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| Author | Linnell, J.; Swenson, J.; Landa A.; and Kvam, T. | ||||
| Title | Methods for monitoring European large carnivores – A worldwide review of relevant experience | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | NINA Oppdragsmelding | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume  |
549 | Issue | Pages | 1-38 | |
| Keywords | carnivore; monitoring; census; bear; Lynx; wolf; wolverine; 5310 | ||||
| Abstract | Against a background of recovering large carnivore populations in Norway, and many other areas of Europe, it is becoming increasingly important to develop methods to monitor their populations. A variety of parameters can monitored depending on objectives. These parameters include: presence/absense, distribution, population trend indices, minimum counts, statistical estimates of population size, reproductive parameters and health/condition. Three broad categories of monitoring techniques can be recognised each with increasing levels of fieldwork required. The first category includes those techniques that do not require original fieldwork. The second category involves fieldwork, but where individually recognisable carnivores are not available. The third category includes methods where fieldwork has recognisable individuals available. Different mehtods tend to have been used for different species, mainly because of limitations imposed by the different species' ecology. The most precise estimates of population size have been obtained in research projects with relatively small study sites and with the help of radio-telemetry. However, it may be difficult, or impossible, to apply these methods over large monitoring areas. Therefore, in terms of practical management, a combination of minimum counts, supported by an independent index may be more useful than statistical population estimates. All methods should be subject to a careful design process, and power analysis should be conducted to determine the sensitivity of the method to detect changes. Based on the review of over 200 papers and reports we recommend a package of complementary monitoring methods for brown bear, wolverine, lynx and wolf in Norway. These include the use of observations from the public and reports of predation on livestock to determine broad patterns of distribution, and an index based on hunter observations per hunting day, for all four species. Minimum counts of reproductive units, natal dens, family groups, and packs, should be obtained from snow-tracking for wolverines, lynx and wolves respectively. In addition a track-count index should be obtained for wolverines and lynx. As much data as possible should be obtained of lynx and wolvereines killed in the annual harvest. Brown bears will be difficult to monitor without the use of radio-telemetry, therfore they may require periodic telemetry based, mark-recapture studies. Such a program can easily be constructed within existing central and regional wildlife management structures, but will require extensive involvement from hunters. |
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| Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 516 | Serial | 622 | ||
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| Author | Chapron, G. | ||||
| Title | Re-wilding: other projects help carnivores stay wild | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
437 | Issue | Pages | 318 | |
| Keywords | Acinonyx jubatus, carnivore, coexistence, conservation, damage prevention, Panthera leo, snow leopard, survival, Uncia uncia | ||||
| Abstract | Letter to Nature Editor, in response to: In their plea for bringing Pleistocene wildlife to the New World (“Re-wilding North America” Nature 436, 913–914; 2005), Josh Donlan and colleagues do not discuss successful efforts to ensure long-term survival of large carnivores in Africa and Asia. A few examples are given. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1114 | ||
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| Author | Subbotin, A.E.; Istomov, S.V. | ||||
| Title | The population status of snow leopards Uncia uncia (Felidae, Carnivora) in the western Sayan Mountain Ridge | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Doklady Biologicl Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
425 | Issue | Pages | 183-186 | |
| Keywords | population; status; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Felidae; Carnivora; Sayan; mountain; Russian; Test; species; cat; Russia; area; range; Data; study; activity; activities; behavior; habitats; habitat; humans; Human; number; description; Animal; structure | ||||
| Abstract | The snow leopard (Uncia uncial Schreber, 1776) is the most poorly studied species of the cat family in the world and, in particular, in Russia, where the northern periphery of the species area (no more than 3% of it) is located in the Altai-Hangai-Sayan range [1]. It is generally known that the existing data on the Russian part of the snow leopard population have never been a result of targeted studies; at best, they have been based on recording the traces of the snow leopard vital activity [2]. This is explained by the snow leopard's elusive behavior, inaccessibility of its habitats for humans, and its naturally small total numbers in the entire species area. All published data on the population status of the snow leopard in Russia, from the first descriptions of the species [3-6] to the latest studies [7, 8] are subjective, often speculative, and are not confirmed by quantitative estimates. It is obvious, however, that every accurate observation of this animal is of particular interest [9]. The purpose of our study was to determine the structure and size of the population group presumably inhabiting the Western Sayan mountain ridge at the northern boundary of the species area |
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| Publisher | Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0012-4966 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Original Russian test published in Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 425, No.6, pp.846-849. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1005 | Serial | 941 | ||
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| Author | Lovari, S., Minder, I., Ferretti, F., Mucci, N., Randi, E., Pellizzi, B. | ||||
| Title | Common and snow leopards share prey, but not habitats: competition avoidance by large predators | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Journal of Zoology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
291 | Issue | Pages | 127-135 | |
| Keywords | coexistence; resource partitioning; food habits; Panthera uncia; Panthera pardus. | ||||
| Abstract | Resource exploitation and behavioural interference underlie competition among carnivores. Competition is reduced by specializing on different prey and/or spatiotemporal separation, usually leading to different food habits. We predicted that two closely related species of large cats, the endangered snow leopard and the near-threatened common leopard, living in sympatry, would coexist through habitat separation and exploitation of different prey species. In central Himalaya, we assessed (2006–2010) habitat and diet overlap between these carnivores. The snow leopard used grassland and shrubland, whereas the common leopard selected forest. Contrary to our prediction, snow leopard and common leopard preyed upon similar wild (Himalayan tahr, musk deer) and domestic species (Bos spp., dogs). Dietary overlap between snow leopard and common leopard was 69% (yearly), 76% (colder months) and 60% (warmer months). Thus, habitat separation should be the result of other factors, most likely avoidance of interspecific aggression. Habitat separation may not always lead to the use of different prey. Avoidance of interspecific aggression, rather than exploitation of different resources, could allow the coexistence of potentially competing large predators. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1402 | ||
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| Author | Shrestha, R.; Wegge, P.; Koirala, R.A. | ||||
| Title | Summer diets of wild and domestic ungulates in Nepal Himalaya | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Journal of Zoology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
266 | Issue | Pages | 111-119 | |
| Keywords | argali; blue sheep; Capra hircus; diet; faecal analysis; fecal analysis; mountain ungulates; Ovis ammon hodgsoni; pseudois nayaur | ||||
| Abstract | The selection of summer forage by three sympatric ungulates in the Damodar Kunda region of upper Mustang in north Nepal was studied to assess the extent of food overlap between them. To compare their diets, a microhistological technique of faecal analysis was used, adjusted for inherent biases by comparing it with bite-count data obtained in domestic goats. Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni, naur (blue sheep or bharal) Pseudois nayaur and domestic goat Capra hircus consumed mostly forbs, graminoids and browse, respectively. The proportions of food items in their diets were significantly different both at the plant species (P<0.02) and at the forage category level (P<0.001). Except for sharing three common plants (Agrostis sp., Stipa sp. and Potentilla fruticosa), dietary overlap at the species level was quite low. At the forage category level, naur and domestic goat overlapped more than the other ungulate pairs. Although all three species were opportunistic, mixed feeders, argali was a more selective forb specialist grazer than the other two ungulates. Owing to some spatial separation and little dietary overlap, interspecific competition for summer forage was low. If animal densities increase, however, goats are expected to compete more with naur than with argali because of their more similar diets. Owing to differences in forage selection by argali and naur throughout their large geographical ranges, reflecting adaptations to local ecological conditions, inferences regarding forage competition between domestic livestock and these two wild caprins need to be made from local, site-specific studies, rather than from general diet comparisons. |
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| Publisher | The Zoological Society of London | Place of Publication | London | Editor | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 934 | Serial | 888 | ||
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| Author | Blomqvist, L. | ||||
| Title | Captive Snow Leopard Report for 1989 | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1989 | Publication | International Zoo News | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
265 | Issue | Pages | 5-14 | |
| Keywords | browse; captivity; distribution; status; zoo; zoos | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 141 | Serial | 162 | ||
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| Author | Salvatori, M., Tenan, S., Oberosler, V., Augugliaro, C., Christe, P., Groff, C., Krofel, M., Zimmermann, F., Rovero, F. | ||||
| Title | Co-occurrence of snow leopard, wolf and Siberian ibex under livestock encroachment into protected areas across the Mongolian Altai | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2021 | Publication | Biological Conservatio | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
261 | Issue | 109294 | Pages | 1-14 |
| Keywords | Camera-trapping, Panthera uncia, Canis lupus, Capra sibirica, Occupancy, Human-wildlife conflicts, Activity pattern | ||||
| Abstract | In countries such as Mongolia, where globalization of the cashmere market has spurred herders to massively increase their livestock numbers, an important conservation concern is the effect of livestock encroachment on wildlife. This is especially important inside protected areas (PAs), which often represent the last refugia for threatened large mammals. We used camera-traps to sample four areas with different protection status across the Mongolian Altai Mountains, and targeted a predator-prey system composed of livestock, one large herbivore, the Siberian ibex, and two large carnivores, the snow leopard and the wolf. To determine the effect of livestock on habitat use by the wild species and their spatio-temporal co-occurrence we applied an occupancy framework explicitly developed for modelling interacting species. We recorded a widespread presence of domestic animals in the PAs, and observed avoidance of sites used by livestock by snow leopard and ibex, while wolves tended to co-occur with it. Snow leopard and ibex showed clear mutual co-occurrence, indicating a tight predator-prey relationship. Results provide evidence that, at the scale of sites sampled primarily to maximise snow leopard detections, grazing livestock interferes with wild species by inducing avoidance in snow leopards, and attraction in wolves. We suggest that (1) PAs management should enforce real grazing limitations on the ground, especially in the core areas of the parks; (2) new policies incorporating wildlife conservation into government subsidies to pastoralists should be envisaged, to prevent increasing displacement of snow leopards and ibex; (3) as wolves co- occurred with livestock, with the potential for human-wildlife conflicts, we encourage the use of a set of prevention techniques to mitigate livestock depredation. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1659 | ||
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| Author | Reading, R.P.; Mix, H.M.; Badamjaviin L.; Feh, L.; Kane, D.; Dulamtseren, S.; Enkhbold S. | ||||
| Title | Status and distribution of khulan Equus hemionus in Mongolia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Journal of Zoology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
254 | Issue | Pages | 381-389 | |
| Keywords | gobi; Equus hemionus; Khulan; Mongolia; wild ass; 5240 | ||||
| Abstract | The Asiatic wild ass Equus hemionus, or khulan, once ranged across much of Central Asia, but is now globally threatened. The largest free-ranging populations are now restricted to a 250-km wide area (range 100ñ400 km) across the Gobi Desert region of southern Mongolia. Over the last 23 years the population has moved further north and east into its former range. Surveys conducted in the 1970s and 1980s estimated that the Mongolian population contained fewer than 15 000 animals and was declining as a result of human exploitation and livestock competition. Aerial surveys (one in autumn 1994, two in spring 1997) were flown as line transects over portions of the khulan's range in Mongolia and ground surveys (’ve in spring, summer, and autumn 1994ñ97) were conducted by vehicle and foot. Sample sizes and areas surveyed were larger than previous surveys, and our methods were often more systematic. Population size was estimated at 33 000ñ63 000 wild asses in Mongolia. Animal density ranged from 4.2 a 1.3 to 19.1a 3.2 per 100 km2. Mean group size ranged from four to 35 animals in the south-western Gobi, four to seven animals in the southern Gobi, and three to 18 in the south-eastern Gobi. Our data suggest that Mongolia is the most important stronghold for the conservation of E. hemionus. Conservation management continues to be challenging because intensive studies on khulan biology and ecology are just beginning. As a freemarket economy continues to emerge in Mongolia, pressure from resource extraction interests and nomadic livestock herders to remove the khulan's protected status, permit harvesting and halt population growth and expansion, also makes implementation of research and conservation management programs more imperative. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available at URL | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 509 | Serial | 813 | ||
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| Author | Macdonald, A.A.; Johnstone, M. | ||||
| Title | Comparative anatomy of the cardiac foramen ovale in cats (Felidae), dogs (Canidae), bears (Ursidae) and hyaenas (Hyaenidae) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | J Anat | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
186 ( Pt 2) | Issue | Pages | 235-243 | |
| Keywords | Animal; Newborn; Bears: anatomy & histology; Carnivora: anatomy & histology: embryology; Cats: anatomy & histology; Dogs: anatomy & histology; Heart Septum: anatomy & histology: embryology; Support,Non-U.S.Gov't; bear; anatomy; histology; Carnivora; embryology; Cats; cat; bears; Dog; Dogs; heart; septum; browse; non; gov't; us; government; 160 | ||||
| Abstract | The structure of the foramen ovale from 16 species representing 4 carnivore families, the Felidae, Canidae, Ursidae and Hyaenidae, was studied using the scanning electron microscope. The Felidae were represented by 9 domestic cat fetuses (Felis catus), 2 snow leopard neonates (Uncia uncia), an ocelot neonate (Leopardus pardalis), 2 lion neonates (Panthera leo), a panther neonate (Panthera pardus) and 3 tigers (Neofelis tigris), comprising 2 fetuses and a neonate. The Canidae were represented by a golden jackal neonate (Canis aureus), a newborn wolf (Canis lupus), 8 domestic dog fetuses (Canis familiaris), 3 red fox neonates (Vulpes vulpes) and a dhole neonate (Cuon alpinus). The Ursidae were represented by a brown bear neonate (Ursus arctos), a day-old grizzly bear cub (Ursus arctos horribilis), a polar bear neonate (Ursus maritimus), and 2 additional bear fetuses (species unknown). The Hyaenidae were represented by a striped hyaena neonate (Hyaena hyaena). In each species, the foramen ovale, when viewed from the terminal part of the caudal vena cava, had the appearance of a short tunnel. A thin fold of tissue, the developed remains of the embryonic septum primum, extended from the distal end of the caudal vena cava for a variable distance into the lumen of the left atrium and contributed towards the 'tunnel' appearance in all specimens. It constituted a large proportion of the tube, and its distal end was straight-edged. There was fibrous material underlying the endothelium of the flap, the apparent morphology of which suggested that it comprised cardiac muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | ||||
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| ISSN | 0021-8782 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Document Type: eng | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 269 | Serial | 632 | ||
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| Author | Murali,R., Ikhagvajav, P., Amankul, V., Jumabay, K., Sharma, K., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Suryawanshi, K., Mishra, C. | ||||
| Title | Ecosystem service dependence in livestock and crop-based | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2020 | Publication | Journal of Arid Environments | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
180 | Issue | Pages | 1-10 | |
| Keywords | Provisioning services Arid ecosystems Local communities Land-use | ||||
| Abstract | Globally, in semi-arid and arid landscapes, there is an ongoing transition from livestock-production systems to crop-production systems, and in many parts of Asia's arid mountains, mining for minerals is also increasing. These changes are accompanied by a change in the generation and quality of ecosystem services (ES), which can impact human well-being. In this study, to better understand the impacts of such transitions, we quantified ES in two crop-based and three livestock-based production systems in the arid and semi-arid landscapes of the High Himalaya and Central Asia, specifically in the Indian Himalaya, Kyrgyz Tien Shan, and Mongolian Altai. Our results showed 1) high economic dependence (3.6–38 times the respective annual household income) of local farmers on provisioning ES, with the economic value of ES being greater in livestock-production systems (7.4–38 times the annual household income) compared to crop-production systems (3.6–3.7 times the annual household income); 2) ES input into cashmere production, the main commodity from the livestock-production systems, was 13–18 times greater than the price of cashmere received by the farmer; and 3) in the livestock production systems affected by mining, impacts on ES and quality of life were reported to be negative by majority of the respondents. We conclude that livestock-based systems may be relatively more vulnerable to degrading impacts of mining and other ongoing developments due to their dependence on larger ES resource catchments that tend to have weaker land tenure and are prone to fragmentation. In contrast to the general assumption of low value of ES in arid and semi-arid landscapes due to relatively low primary productivity, our study underscores the remarkably high importance of ES in supporting local livelihoods. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1603 | |||
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