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Author Li, J., Yin, H., Wang, D., Jiagong, Z., Lu, Zhi url 
  Title Human-snow leopard conflicts in the Sanjiangyuan Region of the Tibetan Plateau Type Journal Article
  Year 2013 Publication Biological Conservs Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (up) Issue 166 Pages 118-123  
  Keywords Panthera uncia, Human-wildlife conflict, Traditional use, Livestock depredation, Economic value, Cultural image, Attitude  
  Abstract Conflicts between humans and snow leopards are documented across much of their overlapping distribution

in Central Asia. These conflicts manifest themselves primarily in the form of livestock depredation

and the killing of snow leopards by local herders. This source of mortality to snow leopards is a key conservation concern. To investigate human-snow leopard conflicts in the Sanjiangyuan Region of the Tibetan Plateau, we conducted household interviews about local herders’ traditional use of snow leopard

parts, livestock depredation, and overall attitudes towards snow leopards. We found most respondents

(58%) knew that snow leopard parts had been used for traditional customs in the past, but they claimed

not in the past two or three decades. It may be partly due to the issuing of the Protection of Wildlife Law

in 1998 by the People’s Republic of China. Total livestock losses were damaging (US$ 6193 per household

in the past 1 year), however snow leopards were blamed by herders for only a small proportion of those

losses (10%), as compared to wolves (45%) and disease (42%). Correspondingly, the cultural images of

snow leopards were neutral (78%) and positive (9%) on the whole. It seems that human-snow leopard

conflict is not intense in this area. However, snow leopards could be implicated by the retaliatory killing

of wolves. We recommend a multi-pronged conservation program that includes compensation, insurance

programs, and training local veterinarians to reduce livestock losses.
 
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  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1399  
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Author Pahuja, M., Sharma, R. K. pdf 
  Title Wild Predators, Livestock, and Free Ranging Dogs: Patterns of Livestock Mortality and Attitudes of People Toward Predators in an Urbanizing Trans-Himalayan Landscape Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication Frontiers in Conservation Science Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (up) 2 Issue 109 Pages 1-13  
  Keywords Canis lupus, human-wildlife relationships, human-wildlife conflict (HWC), livestock depredation, multiple use landscapes, Panthera uncia, pastoralism, urban wildlife  
  Abstract Livestock depredation by large carnivores is a significant source of conflicts over predators and an important conservation and economic concern. Preventing livestock loss to wild predators is a substantial focus of human-carnivore conflict mitigation programs. A key assumption of the preventive strategy is reduction in the livestock losses leading to a positive shift in the attitudes toward predators. Therefore, it is important to quantify the true extent of livestock mortality caused by wild predators and its influence on attitudes of the affected communities. We examined seasonal and spatial patterns of livestock mortality and factors influencing people’s attitudes toward wild predators i.e., snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and wolves (Canis lupus chanco) and free-ranging dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) in a Trans-Himalayan urbanizing landscape in India. We used systematic sampling to select the survey households and implemented a semi- structured questionnaire to respondents. The sampled villages (n = 16) represent a mosaic of urban and agricultural ecosystems within a radius of 40 km of Leh town. In 2016–2017, 93% of the sampled households lost livestock to predators, accounting for 0.93 animals per household per year. However, of the total events of livestock mortality, 33% were because of weather/natural events, 24% by snow leopards, 20% because of disease, 15% because of free-ranging dogs and 9% because of wolves. The annual economic loss per household because of livestock mortality was USD 371, a substantial loss given the average per capita income of USD 270 in the region. Of the total loss, weather/natural events caused highest loss of USD 131 (35%), followed by snow leopards USD 91 (25%), disease USD 87 (24%), free ranging dogs USD 48 (13%), and wolves USD 14 (4%). Despite losing a considerable proportion of livestock (33 %) to wild predators, respondents showed a positive attitude toward them but exhibited neutral attitudes toward free-ranging dogs. Gender emerged as the most important determinant of attitudes toward wild predators, with men showing higher positive attitude score toward wild predators than women. Our findings highlight the context specific variation in human-wildlife interactions and emphasize that generalizations must be avoided in the absence of site specific evidence.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1667  
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Author Sludsky A.A. url 
  Title Genus Snow leopard Uncia Gray, 1854. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreber, 1775 Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (up) Vol. III, Part 2. Issue Pages 222-240  
  Keywords Kazakhstan; taxonomy; distribution; number; biology; use; snow leopard.; 8190; Russian  
  Abstract Snow leopard is rare and extinctive species that have scientific and aesthetic significance. The features of genus Uncia and species Uncia uncia are described. Also distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, infections and parasites, enemies and competitors, number and number fluctuation, practical value of snow leopard in the Kazakhstan are given.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Kazakhstan. Carnivora (Mustelidae, Felidae). Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 797 Serial 900  
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Author Geptner V.G. url 
  Title Genus snow leopard or irbis Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1972 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (up) Vol. 2, Part 2. Issue Pages  
  Keywords Ussr; snow leopard; identification; phylogeny; distribution; number; life history; use.; 6760; Russian  
  Abstract It describes genus and species features of snow leopard such as appearance, skull, sizes, phylogenetic links, distribution, geographic variability, biology including number, habitat, refuges, activity in daylight and night, behavioral patterns, reproduction, enemies and rivals, and practical use of the species.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of the Soviet Union. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 654 Serial 336  
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Author Ishunin G.I. url 
  Title Irbis, or snow leopard Felis (Uncia) uncia S¤hr†b†a 1778 Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1961 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (up) Vol. 3. Issue Pages 127-131  
  Keywords Uzbekistan; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; behavior; practical use.; 6880; Russian  
  Abstract It describes diagnostic signs and taxonomy of snow leopard as well as its distribution, behavioral patterns and use in Uzbekistan. This predator inhabits the Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Turkistan, and Gissar ridges. It mainly preys on ibex, and marmots, vole-mouse, and snow-cocks. Sometimes it attacks domestic sheep. Snow leopard is of low commercial value. The cost of skin is 4 roubles 70 kopecks. Only a few skins are purchased.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of the Uzbek SSR. Mammals (predators and ungulates). Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 666 Serial 412  
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Author Sokov A.I. url 
  Title Environmental prerequisites for protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals in Tajikistan Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (up) Vol. 3. Issue Pages 27-29  
  Keywords Tajikistan; Red Data book; rare species; carnivores; large predators; brown bear; hyena; tiger; leopard; Lynx; snow leopard; decline; protection; sustainable use.; 8220; Russian  
  Abstract In Tajikistan it is necessary to preserve big predators listed in the Red Book, such as Uncia uncia, Ursus arctos isabellinus, Hyaena hyaena, Felis lynx isabellina, Panthera pardus ciscaucasica. An anthropogenic influence has resulted in the species' habitat shrinkage, deficit of food, disturbance of trophic interactions. It is necessary to restore a tiger population in the Tigrovaya Balka nature reserve, and resolve the issue of protection and sustainable use of commercial predatory species.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of IV Congress of all-Union mammalists' society. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 800 Serial 913  
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Author Fox, J.L.; Nurbu, C. url 
  Title Hemis, a national park for snow leopards in India's Trans-Himalaya Type Journal Article
  Year 1990 Publication Int.Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (up) 6 Issue Pages 71-84  
  Keywords protected-area; Hemis; park; parks; refuge; reserve; India; Himalaya; protected; area; areas; protected areas; protected area; browse; Jammu; Kashmir; habitat; tourism; land-use; humans; developement; conflict; management; 3170  
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  Notes Full text available at URL Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 155 Serial 296  
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Author Ale, S.; Brown, J. url 
  Title The contingencies of group size and vigilance Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2007 Publication Evolutionary Ecology Research, Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (up) 9 Issue Pages 1263-1276  
  Keywords attraction effect,contingency,dilution effect,fitness,group-size effect,many-eyes effect,predation risk,vigilance behaviour; predation; decline; potential; predators; predator; feeding; Animals; Animal; use; food; effects; Relationship; behaviour; methods; game; Interactions; interaction; factor; value; Energy  
  Abstract Background: Predation risk declines non-linearly with one's own vigilance and the vigilance of others in the group (the 'many-eyes' effect). Furthermore, as group size increases, the individual's risk of predation may decline through dilution with more potential victims, but may increase if larger groups attract more predators. These are known, respectively, as the dilution effect and the attraction effect.

Assumptions: Feeding animals use vigilance to trade-off food and safety. Net feeding rate declines linearly with vigilance.

Question: How do the many-eyes, dilution, and attraction effects interact to influence the relationship between group size and vigilance behaviour?

Mathematical methods: We use game theory and the fitness-generating function to determine the ESS level of vigilance of an individual within a group.

Predictions: Vigilance decreases with group size as a consequence of the many-eyes and dilution effects but increases with group size as a consequence of the attraction effect, when they act independent of each other. Their synergetic effects on vigilance depend upon the relative strengths of each and their interactions. Regardless, the influence of other factors on vigilance – such as encounter rate with predators, predator lethality, marginal value of energy, and value of vigilance – decline with group size.
 
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 886 Serial 53  
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Author Rashid, W., Shi, J., Rahim, I. U., Qasim, M., Baloch, M. N., Bohnett, E., Yang, F., Khan, I., Ahmad, B. pdf 
  Title Modelling Potential Distribution of Snow Leopards in Pamir, Northern Pakistan: Implications for Human–Snow Leopard Conflicts Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication Sustainability Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (up) 13 Issue 13229 Pages 1-15  
  Keywords habitat fragmentation; habitat suitability; land use/cover change; Panthera uncia; MaxEnt model  
  Abstract The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is a cryptic and rare big cat inhabiting Asia’s remote and harsh elevated areas. Its population has decreased across the globe for various reasons, includ  
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  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1664  
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Author Xiao, C., Bai, D., Lambert, J. P., Li, Y., Cering, L., Gong, Z., Riordan, P., Shi, K. pdf 
  Title How Snow Leopards Share the Same Landscape with Tibetan Agro-pastoral Communities in the Chinese Himalayas Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication Journal of Resources and Ecology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (up) 13 Issue 3 Pages 483-500  
  Keywords habitat use; landscape ecology; occupancy model; Qomolangma; Panthera uncia  
  Abstract The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) inhabits a human-altered alpine landscape and is often tolerated by residents in regions where the dominant religion is Tibetan Buddhism, including in Qomolangma NNR on the northern side of the Chinese Himalayas. Despite these positive attitudes, many decades of rapid economic development and population growth can cause increasing disturbance to the snow leopards, altering their habitat use patterns and ultimately impacting their conservation. We adopted a dynamic landscape ecology perspective and used multi-scale technique and occupancy model to better understand snow leopard habitat use and coexistence with humans in an 825 km2 communal landscape. We ranked eight hypothetical models containing potential natural and anthropogenic drivers of habitat use and compared them between summer and winter seasons within a year. HABITAT was the optimal model in winter, whereas ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE was the top ranking in summer (AICcw≤2). Overall, model performance was better in the winter than in the summer, suggesting that perhaps some latent summer covariates were not measured. Among the individual variables, terrain ruggedness strongly affected snow leopard habitat use in the winter, but not in the summer. Univariate modeling suggested snow leopards prefer to use rugged land in winter with a broad scale (4000 m focal radius) but with a lesser scale in summer (30 m); Snow leopards preferred habitat with a slope of 22° at a scale of 1000 m throughout both seasons, which is possibly correlated with prey occurrence. Furthermore, all covariates mentioned above showed inextricable ties with human activities (presence of settlements and grazing intensity). Our findings show that multiple sources of anthropogenic activity have complex connections with snow leopard habitat use, even under low human density when anthropogenic activities are sparsely distributed across a vast landscape. This study is also valuable for habitat use research in the future, especially regarding covariate selection for finite sample sizes in inaccessible terrain.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1688  
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