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	Author	Marma B.B.and Yunchis V.V.
	Title	A contribution to biology of the Snow-leopard (Panthera uncia uncia) (by observations in captivity)			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1968	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	XLVII, issue 11.	Issue		Pages	1689-1694
	Keywords	Lithuania; Kaunas zoological garden; breeding; blood characteristics; physiological characteristics; captivity; duration of pregnancy; birth; cubs; feeding; snow leopard.; 7610; Russian
	Abstract	The methods to obtain the progeny of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia uncia) in captivity were being elaborated in the zoological garden of Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR. The blood characteristics for snow leopards is given and compared to that for African lions and Sumatrian tigers. A series of internal, external and clinical indices is established. The rat lasts for 5-7 day, the duration of pregnancy equals 98 days. The duration of lactation varies from 3 to 4 months. Sexual maturity is attained on the 3rd-4th year. From 1960 to 1967 in zoological garden of the world about 29 snow leopards were born, 14 of them in the Kaunas zoological garden.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological journal			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 739			Serial	648
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	Author	Shrestha, A., Thapa, K., Subba, S. A., Dhakal, M., Devkota, B. P., Thapa, G. J., Shrestha, S., Malla, S., Thapa, K.
	Title	Cats, canines, and coexistence: dietary differentiation between the sympatric Snow Leopard and Grey Wolf in the western landscape of Nepal Himalaya			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Journal of Threatened Taxa	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	11	Issue	7	Pages	13815-13821
	Keywords	Canis lupus, dietary pattern, dietary overlap, livestock, Naur, negative interaction, Panthera uncia, scat analysis, sympatry
	Abstract	Understanding the dietary habits of sympatric apex carnivores advances our knowledge of ecological processes and aids their conservation. We compared the diets of the sympatric Snow Leopard Panthera uncia and Grey Wolf Canis lupus using standard micro-histological analyses of scats collected from the western complex of Nepal Himalaya. Our study revealed one of the highest recorded contributions of livestock to the diet of top predators (55% for Grey Wolf and 39% for Snow Leopard) and high dietary overlap (0.82) indicating potential exploitative or interference competition. Their diet composition, however, varied significantly based on their consumption of wild and domestic prey. Limitation in data precludes predicting direction and outcome of inter-specific interactions between these predators. Our findings suggest a high rate of negative interaction with humans in the region and plausibly retaliatory killings of these imperilled predators. To ensure the sustained survival of these two apex carnivores, conservation measures should enhance populations of their wild prey species while reducing livestock losses of the local community through preventive and mitigative interventions.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1485
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	Author	Ahmad, A.; Rawat, J.S.; Rai, S.C.
	Title	An Analysis of the Himalayan Environment and Guidelines for its Management and Ecologically Sustainable Development			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Environmentalist	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue	4	Pages	281-298
	Keywords	environmental-assessment; human-impact; sustainable-development; management-guideline; ecological-degradation; mountain-ecosystem; impact-assessment; developing-country; asia; Himalayas; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; environmental; assessment; Human; impact; sustainable; development; management; guidline; ecological; degradations; mountain; ecosystem; 830
	Abstract	The impacts of human activities on the bio-geophysical and socio-economic environment of the Himalayas are analysed. The main man-induced activities which have accelerated ecological degradation and threatened the equilibrium of Himalayan mountain ecosystems are stated as: unplanned land use, cultivation on steep slopes, overgrazing, major engineering activities, over-exploitation of village or community forests, lopping of broad leaved plant species, shifting cultivation (short cycle) in north-east India, tourism and recreation. The geomorphological conditions are major factors responsible for landslides which cause major havoc every year in the area. Wild fauna, like musk deer and the snow leopard are now under threat partially due to changes in their habitat and the introduction of exotic plant species. Population pressure and migration are major factors responsible for poverty in the hills. The emigration of the working male population has resulted in the involvement of women as a major work-force. Guidelines, with special emphasis on the application of environmental impact assessments for the management of the Himalayas, are proposed. -from Authors
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 145			Serial	38
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	Author	Ale, S.; Brown, J.
	Title	The contingencies of group size and vigilance			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2007	Publication	Evolutionary Ecology Research,	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue		Pages	1263-1276
	Keywords	attraction effect,contingency,dilution effect,fitness,group-size effect,many-eyes effect,predation risk,vigilance behaviour; predation; decline; potential; predators; predator; feeding; Animals; Animal; use; food; effects; Relationship; behaviour; methods; game; Interactions; interaction; factor; value; Energy
	Abstract	Background: Predation risk declines non-linearly with one's own vigilance and the vigilance of others in the group (the 'many-eyes' effect). Furthermore, as group size increases, the individual's risk of predation may decline through dilution with more potential victims, but may increase if larger groups attract more predators. These are known, respectively, as the dilution effect and the attraction effect. Assumptions: Feeding animals use vigilance to trade-off food and safety. Net feeding rate declines linearly with vigilance. Question: How do the many-eyes, dilution, and attraction effects interact to influence the relationship between group size and vigilance behaviour? Mathematical methods: We use game theory and the fitness-generating function to determine the ESS level of vigilance of an individual within a group. Predictions: Vigilance decreases with group size as a consequence of the many-eyes and dilution effects but increases with group size as a consequence of the attraction effect, when they act independent of each other. Their synergetic effects on vigilance depend upon the relative strengths of each and their interactions. Regardless, the influence of other factors on vigilance – such as encounter rate with predators, predator lethality, marginal value of energy, and value of vigilance – decline with group size.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 886			Serial	53
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	Author	Blomqvist, L.
	Title	The status of the snow leopard in the EEP – program in 2007			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2008	Publication	International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	4	Pages	20-24
	Keywords	status; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; program; International; pedigree; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards
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	Publisher	Helsinki Zoo	Place of Publication	Helsinki	Editor	Blomqvist, L.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1007			Serial	174
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	Author	Izold, J.
	Title	Snow Leopard Enterprise: a conservation project that saves an endangered species and supports needy families			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Anim.Keepers' Forum	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	5	Pages	359-364
	Keywords	snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; conservation; project; endangered; endangered species; endangered-species; species; Support; union; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; wild; Iucn; Animals; Animal; tiger; extinction; former; zoo; Freeman; trust; work; cat; community-based; projects; Sle; impact; poverty; community; Mongolia; Kyrgyz; Kyrgyz-Republic; republic; Pakistan; 300; economic; incentives; prey; sustainable; herding; number; territory; income; training; products; wool; local; local people; people; zoos; Woodland-Park-Zoo; park; zoological; ecosystem
	Abstract	The World Conservation Union listed the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) as endangered in 1974. With as few as 3,500 snow leopards left in the wild, scientists placed the snow leopard on the IUCN Red List of critically endangered species shared by animals such as the giant panda and tiger. In an effort to save the snow leopard from extinction, former zoo employee Helen Freeman founded the Snow Leopard Trust in 1981. The Snow Leopard Trust works to save this elusive cat by incorporating community-based conservation projects. One of these project Leopard Enterprise (SLE), impacts poverty stricken communities in Mongolia, Kyrgyz Republic, and Pakistan. It assists over 300 families in its conservation efforts. The economic incentives provided via SLE have led participating communities not to harm the snow leopard or its prey, and to practice sustainable herding. Since the project began in 1997, the number of snow leopards harmed around the communities' territories has dropped to near zero. Additionally, the annual income of families that utilize the benefits of SLE has increased by 25% to 40%. SLE creates this economic benefit by providing the training and equipment necessary to make desirable products from the wool of herd animals. Snow Leopard Trust then purchases these handicraft items from the local people and them globally. Zoos can expand their conservation efforts by simply offering these items in their gift shops. Woodland Park Zoo (WPZ) was the first zoological institution to sell the products, and WPZ continues to generate revenue from them. SLE is a golden opportunity for zoos to increase revenue, assist poor families, and save an endangered species and fragile ecosystem.
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	Publisher	American Association of Zoo Keepers	Place of Publication	Topeka, Kansas	Editor
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	Notes	Author from Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH, USA			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 976			Serial	425
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	Author	Roth, T.L.; Armstrong, D.L.; Barrie, M.T.; Wildt, D.E.
	Title	Seasonal effects on ovarian responsiveness to exogenous gonadotrophins and successful artificial insemination in the snow leopard (Uncia uncia)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Reprod Fertil Dev	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	3	Pages	285-295
	Keywords	Animal; Carnivora; anatomy; histology; Blood; physiology; Estradiol; Female; Gonadotropins; administration; dosage; pharmacology; Chorionic; Equine; Human; Insemination; artificial; methods; veterinary; Laparoscopy; Male; Oocytes; cytology; Ovary; drug; effects; Ovulation; Induction; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Seasons; Support; Non-U.S.Gov't; browse; non; us; gov't; government; 400
	Abstract	Ovaries of the seasonally-breeding snow leopard (Uncia uncia) were examined to determine whether they were responsive to exogenous gonadotrophins throughout the year. The potential of laparoscopic artificial insemination (AI) also was assessed for producing offspring. During the non-breeding, pre-breeding, breeding and post-breeding seasons, females (n = 20) were treated with a standardized, dual- hormone regimen given intramuscularly (600 I.U. of equine chorionic gonadotrophin followed 80-84 h later with 300 I.U. of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)). Laparoscopy was performed 45-50 h after administration of hCG, and all ovarian structures were described. Females with fresh corpora lutea (CL) were inseminated, and anovulatory females were subjected to follicular aspiration to examine oocyte quality. Snow leopards responded to exogenous gonadotrophins throughout the year. Mean number of total ovarian structures (distinct follicles mature in appearance plus CL) did not differ (P > or = 0.05) with season, but the proportion of CL: total ovarian structures was greater (P < 0.01) for the breeding season compared with all other seasons. The proportion of females ovulating was greater (P < 0.05) during the breeding and post-breeding seasons than during the pre-breeding and non- breeding seasons respectively. No Grade-1 quality oocytes were recovered from follicles of anovulatory females. Serum concentrations of oestradiol-17 beta appeared elevated in all females, and neither oestradiol-17 beta concentrations nor progesterone concentrations differed (P > or = 0.05) among seasons. Of 15 females artificially inseminated, the only one that was inseminated in the non-breeding season became pregnant and delivered a single cub. This is the first successful pregnancy resulting from AI in this endangered species.
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1031-3613	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 325			Serial	830
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	Author	Blomqvist, L.
	Title	Captive status of the snow leopard in Europe 2001			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2003	Publication	International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	8	Issue		Pages	27-30
	Keywords	captive; status; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 918			Serial	170
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	Author	Esipov V.M.
	Title	The nature reserve in the spurs of Tien Shan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1978	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol.8.	Issue		Pages	8
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; location; Animals; snow leopard.; 6560; Russian
	Abstract	The Chatkal state mountain forest nature reserve is located in western spurs of the Chatkal ridge. The permanent inhabitants of the nature reserve are ibex, wild boar, roe-deer, bear, badger, porcupine, stone marten, fox, ermine, Menzbier's marmot, and relict suslik (gopher), and bird species such as gray partridge, snow-cock, black vulture, griffon vulture, etc. Under special protection are rare animal and bird species such as snow leopard, Menzbier's marmot, bearded vulture, golden eagle, etc.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Journal `Soviet Uzbekistan Today'			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 634			Serial	263
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	Author	Kolbintsev V.G.
	Title	Modern status of endangered vertebrates in Aksu Jabagly nature reserve			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2001	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol.8.	Issue		Pages	139-140
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Aksu Jabagly nature reserve; endangered vertebrates; number; snow leopard.; 7180; Russian
	Abstract	Data on number of several endangered vertebrates inhabiting in Aksu Jabagly nature reserve in 1990-2000 are given. Number of snow leopard is rather stable and evaluated as 2-3 pairs.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biodiversity of W Tien Shan (Kazakhstan). Proceedings of Aksu Jabagly State nature reserve.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 696			Serial	544
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