| Records |
| Author |
Lanier, D.L.; Dewsbury, D.A. |
| Title |
A quantitative study of copulatory behaviour of large Felidae |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Behavioural-Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume  |
1 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
327-333 |
| Keywords |
behavior; breeding; mating; copulation; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; reproduction; browse; 1590 |
| Abstract |
Observed a total of 109 copulations in 6 male-female pairs from 4 species of large Felidae. The mean intromission durations were 3.0 sec for Asian leopards (Panthera pardus), 3.3 sec for African leopards (P. pardus), 12.9 sec for snow leopards (Uncia uncia), 2.3 sec for spotted jaguars (P. onca), 3.3 sec for black jaguars (P. onca), and 12.4 sec for Siberian tigers (P. tigris). Behavioral patterns were qualitatively similar across species; all displayed a copulatory pattern with no lock, no intravaginal thrusting, ejaculation on a single insertion, and multiple ejaculations. Whereas domestic cats are reported to assume a neck grip and to tread prior to insertion, these larger Felidae generally did so after intromission had been achieved. After copulation, females of some pairs swiped at the male and displayed a rolling after-reaction. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned) |
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Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers BV. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 32 |
Serial |
610 |
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| Author |
Freeman, H. |
| Title |
Social Behavior in the Snow Leopards and its implications for captive management |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1978 |
Publication |
Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
1 |
Issue |
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Pages |
71-77 |
| Keywords |
social; behavior; captive; management; captivity; zoo; zoos; browse; 3600 |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 44 |
Serial |
314 |
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| Author |
Rieger, I. |
| Title |
Scent marking behaviour of ounces, Uncia uncia |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1978 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
1 |
Issue |
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Pages |
78-103 |
| Keywords |
behavior; behaviour; captive; International; marking; ounce; pedigree; scent; Scent-Marking; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo |
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Helsinki Zoo |
Place of Publication |
Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1037 |
Serial |
818 |
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| Author |
Zakhidov T.Z.Meklenburtsev R.N., B.O.P. |
| Title |
Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreb. Distribution of fauna elements over Central Asia |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1971 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
Vol. 2. Vertebrate animals. |
Issue |
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Pages |
234-235 |
| Keywords |
Central Asia; snow leopard; distribution; preys; behavior; practical value.; 8670; Russian |
| Abstract |
Snow leopard inhabits the mountainous ecosystems from Tarbagatai to Hissar and Pamir. It feeds upon large animals such as ibex, argali, roe deer, and sometimes domestic sheep, rodents, and birds (most frequently snow cock). The skin of this animal is not of significant value and is rarely an item of trade. In many countries, zoos will readily buy snow leopards. There is no danger for a man to catch snow leopard since even being wounded during a hunt, the animal would never attack the man. An encounter with snow leopard in the mountains will always end safely for human being, as it is always first to spot a man and go away unnoticed. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature and fauna of Central Asia. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 844 |
Serial |
1069 |
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| Author |
Freeman, H. |
| Title |
Behavior in adult pairs of captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Zoo Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-22 |
| Keywords |
behavior; zoo; zoos; captive; captivity; estrus; breeding; mating; veterinary; browse; 1600 |
| Abstract |
Eight adult pairs of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) were observed for one to three years in the months December through March to determine the species' social and reproductive characteristics in captivity. To statistically examine the occurrence of behaviors as a function of estrus, the observation weeks were divided into three time blocks: before estrus, estrus, and after estrus. Using percentage of scan samples as an estimate of time spent in various behaviors, 16 behaviors and combined behavior categories were examined for (1) behaviors that differentiated successfully from unsuccessfully breeding pairs, (2) sex differences in behavior, (3) significant correlations between pair members, and (4) behaviors that showed time block effects. The rationale for identifying a behavioral profile of successful breeders in snow leopards was to aid zoos in their captive management programs by increasing their knowledge of the social behavior of this species. By finding correlates to breeding success, informed decisions on whether to change partners after a certain period of time, how to group the cats, and the optimum strategy for a survival plan can be made. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved |
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| Notes |
Document Type: English |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 60 |
Serial |
319 |
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| Author |
Rieger, I. |
| Title |
Some difficulty breeding ounces, (Uncia uncia) at zoological gardens |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Int.Ped Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
76-95 |
| Keywords |
breeding; captivity; zoo; zoos; monagamy; behavior; browse; 3670 |
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| Notes |
discusses monagamy in snow leopards |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 54 |
Serial |
819 |
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| Author |
Freeman, H. |
| Title |
Characteristics of the social behavior in the snow leopard |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
3 |
Issue |
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Pages |
117-120 |
| Keywords |
behavior; International; pedigree; snow leopard; social; social-behavior |
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Helsinki Zoo |
Place of Publication |
Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1029 |
Serial |
318 |
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| Author |
O'Connor, T.; Freeman, H. |
| Title |
Maternal behavior and behavioral development in the captive snow leopard (Panthera uncia) |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
3 |
Issue |
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Pages |
103-110 |
| Keywords |
behavior; captive; development; International; Panthera-uncia; pedigree; snow leopard; zoo |
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| Publisher |
Helsinki Zoo |
Place of Publication |
Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1035 |
Serial |
733 |
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| Author |
Ishunin G.I. |
| Title |
Irbis, or snow leopard Felis (Uncia) uncia S¤hr†b†a 1778 |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1961 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
Vol. 3. |
Issue |
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Pages |
127-131 |
| Keywords |
Uzbekistan; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; behavior; practical use.; 6880; Russian |
| Abstract |
It describes diagnostic signs and taxonomy of snow leopard as well as its distribution, behavioral patterns and use in Uzbekistan. This predator inhabits the Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Turkistan, and Gissar ridges. It mainly preys on ibex, and marmots, vole-mouse, and snow-cocks. Sometimes it attacks domestic sheep. Snow leopard is of low commercial value. The cost of skin is 4 roubles 70 kopecks. Only a few skins are purchased. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of the Uzbek SSR. Mammals (predators and ungulates). |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 666 |
Serial |
412 |
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| Author |
McVittie, R. |
| Title |
Nursing behavior of snow leopard cubs |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1978 |
Publication |
Applied-Animal-Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
159-168 |
| Keywords |
suckling; behavior; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; browse; 1580 |
| Abstract |
Reports that a preliminary project on nursing behavior in 3 young snow leopards revealed 2 phases in suckling pattern: nonnutritive and nutritive. The latter was distinguished by stereotypic rhythmical movements of the ears associated with swallowing. The cubs also demonstrated a teat preference, but the adaptive significance of such preferences and the accompanying agonistic behavior were unclear. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned) |
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| Notes |
Document Type: English |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 37 |
Serial |
669 |
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| Author |
Koshkarev, E.P. |
| Title |
Characteristics of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) movements in the Tien Shan |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1984 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
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Pages |
15-21 |
| Keywords |
Tien-Shan; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; behavior; habitat; tracks; tracking; prey; predator; ibex; kills; browse; tien shan; soviet union; soviet; union; 2750 |
| Abstract |
Reports on a 3 yr winter study of snow leopard movements and activity, based on following tracks in the snow in Tien Shan Mountains of USSR. Travel route preference is examined with regard to snow and terrain characteristics, and prey abundance. Snow leopard kills of ibex and hare are noted |
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| Notes |
Full text available at URL |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 403 |
Serial |
570 |
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| Author |
Koshkarev, E.P. |
| Title |
An Unusual Hunt |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
5 |
Issue |
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Pages |
9-12 |
| Keywords |
Tien-Shan; tracking; feces; ibex; hunting; predator; prey; browse; behavior; 940 |
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| Notes |
Full text available at URLTien Shan High Mountain Physical Geography Staion, Kirghizian Academy of Sciences (Pokrovka) USSRDocument Type: English |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 402 |
Serial |
571 |
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| Author |
Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G. |
| Title |
Snow Leopards in Nepal-home range and movements |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1989 |
Publication |
National Geographic Res. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
5 |
Issue |
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Pages |
161-175 |
| Keywords |
home-range; behavior; Nepal; browse; home; range; 3190 |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 140 |
Serial |
443 |
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| Author |
Zhirjakov, V.A. |
| Title |
On the ecology of the snow leopard in the Zailisky-Alatau (Northern Tien Shan) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Int Ped Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
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Pages |
25-30 |
| Keywords |
Tien-Shan; ecology; China; browse; Kazakhstan; Russia; Soviet-Union; distribution; population; prey; behavior; food-habits; scat-analysis; 3240 |
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Full text available at URL |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 168 |
Serial |
1078 |
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| Author |
Frueh, R. |
| Title |
A note on breeding snow leopards at the Saint Louis Zoo |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1968 |
Publication |
Int.Zoo Yearbook |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
8 |
Issue |
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Pages |
74-76 |
| Keywords |
zoos; zoo; breeding; cubs; behavior; browse; 3620 |
| Abstract |
Breif comments on physical characteristics of the young, care and reproductive behavior of snow leopards |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 21 |
Serial |
327 |
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| Author |
Hillard, D. |
| Title |
Update on the Himalayan Snow Leopard Project |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1985 |
Publication |
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| Volume |
No. 8 |
Issue |
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Pages |
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| Keywords |
Nepal; Himalaya; Jackson; collars; research; telemetry; yeowls; roars; mating-call; Langu; cubs; radio; field-work; surveys; tracking; behavior; browse; 4830 |
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Islt |
Place of Publication |
Seattle |
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Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line |
Approved |
no |
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SLN @ rana @ 470 |
Serial |
383 |
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| Author |
Nolte-Wilson, B. |
| Title |
Soveriegn of menaced realm: the snow leopard |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Natura WWF-Pakistan Newsletter |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
9 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
3-9 |
| Keywords |
Pakistan; browse; behavior; Chitrol-Gol; baiting; spays; pug; scrapes; habitat; 3130 |
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Full Text at URL |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 171 |
Serial |
723 |
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| Author |
Burgener, N.; Gusset, M.; Schmid, H. |
| Title |
Frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
11 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
74-83 |
| Keywords |
behavior; captive; fecal; feeding strategy; physiological; snow leopard; zoo |
| Abstract |
This study hypothesized that permanently frustrated, appetitive-foraging behavior caused the stereotypic pacing regularly observed in captive carnivores. Using 2 adult female snow leopards (Uncia uncia), solitarily housed in the Zurich Zoo, the study tested this hypothesis experimentally with a novel feeding method: electronically controlled, time-regulated feeding boxes. The expected result of employing this active foraging device as a successful coping strategy was reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress, compared with a control-feeding regime without feeding boxes. The study assessed this through behavioral observations and by evaluating glucocorticoid levels noninvasively from feces. Results indicated that the 2 snow leopards did not perform successful coping behavior through exercising active foraging behavior or through displaying the stereotypic pacing. The data support a possible explanation: The box-feeding method did not provide the 2 snow leopards with the external stimuli to satisfy their appetitive behavioral needs. Moreover, numerous other factors not necessarily or exclusively related to appetitive behavior could have caused and influenced the stereotypic pacing. |
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SLN @ rana @ 915 |
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202 |
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| Author |
Kuznetsnov, G.U.; Matyushkin, E.N. |
| Title |
The snow leopard hunts |
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1980 |
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Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards |
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11 |
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44-48 |
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Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; Tien-Shan; hunting; behavior; predator; prey; browse; soviet; union; tien; shan; 3760 |
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Describes observations of a snow leopard hunting ibex in the western Tien Shan Mountains of USSR. The hunt was unsucceseful, but the account provides information on behavior of both the snow leoaprd and ibex in a predator prey relationship |
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SLN @ rana @ 56 |
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599 |
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Dang, H. |
| Title |
The snow leopard and its prey |
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1967 |
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The Cheetal |
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11 |
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47-58 |
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India; predator; prey; hunting; status; distribution; kills; behavior; predation; habitat; browse; 2330 |
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Discusses distribution and habitat of snow leopard in India. Estimates population of 200-400 in entire Himalayan region. Reports seventeen occasions of observing snow leopards in the wild, one involving the killing of Himalayan thar. Discusses snow leopard hunting methods and food habits, and provides evidence of predation from examination of 17 snow leopard kills. |
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SLN @ rana @ 17 |
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231 |
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Ahlborn, G.; Jackson, R. |
| Title |
Marking in Wild Snow Leopards: A preliminary assesment |
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Miscellaneous |
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1987 |
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No. 13 |
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estrus; estrual-cycle; reserach; behavior; scrapes; sprays; Langu-Gorge; Langu; China; browse; 4800 |
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Islt |
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Seattle |
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English |
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Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line |
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SLN @ rana @ 467 |
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36 |
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Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G. |
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Observation on Movements and Home Range of the Snow Leopard, (Panthera Uncia) In the Langu Gorge, West Nepal |
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Miscellaneous |
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1987 |
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No. 13 |
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tracking; radio-tracking; collars; behavior; home-range; Nepal; browse; 4790 |
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Islt |
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Seattle |
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Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line |
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SLN @ rana @ 466 |
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440 |
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Graham, L.H.; Goodrowe, K.L.; Raeside, J.I.; Liptrap, R.M. |
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Non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in several felid species by measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestins |
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1995 |
Publication |
Zoo Biology |
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14 |
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3 |
Pages |
223-237 |
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Artificial-Breeding-Program; captive-management; Estradiol-17beta; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Progestin; sexual-behavior; genetics; zoo; medicine; veterinary; snow-leopard; feces; fecal-analysis; snow leopard; artificial; breeding; program; captive; management; Estradiol; 17beta; sexual; behavior; browse; snow; leopard; fecal; analysis; 1390 |
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An extraction and assay procedure to measure fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations in several cat species was developed and validated for use for noninvasive monitoring of ovarian function. Fecal samples were collected over a range of 3-20 months from female tigers (three), lions (three), snow leopards (three), cheetahs (two), caracals (two), and domestic cats (five). Samples were extracted with 90% methanol, lipids removed with petroleum ether, and the estradiol and progestins in the methanol measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation and subsequent RIA of the fractions indicated that the estradiol-17-beta antiserum cross-reacted primarily with estradiol-17-beta in the feces of lions and tigers and was assumed to be specific for estradiol-17-beta in the feces of other species as well. However, there were several immunoreactive compounds, presumably progesterone metabolites, excreted in the feces which varied both quantitatively and qualitatively among species. The behavior of tigers, lions, cheetahs, and caracals was visually monitored during the collection period and frequency of sexual behaviors was positively correlated with increases in fecal estradiol in all species observed. The mean fecal estradiol-17-beta peaks were as follows: tigers, 128.0 +- 13.1; lions, 186.0 +- 14.8; snow leopards, 136.7 +- 15.9; cheetahs, 140.9 +- 9.0; caracals, 24.5 +- 4.0; and domestic cats 158.9 +- 19.3 ng/gm. Fecal progestin concentrations rose significantly (P lt 0,001) only after breeding or during pregnancy and were as follows: tigers, 5.6 +- 0.6; lions, 1.9 +- 0.1; cheetahs, 8.4 +- 1.1; and caracals, 2.4 +- 0.4 mu-g/gm. Fecal progestins were elevated for one-half to two-thirds of the gestation length during presumed pseudopregnancy but remained elevated throughout successful pregnancies. These results suggest that ovarian function can be monitored noninvasively in the family Felidae by the measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations. |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 279 |
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345 |
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Kitchener, S.L.; Meritt; Rosenthal, M. |
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Observations on the breeding and husbandry of snow leopards, Panthera uncia |
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1975 |
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Int.Zoo Yearbook |
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15 |
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212-217 |
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breeding; husbandry; behavior; captivity; zoos; zoo; browse; 3640; Adult; care; biology; growth; mortality; factor; young; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; program; park |
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Describes adult care and breeding biology, and the care, growth, and mortality factors of young snow leopards in a successful breeding program in the Lincon Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois. |
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SLN @ rana @ 31 |
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535 |
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Fox, J.L. |
| Title |
Conflict between predators and people in Ladakh |
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1997 |
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Cat News |
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17 |
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18 |
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asia; India; behavior; endangered; threatened-species; mammals; management; predation; public relations; reserves; refuges; parks; wildlife; human-relationships; livestock; sheep; goats; prey; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; protected-area; Hemis; browse; Islt; International; snow; leopard; trust; public; Relations; Human; relationships; protected; 640 |
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During a six-week period in Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India, snow leopards killed 10 sheep and goats and one leopard gained access to a livestock pen and killed many of the animals inside. Dholes also killed sheep and goats, and a wolf killed a young horse. Residents routinely remove snow leopard cubs from their dens to limit future damage by this species. How to deal with the plight of the people living in the area while still protecting the endangered species are major concerns of the International Snow Leopard Trust, which manages Hemis National Park. lgh. |
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AUTHOR ADDRESS: Dep. Ecol./Zool., IBG Univ. Tromso, Tromso, Norway, ORIGINAL SOURCE: Snow Leopard News, Autumn 1997
Document Type: English
Call Number: WR99-007446 |
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SLN @ rana @ 309 |
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310 |
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