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Author |
Suryawanshi, K.R.; Bhatnagar, Y.; Mishra, C. |
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Title |
Why should a grazer browse? Livestock impact on winter resource use by bharal Pseudois nayaur
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Oecologia |
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1-10 |
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browse; livestock; impact; winter; resource; use; bharal; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; diet; variation; diets; conservation; Media; study; decline; areas; area; grazing; Pressure; plants; plant; sign; feeding; location; population; structure; populations; using; young; Female; times; High; Competition; species; predators; predator; endangered; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya |
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Many mammalian herbivores show a temporal diet variation between graminoid-dominated and browse dominated diets. We determined the causes of such a diet shift and its implications for conservation of a medium sized ungulate-the bharal Pseudois nayaur. Past studies show that the bharal diet is dominated by graminoids (>80%) during summer, but the contribution of graminoids declines to about 50% in winter. We tested the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses explaining the decline: low graminoid availability during winter causes bharal to include browse in their diet; bharal include browse, with relatively higher nutritional quality, in their diet to compensate for the poor quality of graminoids during winter. We measured winter graminoid availability in areas with no livestock grazing, areas with relatively moderate livestock grazing, and those with intense livestock grazing pressures. The chemical composition of plants contributing to the bharal diet was analysed. The bharal diet was quantiWed through signs of feeding on vegetation at feeding locations. Population structures of bharal populations were recorded using a total count method. Graminoid availability was highest in areas without livestock grazing, followed by areas with moderate and intense livestock grazing. The bharal diet was dominated by graminoids (73%) in areas with highest graminoid availability. Graminoid contribution to the bharal diet declined monotonically (50, 36%) with a decline in graminoid availability. Bharal young to female ratio was 3 times higher in areas with high graminoid availability than areas with low graminoid availability. The composition of the bharal winter diet was governed predominantly by the availability of graminoids in the rangelands. Our results suggest that bharal include more browse in their diet during winter due to competition from livestock for graminoids. Since livestock grazing reduces graminoid availability, creation of livestock-free areas is necessary for the conservation of grazing species such as the bharal and its predators including the endangered snow leopard in the Trans-Himalaya. |
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Springer-Verlag |
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Online |
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This study was made possible by a grant from the Snow Leopard Network. Additional support was given by the Wildlife Conservation Society-India Program and Nature Conservation Foundation, the Whitley Fund for Nature, the Ford Foundation, and the Nadathur Conservation Trust. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1062 |
Serial |
951 |
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Author |
Suryawanshi, K.R. |
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Title |
Towards snow leopard prey recovery: understanding the resource use strategies and demographic responses of bharal Pseudois nayaur to livestock grazing and removal; Final project report |
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Report |
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2009 |
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1-43 |
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Keywords |
project; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; network; conservation; program; prey; recovery; resource; use; strategy; demographic; Response; bharal; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; livestock; grazing; Report; decline; wild; populations; population; Himalayan; region; Competition; threats; threat; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; study; diet; winter; Test; browse; nutrition; areas; area; young; Female; times; High; Adult; mortality; species; predators; predator; endangered; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya |
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Decline of wild prey populations in the Himalayan region, largely due to competition with livestock, has been identified as one of the main threats to the snow leopard Uncia uncia. Studies show that bharal Pseudois nayaur diet is dominated by graminoids during summer, but the proportion of graminoids declines in winter. We explore the causes for the decline of graminoids from bharal winter diet and resulting implications for bharal conservation. We test the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses, (H1) low graminoid availability caused by livestock grazing during winter causes bharal to include browse in their diet, and, (H2) bharal include browse, with relatively higher nutrition, to compensate for the poor quality of graminoids during winter. Graminoid availability was highest in areas without livestock grazing, followed by areas with moderate and intense livestock grazing. Graminoid quality in winter was relatively lower than that of browse, but the difference was not statistically significant. Bharal diet was dominated by graminoids in areas with highest graminoid availability. Graminoid contribution to bharal diet declined monotonically with a decline in graminoid availability. Bharal young to female ratio was three times higher in areas with high graminoid availability than areas with low graminoid availability. No starvation-related adult mortalities were observed in any of the areas. Composition of bharal winter diet was governed predominantly by the availability of graminoids in the rangelands. Since livestock grazing reduces graminoid availability, creation of livestock free areas is necessary for conservation of grazing species such as the bharal and its predators such as the endangered snow leopard in the Trans-Himalaya. |
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Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program, 2008. Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore. Post-graduate Program in Wildlife Biology and Conservation, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Wildlife Conservation Society -India program, Bangalore, India. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1077 |
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952 |
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Author |
Taber, R. |
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Title |
Long Term Research in Snow Leopard Conservation |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
1988 |
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255-259 |
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conservation; research; habitat; herders; herder; livestock; browse; 1830 |
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International Snow Leopard Trust and Wildlife Institute of India |
Place of Publication |
India |
Editor |
H.Freeman |
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Full Text Available at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988 |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 136 |
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955 |
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Author |
Taber, R.D. |
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Title |
Toward a Free-Living Snow Leopard Recovery Plan |
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Conference Article |
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1988 |
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261 |
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snow-leopard-recovery-plan; recovery; conservation; Islt; Species-survial-plan; management; browse; 4240 |
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ISLT and Wildlife Institute of India |
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Usa |
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H.Freeman |
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Full Text Available at URLAuthor Affiliation: ISLTTitle, Monographic: Proceedings of the Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988 |
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SLN @ rana @ 412 |
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956 |
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Taryannikov, V.I. |
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Distribution, biology and current state of the number of the rare predatory mammals in W. Gissar. The Ecology, Protection, and Acclimatization of Vertebrates in Uzbekistan |
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1986 |
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Uzbekistan; Gissar; distribution; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 2600 |
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Tashkent |
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SLN @ rana @ 89 |
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958 |
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Author |
Tserendeleg, J. |
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Title |
On Protection and Survey of Snow Leopards in Mongolia |
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Conference Article |
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1994 |
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43-46 |
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Mongolia; transects; survey; habitat; conservation; distribution; irbis; herders; Altay; Altai; predator; prey; ibex; argali; hunting; pelts; skins; furs; coats; killing; behavior; activity; scrapes; feces; scat; sprays; mating; breeding; gestation; Pregnancy; browse; Macne; blood-sucking; poison; Blood; sucking; 2890 |
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Islt |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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SLN @ rana @ 259 |
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970 |
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Tserendeleg, J. |
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Title |
Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Mongolia |
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1997 |
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42-47 |
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Mongolia; Macne; Altai; conservation; status; distribution; herder; herders; livestock; gobi; argali; ibex; scrapes; hunters; marmot; predator; prey; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; protected-area; browse; protected area; protected; 2510 |
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International Snow Leopard Trust |
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Lahore, Pakistan |
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R.Jackson; A.Ahmad |
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Full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 |
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SLN @ rana @ 328 |
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971 |
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Villarrubia, C.; Jackson, R. |
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Snow Leopard Conservation on a Regional Basis: Elements in Planning Protected Areas |
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1994 |
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253-263 |
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conservation; protected-area; parks; reserves; refuge; planning; governments; local-peoples; herders; livestock; life-history; home-range; seasonal-shifts; core-areas; dispersal; habitat; ecology; fragmentation; buffers; zones; corridors; barriers; browse; protected; area; local people; local; history; home range; seasonal; shifts; core; 3540 |
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Islt |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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SLN @ rana @ 264 |
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986 |
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Volozheninov, N.N. |
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Rare and vanishing mammals and birds in S Uzbekistan. Ecology and protection of the rare and vanishing vertebrates in Uzbekistan, Tashkent |
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1985 |
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Uzbekistan; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 2610; Russian |
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In Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 90 |
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991 |
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Author |
Wajrak, A. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard Skins in Poland (Polowanie Na Sniezna Pantere) |
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Miscellaneous |
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1994 |
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Gazeta Wyborcza. |
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Russia; Ussr; skins; furs; pelts; poaching; trade; browse; Soviet-Union; soviet union; soviet; union; 3160; information; 920; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; skin |
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Full Text: In 1991, Dr Andrzej Kruszewicz of the Institute of Ecology of the Polish Academy of Sciences saw a “quite fresh” snow leopard skin on sale by a Russian in a Warsaw market for three million Polish zlotys ($300). A few weeks later he saw another skin in a shop in the centre of Warsaw. In spring 1992, Marcin Waslawski from the Institute of Geography saw a snow leopard skin in the same market for the equivalent of $200. The seller was an Asian from a former Soviet Republic. In summer 1992, Wajrak himself saw a snow leopard skin in a hunters' shop in Warsaw and in winter saw one in the home of a Polish hunter, who said it was a gift from a Mongolian friend. In winter 1994, a student from Britain saw a Polish long coat of snow leopard skins in Bialowieza. Wajrak saw a skin in a Warsaw shop, which the owner said was 15-20 years old; he got it from a Polish diplomat who had been in Mongolia and had three snow leopard skins. The skin was priced at the equivalent of $1,000. Wajrak added that he had been told that it was possible to buy tiger skins from Russians in Poland and he was trying to find one; I have not heard from him since. |
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Information from Adam Wajrak of Gazeta Wyboracza (T: 48 2 416 920)
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SLN @ rana @ 268 |
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1002 |
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