactrian Camels in Mongolia | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | snow leopard; Uncia uncia; Mongolia; radio-collar; habitat use; movements; ecology; wild camel; brown bear; 5340 | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopard ecology, distribution and abundance in Mongolia were studied between 1993 and 1999. I placed VHF and satellite radio-collars on 4 snow leopards, 2 males and 2 females, to determine home ranges, habitat use, movements, and activity. Home ranges of snow leopards in Mongolia were substantially larger than reported elsewhere. Males ranged over 61 – 142 km2 and female 58 to 1,590 km2. Cats had crepuscular activity patterns with daily movements averaging 5.1 km. Intraspecific distances averaged 1.3 km for males to 7.8 km for males. Leopards selected moderately to very-broken habitat with slopes > 20o, in areas containing ibex. Leopard distribution and abundance was determined using sign surveys. Leopard range in Mongolia is approximately 103,000 km2 but cats are not uniformly distributed within that range. High-density areas include the eastern and central Transaltai Gobi and the northern Altai ranges. Relative leopard densities compared well with relative ibex densities on a regional basis. A snow leopard conservation plan was drafted for Mongolia that identifies problems and threats, and provides an action plan. Wild Bactrian camels occur in the Great Gobi National Park (GGNP) and are thought to be declining due to low recruitment. I surveyed camels by jeep and at oases, observing 142 (4.2% young) and 183 (5.3% young) in 1997 and 1998. Current range was estimated at 33,300 km2. Some winter and calving ranges were recently abandoned. Track sizes and tooth ages from skulls were used to assess demographics. A deterministic model was produced that predicts camel extinction within 25 to 50 years under current recruitment rates and population estimates. Gobi brown bears are endemic to Mongolia and may number less than 35. Three population isolates may occur. I collected genetic material from bears at oases using hair traps. Microsatellite analyses of nuclear DNA determined sixteen unique genotypes, only two of which occurred at more than one oases. Genetic diversity was very low with expected heterozygosity = 0.32, and alleles per locus = 2.3. Mitochondrial DNA sequences were compared to other clades of brown bear and found to fall outside of all known lineages. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
| Publisher | University of Massachusetts, Amherst | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 519 | Serial | 663 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | McCarthy, T. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Survival Strategy | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | snow; leopard; strategy; survival; conservation; network; poaching; community; community-based; Pra; participatory; rural; assessment; threat; threats; leopards; trafficking; Slss; 5150 | ||||
| Abstract | The Snow Leopard Survival Strategy (SLSS) is a blueprint to guide the work of organizations and individuals working to conserve the endangered snow leopard. The SLSS was drafted in a collaborative fashion and includes the input of more than 65 of the world's leaders in snow leopard research and conservation. Implementation of the SLSS is overseen by the Snow Leopard Network (SLN), a partnership of organizations and individuals from government and private sectors who work together for the effective conservation of the snow leopard, its prey, and its natural habitat to the benefit of people and biodiversity | ||||
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| Publisher | International Snow Leopard Trust; Snow Leopard Network | Place of Publication | Seattle, WA | Editor | |
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
| Series Editor | McCarthy, T. and C.G. | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | ||
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| Notes | Author, Subsidiary: Allen, P.; Chapron, G.; Fox, J.; Jackson, R.; Mishra, C.; Theile, S.Date of Copyright: 2003 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 500 | Serial | 664 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | McCarthy, T.M.; Chapron, G. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Survival Strategy | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | snow leopard; survival; threats; conservation; action; research; 5350 | ||||
| Abstract | I. SNOW LEOPARD: REVIEW OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND STATUS This Snow Leopard Survival Strategy (SLSS) was undertaken to provide comprehensive conservation and research guidelines to ensure a range-wide coordinated effort in the fi ght to save the endangered snow leopard and had the following specific goals: Assess and prioritize threats to snow leopard survival on a geographic basis. Defi ne and prioritize conservation, education, and policy measures appropriate to alleviate threats. Prioritize subjects for snow leopard research and identify viable or preferred research methods. Build a network of concerned scientists and conservationists to facilitate open dialogue and cross-border cooperation. Gain consensus on a fundamental Snow Leopard Survival Strategy document that will be made available to the range states to aid conservation planning at national and local levels. The highly participatory process started with a survey of specialists designed to gather information on perceived threats to snow leopards, appropriate actions to address threats, knowledge gaps, protected area status, policy and law issues, impediments to achieving conservation of snow leopards, and cultural relevance of snow leopards. Drafts of a Strategy were circulated and then the Snow Leopard Survival Summit was convened in Seattle, USA from 21-26 May 2002 and was attended by 58 of the specialists to debate issues and refi ne the Strategy. This SLSS document is the end product of that process. Background on the snow leopard The snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is a member of the Felidae subfamily Pantherinae and on the basis of morphology and behavior it is placed alone in a separate genus. They are found in 12 countries across Central Asia (China, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Mongolia). China contains as much as 60% of the snow leopard's potential habitat. Inaccessible and difficult terrain, along with the secretive nature of this rare cat helps account for the fact that large parts of its range have yet to be surveyed. Between 4,500 and 7,350 snow leopards are thought to occur within a total potential habitat area of 1,835,000 km2. Snow leopards are generally solitary and mating usually occurs between late January and midMarch, and one to five cubs are born after a gestation period of 93 to 110 days, generally in June or July. Snow leopards are closely associated with the alpine and subalpine ecological zones, preferring broken, rocky terrain with vegetation that is dominated by shrubs or grasses. Home range size and shape is not well known. The home range size of five snow leopards in prime habitat in Nepal ranged from 12 to 39 km2, with substantial overlap between individuals and sexes. In Mongolia, where food resources may be scarcer, home ranges of both males and females exceeded 400 km2. Snow leopards are opportunistic predators capable of killing prey up to three times their own weight. They will also take small prey such as marmot or chukar partridge. In general, their most commonly taken prey consists of wild sheep and goats (including blue sheep, Asian ibex, markhor, and argali). Adult snow leopards kill a large prey animal every 10-15 days, and remained on the kill for an average of 3-4 days, and sometimes up to a week. Predation on livestock can be significant, which often results in retribution killing by herders. Snow Leopards are listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List in that they do not meet the standards of Critically Endangered but are projected to decline by 50% or more over next 3 generations due to potential levels of exploitation (trade in pelts/bones and conflict with livestock), and due to declining: 1) area of occupancy, 2) extent of occurrence, and 3) quality of habitat (prey depletion). They appear in Appendix I of both CITES and the Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). Snow Leopards are protected nationally over most of its range, with the probable exception of Afghanistan. However, in some countries the relevant legislation may not always be very effective, e.g. because penalties are too low to function as deterrent, or they contain some significant loopholes. II. THREATS AND CONSERVATION ACTIONS Regional Assessment This document attempts to list and discuss the threats, conservation actions and information needs pertinent to snow leopard survival. However, these vary substantially across the vast extent of snow leopard range, so no prescription will be universally applicable. We used a regional approach and for purposes of grouping areas where conditions may be similar, we looked at geography, political boundaries, cultural/religious influences, and rural livelihoods. Within that framework we defined four broad regions: Himalaya (HIMLY), Karakorum/Hindu Kush (KK/HK), Commonwealth of Independent States and W. China (CISWC), The Northern Range of Russia, Mongolia and N. China (NRANG) SNOW LEOPARD SURVIVAL STRATEGY Threats to Snow Leopard Survival A key component of the SLSS process was to identify threats to long-term snow leopard survival across their range. The following list is the result of extensive consultations with stakeholders in Asia and the expert group at the SLSS Summit. Threats are grouped into four broad categories 1) Habitat and Prey related, 2) Direct Killing of Snow Leopards, 3) Policy and Awareness, and 4) Other Issues. List of Threats Category 1: Habitat and Prey Related 1.1 Habitat Degradation and Fragmentation 1.2 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Illegal Hunting 1.3 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Legal Hunting 1.4 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Competition with Livestock 1.5 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Disease 1.6 Fencing that Disrupts Natural Migration Category 2: Direct Killing or Removal of Snow Leopards 2.1 Killing of Snow Leopards in Retribution for Livestock depredation 2.2 Poaching Snow Leopards for Trade in Hides or Bones 2.3 Museum Collection of Live Animals 2.4 Traditional Hunting of Snow Leopards 2.5 Secondary Poisoning and Trapping of Snow Leopards 2.6 Diseases of Snow Leopards Category 3: Policy and Awareness 3.1 Lack of Appropriate Policy 3.2 Lack of Effective Enforcement 3.3 Lack of Trans-boundary Cooperation 3.4 Lack of Institutional Capacity 3.5 Lack of Awareness among Local People 3.6 Lack of Awareness among Policy Makers Category 4: Other Issues 4.1 War and Related Military Activities 4.2 Climate Change 4.3 Human Population Growth and Poverty (indirect threat) Potential Actions to Address Threats Several methods are identified and elaborated in this document and they include: Grazing Management: Promote livestock grazing practices that reduce impacts on native wildlife, in particular snow leopard prey species. Wildlife-based Ecotourism: Establishing wildlife based tourism that provides jobs and financial benefits to local people will add economic value to wildlife and create incentives to protect the resource. Cottage Industry: Provide income generation opportunities for communities in snow leopard habitat through handicraft manufacture and marketing opportunities with direct and transparent linkages to wildlife conservation via contracts that provides positive incentives for compliance. Ungulate Trophy Hunting Programs: Establish or restructure trophy hunting programs that are sustainable, well monitored and provide return to local people as an incentive to protect ungulates. Community co-management of hunting program should be encouraged where ever appropriate. Reducing Poaching and Trade in Snow Leopard Parts: Determine location, nature and extent of snow leopard poaching for trade and bring pressure, both legal and educational, to limit same. Reducing Livestock Depredation by Snow Leopards: Encourage livestock husbandry practices that reduce depredation by snow leopards and other predators. Animal Husbandry: Provide training in animal husbandry and veterinary care to improve monetary return at lower stock levels, limit exposure to predation, and reduce impacts on pasture and rangelands. Conservation Education and Awareness: Raise awareness of snow leopard conservation issues, concerns, need for action, legal matters, etc, through variety of media among different audiences. III. RESEARCH AND INFORMATION NEEDS During the process of listing the threats to snow leopards and the required conservation actions, a set of information needs was also identified. Hence, the list below encompasses the knowledge required to carry-out urgent conservation actions. Master List of Information Needs R.1 Snow leopard distribution and “hot spots” R.2 Snow leopard migration and dispersal routes R.3 Snow leopard population size R.4 Snow leopard population trends and factor responsible for changes R.5 Protected Area coverage extent and representation of habitats (gap analysis) R.6 Agents of habitat degradation and relative impacts R.7 Snow leopard prey relationships R.8 Prey species distribution and “hot spots” R.9 Prey population baseline and trends R.10 Dynamics of illegal ungulate hunting (sources, local need, uses, trade, etc.) R.11 Dynamics of legal ungulate harvest and baseline statistics (sex/age, effort, trophy size, etc.) R.12 Wild ungulate livestock interactions (competition) R.13 Ungulate disease type, areas of occurrence, prevalence, virulence, treatment R.14 Snow leopard poaching levels R.15 Illegal trade in wildlife parts market demand, sources and routes, value, etc. R.16 Livestock depredation rates SNOW LEOPARD SURVIVAL STRATEGY | xi R.17 Livestock depredation causes R.18 Grazing pressure and range conditions R.19 Snow leopard disease type, areas of occurrence, prevalence, virulence, treatment R.20 Snow leopard home-range size and habitat use R.21 Snow leopard social structure and behavior R.22 Snow leopard population genetics R.23 Snow leopard food habits R.24 Snow leopard relationship to other predators R.25 Economic valuation of snow leopards R.26 Snow leopard monitoring techniques development/improvement R.27 Socio-economic profiling of herder communities in snow leopard habitat R.28 Methods to alleviate impacts of war R.29 Livestock and human population status and trends R.30 Analysis of existing policies and laws R.31 Human attitudes to snow leopards IV. COUNTRY ACTION PLANNING The SLSS should be seen as a tool to aid in the development of country-specifi c Action Plans. In general Action Planning leaders should review the SLSS and then: Analyze the problems and choose the proper scale, Identify the key stakeholders and integrate them into the planning process at the beginning, (i.e. ensure a broadly participatory process), Choose a multi-level approach if the problems and stakeholders are particularly diverse, Seek to identify achievable and appropriate actions, Build monitoring of results into the Plan. The Action Planning process need not be done in a vacuum. The Snow Leopard Network (see below), can provide much needed assistance in terms of expertise and advice during the planning process. Collectively, the SLN membership has experience in nearly every area of snow leopard related conservation, research, education, and policy. They can be approached for assistance through the International Snow Leopard Trust, 4649 Sunnyside Ave. N., Suite 325, Seattle, Washington, 98103, USA, on their website http://www.snowleopard.org/sln/ or via email at <info@snowleopard.org>. V. TAKING THE SLSS FORWARD A key outcome of the SLSS Workshop was the creation of the Snow Leopard Network (SLN). The SLN is a partnership of organizations and individuals from government and private sector who work together for the effective conservation of the snow leopard, its prey, and their natural habitat to the benefi t of people and biodiversity. The initial members of the SLN are the specialist who worked together on the SLSS. Carrying the SLSS forward was the impetus for developing the Network. |
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| Publisher | International Snow Leopard Trust and Snow Leopard Network | Place of Publication | Seattle, USA | Editor | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 520 | Serial | 668 | ||
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| Author | Medvedev D.G. | ||||
| Title | Distribution and migration of the snow leopard in Baikal region | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume |
Issue | Pages | 218 | ||
| Keywords | Russia; Baikal region; distribution; Migration; snow leopard.; 7630; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | It provided description of snow leopard distribution in Eastern Sayan, South Transbaikalia and mountains of Baikal lake as well as its migratory ways within the region. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of the Russia and neighbouring countries. Proceedings of the conference. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 741 | Serial | 670 | ||
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| Author | Meiers, S.T. | ||||
| Title | Habitat use by captive puma (Felis concolor) and snow leopards (Pathera uncia) at the Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1992 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume |
Issue | Pages | 1-74 | ||
| Keywords | habitat; habitat use; use; captive; felis; Felis-concolor; concolor; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; uncia; park; zoo; 1990; observations; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; zoological; zoological gardens; zoological-gardens; gardens; behavior; species; Time budget; dens; Identity; Animals; Animal; non; Cats; cat; location; relief | ||||
| Abstract | Between May 1990 and January 1991, behavioral observations were made of two captive pumas (Felis concolor Linnaeus), and two captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia Schreber) in their outdoor exhibits at the Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens, Chicago, Illinois. Behaviors compared within and between species included: 1) time spend in the different habitat types; 2) time budgets for the different behaviors: laying, moving, sitting, standing, crouching, in the tree, drinking, urinating, defecating, within their inside dens, and “behavior not determined” when the identity or behavior of the individuals could not be determined; and 3) mobility of the animals within their exhibits. Also examined were: 4) preferences for different habitat types; 5) recommendations for future exhibit designs. Both species located themselves within their exhibits in a non-random manner. The majority of cats' time was spent in elevated locations (i.e., gunite ledges approximately 1-5.5 m above ground-level). Snow leopards exhibited this tendency to a greater extent than did the pumas. Both species also spent the majority of their time in the lying-down behavior; again snow leopards displayed this tendency significantly more than the pumas. Pumas were highly mobile and changed locations and behaviors in their exhibit significantly more than the snow leopards. No significant differences were noted between conspecifics in regard to habitat type preference, or mobility within the exhibit. Suggestions for future exhibit design include elevated locations for the cats to lay and look around within and outside their exhibits, caves for access to shade or relief from inclement weather, and ground surfaces to move about on. Features for exhibit design should take into consideration the natural habitat of the cat to occupy the exhibit. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
| Publisher | DePaul University | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | A thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences in partial fulfillment of the degree requirements for the degree of Master of Science at DePaul University. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1008 | Serial | 673 | ||
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| Author | Ming, M.; XuFeng; Turghan, M.; Shoujin, Y. | ||||
| Title | Report on Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) Surveys in Tomur, Xinjiang, China 2004 | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | snow leopard; Uncia uncia; survey; distribution; abundance; population size; Tomur; Xinjiang; P.R.China; 5710 | ||||
| Abstract | The Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) investigation in the Tomur area is the second step of the “Project of Snow Leopard Study in Xinjiang”. In this part of the project, we collected information on the distribution , abundance and population size of the snow leopard in this area. The investigation lasted for 3 weeks, between October 17 and November 7th, 2004. During the 22 days of field work, we surveyed 4 different places in Wensu County, Aksu District: e.g. Pochenzi and the Muzat River area, Bozdun and the Little Kuzbay River area, Yinyar and the Tomur River area, Taglak and the Qiong Tailan River area. The 4 main areas, along with a few other valleys, covered most of the Tomur National Conservation Zone. In total, we ran 42 transects. In 15 transects, we found signs left by snow leopards. We also collected 15 fecal samples for diet analysis. This time we interviewed nearly 90 local people from different nationalities: e.g. Han (Chinese), Uygur and Kyrgyz people, including herdsmen, geologists, mineworkers, drivers, veterinarians, businessmen, forest officials, soldiers and policemen. They provided us with an array of information on the historical and current distribution and abundance of the snow leopard in this area. | ||||
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| Publisher | Xinjiang Snow Leopard Group; Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography; Chinese Academy of Science | Place of Publication | Xinjian, P.R. of China | Editor | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 52 | Serial | 677 | ||
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| Author | Ming, M. | ||||
| Title | Study on Snow Leopards in Xinjiang (Training Guide) | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume |
Issue | Pages | 1-25 | ||
| Keywords | 5360; study; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; Xinjiang | ||||
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| Notes | Training Guide supported by ISLT and XCF. In Chinese. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 381 | Serial | 680 | ||
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