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Author |
Clevenger, S.A. |
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Title |
Snow leopards born... and born... and born at OKC Zoo |
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Miscellaneous |
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1980 |
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Oklahoma City Zoo |
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snow leopard, captive, Oklahoma City Zoo, breeding, birth |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ |
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1192 |
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Author |
Clevenger, S., S. |
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Title |
Breeding snow leopards in the north 40 |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Zoosounds |
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12-13 |
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snow leopard, captivity, breeding, Oklahoma City Zoo |
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SLN @ rana @ |
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1197 |
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Author |
Clapp, M. |
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Title |
Rare cat has back problems |
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San Antonio News |
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snow leopard, captivity, medical, San Antonio Zoo, Texas |
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SLN @ rana @ |
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1263 |
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Author |
Chundawat, R.S. |
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Title |
Ecological Studies of Snow Leopard and its associated prey species in Hemis National Park, Ladakh |
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Manuscript |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
University of Rajasthan |
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194 |
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Abstract |
Trans Himalayas experience extremes of cold and arid climatic conditions which account for their lower productivity. The wild animals occur in lower densities and need relatively large areas to maintain viable populations. Though these animals are fully adapted to these environmental conditions, increasing human pressure poses a great threat to their survival.
Trans Himalayas are intrinsically a fragile ecosystem and their overuse has pushed them close to ravage in many localities. Higher Himalayas are progressively threatened by the increasing developmental activities such as opening up by new roads and and increasing number of satellite townships.
This region has long remained unstudied by conservationists. The paucity of information on this region is very well recognised by the managers and conservationists in the country as well as the world over. For better management and conservation of wildlife in the region, it is of paramount importance to have atleast the basic information on the status, distribution of flora and fauna, and other environmental and socio-economic aspects. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1372 |
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Author |
Chundawat, R.S. |
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Title |
Elusive leopard of the mountains |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
In Danger: habitats, species and people |
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11-17 |
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Keywords |
snow leopard, India |
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Ranthambhore Foundation |
Place of Publication |
New Delhi, India |
Editor |
Manfredi, R. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ |
Serial |
1198 |
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Author |
Chubykina, H.L., Shilo, R.A. |
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Title |
A study of diurnal activity rhythms in snow leopards and lynx (Panthera uncia and Felix lynx) at Novosibirsk Zoo |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
International Zoo Yearbook |
Abbreviated Journal |
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21 |
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193-196 |
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Keywords |
snow leopard, captivity, activity, behaviors, Novosibirsk Zoo |
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SLN @ rana @ |
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1211 |
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Author |
Christiansen, P. |
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Title |
Canine morphology in the larger Felidae: implications for feeding ecology |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |
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91 |
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573-592 |
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Keywords |
bite force, canine, clouded leopard, feeding behaviour, felid, Homotherium serum, leopard, Megantereoncultridens, morphology, Neofelis nebulosa, paleontology, Panthera pardus, Panthera tigris, puma, Puma concolor, Smilodon fatalis, Smilodon populator, snow leopard, Uncia uncia |
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Abstract |
Canine morphology is analysed at seven intervals along the crown in both
anteroposterior and lateromedial perspective in seven species of large felids. The puma and the snow leopard have stout, rather conical canines, whereas those of lions, jaguars, and tigers bear substantial resemblance to each other, reflecting their phylogenetic relationships, and are less conical and large. The canines of the leopard are intermediate in morphology between those of the other species, probably reflecting its more generalized diet. The clouded leopard has very large and blade-like canines, which are different from the other analysed species. Canine bending strengths to estimated bite forces appear to differ less among the species than morphology,indicating that the evolution of canines has been constricted with respect to their strength in failure, probably owing to their being equally important for species fitness. However, the clouded leopard again stands out, having a high estimated bite force and rather weak canines in bending about the anteroposterior as well as lateromedial planes compared to the other species. Canine morphology to some extent reflects differences in killing mode, but also appears to be related to the phylogeny. The marked divergence of the clouded leopard is presently not understood. |
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SLN @ rana @ |
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1115 |
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Author |
Chetri, M, Odden, M., Sharma, K., Flagstad, O., Wegge, P |
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Title |
Estimating snow leopard density using fecal DNA in a large landscape in north-central Nepal |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Global Ecology and Conservation |
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17 |
Pages |
1-8 |
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Keywords |
Panthera uncia, Density, Annapurna-Manaslu landscape, Noninvasive, Spatial scale |
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Abstract |
Although abundance estimates have a strong bearing on the conservation status of a
species, less than 2% of the global snow leopard distribution range has been sampled
systematically, mostly in small survey areas. In order to estimate snow leopard density
across a large landscape, we collected 347 putative snow leopard scats from 246 transects
(490 km) in twenty-six 5 5km sized sampling grid cells within 4393 km2 in Annapurna-
Manaslu, Nepal. From 182 confirmed snow leopard scats, 81 were identified as belonging
to 34 individuals; the remaining were discarded for their low (<0.625) quality index. Using
maximum likelihood based spatial capture recapture analysis, we developed candidate
model sets to test effects of various covariates on density and detection of scats on transects.
The best models described the variation in density as a quadratic function of
elevation and detection as a linear function of topography. The average density estimate of
snow leopards for the area of interest within Nepal was 0.95 (SE 0.19) animals per 100 km2
(0.66e1.41 95% CL) with predicted densities varying between 0.1 and 1.9 in different parts,
thus highlighting the heterogeneity in densities as a function of habitat types. Our density
estimate was low compared to previous estimates from smaller study areas. Probably,
estimates from some of these areas were inflated due to locally high abundances in overlap
zones (hotspots) of neighboring individuals, whose territories probably range far beyond
study area borders. Our results highlight the need for a large-scale approach in snow
leopard monitoring, and we recommend that methodological problems related to spatial
scale are taken into account in future snow leopard research. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1478 |
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Author |
Chetri, M., Odden, M., Wegge, P. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard and Himalayan Wolf: Food Habits and Prey Selection in the Central Himalayas, Nepal |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
Publication |
Plos |
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12(2) |
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2-16 |
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Abstract |
Top carnivores play an important role in maintaining energy flow and functioning of the ecosystem,
and a clear understanding of their diets and foraging strategies is essential for
developing effective conservation strategies. In this paper, we compared diets and prey
selection of snow leopards and wolves based on analyses of genotyped scats (snow leopards
n = 182, wolves n = 57), collected within 26 sampling grid cells (5×5 km) that were distributed
across a vast landscape of ca 5000 km2 in the Central Himalayas, Nepal. Within the
grid cells, we sampled prey abundances using the double observer method. We found that
interspecific differences in diet composition and prey selection reflected their respective
habitat preferences, i.e. snow leopards significantly preferred cliff-dwelling wild ungulates
(mainly bharal, 57% of identified material in scat samples), whereas wolves preferred typically
plain-dwellers (Tibetan gazelle, kiang and argali, 31%). Livestock was consumed less
frequently than their proportional availability by both predators (snow leopard = 27%; wolf =
24%), but significant avoidance was only detected among snow leopards. Among livestock
species, snow leopards significantly preferred horses and goats, avoided yaks, and used
sheep as available. We identified factors influencing diet composition using Generalized Linear
Mixed Models. Wolves showed seasonal differences in the occurrence of small mammals/
birds, probably due to the winter hibernation of an important prey, marmots. For snow
leopard, occurrence of both wild ungulates and livestock in scats depended on sex and latitude.
Wild ungulates occurrence increased while livestock decreased from south to north,
probably due to a latitudinal gradient in prey availability. Livestock occurred more frequently
in scats from male snow leopards (males: 47%, females: 21%), and wild ungulates more frequently
in scats from females (males: 48%, females: 70%). The sexual difference agrees
with previous telemetry studies on snow leopards and other large carnivores, and may
reflect a high-risk high-gain strategy among males. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1450 |
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Author |
Chen, P., Gao, Y., Lee, A. T. L., Cering, L., Shi, K., Clark, S. G. |
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Title |
Human–carnivore coexistence in Qomolangma (Mt. Everest) Nature Reserve, China: Patterns and compensation |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Biological Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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197 |
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18-26 |
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Keywords |
Conflict Compensation Human–carnivore coexistence Management Predation patterns Qomolangma Nature Reserve |
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Abstract |
Livestock depredation by large carnivores is frequently reported in Qomolangma (Mt. Everest) National Nature Reserve, Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Seeking to minimize conflicts, we assessed depredation patterns and ways to upgrade the compensation program. We gathered 9193 conflict records over 2011–2013 to determine the extent and tempo-spatial patterns of the depredation.Weinterviewed 22 local officials and 94 residents to learn their views on depredations and to assess the adequacy of compensation. Data showed that wolves (Canis lupus), lynx (Lynx lynx), and snowleopards (Panthera uncia)were themajor livestock predators. Total livestock
loss accounted for 1.2% of the entire stockholding (n=846,707) in the region. Wolves and lynx tended to take sheep and goats,whereas snowleopards favored yaks and cattle in relation to their proportional abundance. Predation mostly occurred in March through July. Livestock depredation by all predators when combined was best explained by terrain ruggedness and density of small- and large-bodied livestock. Temporal and spatial predation patterns variedamong carnivores.Most respondents (74%) attributed depredation causes to an increase in carnivore abundance. Only 7% blamed lax livestock herding practice for predation losses. Five percent said that
predation was the result of livestock population increases, while 11% had no idea. The compensation scheme was found to be flawed in all aspects—predation verification, application procedure, compensation standard, operational resource allocation, making payment, and other problems. To enhance management for human–carnivore coexistence, we recommend a problem-oriented, integrated, adaptive approach that targets the complex social context of the conflict and addresses the interconnected functions of decision-making process. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1435 |
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