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Author Chetri, M, Odden, M., Sharma, K., Flagstad, O., Wegge, P url 
  Title Estimating snow leopard density using fecal DNA in a large landscape in north-central Nepal Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication Global Ecology and Conservation Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue 17 Pages 1-8  
  Keywords Panthera uncia, Density, Annapurna-Manaslu landscape, Noninvasive, Spatial scale  
  Abstract Although abundance estimates have a strong bearing on the conservation status of a

species, less than 2% of the global snow leopard distribution range has been sampled

systematically, mostly in small survey areas. In order to estimate snow leopard density

across a large landscape, we collected 347 putative snow leopard scats from 246 transects

(490 km) in twenty-six 5  5km sized sampling grid cells within 4393 km2 in Annapurna-

Manaslu, Nepal. From 182 confirmed snow leopard scats, 81 were identified as belonging

to 34 individuals; the remaining were discarded for their low (<0.625) quality index. Using

maximum likelihood based spatial capture recapture analysis, we developed candidate

model sets to test effects of various covariates on density and detection of scats on transects.

The best models described the variation in density as a quadratic function of

elevation and detection as a linear function of topography. The average density estimate of

snow leopards for the area of interest within Nepal was 0.95 (SE 0.19) animals per 100 km2

(0.66e1.41 95% CL) with predicted densities varying between 0.1 and 1.9 in different parts,

thus highlighting the heterogeneity in densities as a function of habitat types. Our density

estimate was low compared to previous estimates from smaller study areas. Probably,

estimates from some of these areas were inflated due to locally high abundances in overlap

zones (hotspots) of neighboring individuals, whose territories probably range far beyond

study area borders. Our results highlight the need for a large-scale approach in snow

leopard monitoring, and we recommend that methodological problems related to spatial

scale are taken into account in future snow leopard research.
 
  Address  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1478  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Christiansen, P. url 
  Title Canine morphology in the larger Felidae: implications for feeding ecology Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Biological Journal of the Linnean Society Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 91 Issue Pages 573-592  
  Keywords bite force, canine, clouded leopard, feeding behaviour, felid, Homotherium serum, leopard, Megantereoncultridens, morphology, Neofelis nebulosa, paleontology, Panthera pardus, Panthera tigris, puma, Puma concolor, Smilodon fatalis, Smilodon populator, snow leopard, Uncia uncia  
  Abstract Canine morphology is analysed at seven intervals along the crown in both

anteroposterior and lateromedial perspective in seven species of large felids. The puma and the snow leopard have stout, rather conical canines, whereas those of lions, jaguars, and tigers bear substantial resemblance to each other, reflecting their phylogenetic relationships, and are less conical and large. The canines of the leopard are intermediate in morphology between those of the other species, probably reflecting its more generalized diet. The clouded leopard has very large and blade-like canines, which are different from the other analysed species. Canine bending strengths to estimated bite forces appear to differ less among the species than morphology,indicating that the evolution of canines has been constricted with respect to their strength in failure, probably owing to their being equally important for species fitness. However, the clouded leopard again stands out, having a high estimated bite force and rather weak canines in bending about the anteroposterior as well as lateromedial planes compared to the other species. Canine morphology to some extent reflects differences in killing mode, but also appears to be related to the phylogeny. The marked divergence of the clouded leopard is presently not understood.
 
  Address  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1115  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Chubykina, H.L., Shilo, R.A. url 
  Title A study of diurnal activity rhythms in snow leopards and lynx (Panthera uncia and Felix lynx) at Novosibirsk Zoo Type Journal Article
  Year 1981 Publication International Zoo Yearbook Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 21 Issue Pages 193-196  
  Keywords snow leopard, captivity, activity, behaviors, Novosibirsk Zoo  
  Abstract  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1211  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Chundawat, R.S. url 
  Title Elusive leopard of the mountains Type Book Chapter
  Year 1997 Publication In Danger: habitats, species and people Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 11-17  
  Keywords snow leopard, India  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Ranthambhore Foundation Place of Publication New Delhi, India Editor Manfredi, R.  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1198  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Chundawat, R.S. url 
  Title Ecological Studies of Snow Leopard and its associated prey species in Hemis National Park, Ladakh Type Manuscript
  Year 1992 Publication University of Rajasthan Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 194  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Trans Himalayas experience extremes of cold and arid climatic conditions which account for their lower productivity. The wild animals occur in lower densities and need relatively large areas to maintain viable populations. Though these animals are fully adapted to these environmental conditions, increasing human pressure poses a great threat to their survival.

Trans Himalayas are intrinsically a fragile ecosystem and their overuse has pushed them close to ravage in many localities. Higher Himalayas are progressively threatened by the increasing developmental activities such as opening up by new roads and and increasing number of satellite townships.

This region has long remained unstudied by conservationists. The paucity of information on this region is very well recognised by the managers and conservationists in the country as well as the world over. For better management and conservation of wildlife in the region, it is of paramount importance to have atleast the basic information on the status, distribution of flora and fauna, and other environmental and socio-economic aspects.
 
  Address  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1372  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Clapp, M. url 
  Title Rare cat has back problems Type Newspaper Article
  Year Publication San Antonio News Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords snow leopard, captivity, medical, San Antonio Zoo, Texas  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1263  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Clevenger, S., S. url 
  Title Breeding snow leopards in the north 40 Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1979 Publication Zoosounds Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 12-13  
  Keywords snow leopard, captivity, breeding, Oklahoma City Zoo  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1197  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Clevenger, S.A. url 
  Title Snow leopards born... and born... and born at OKC Zoo Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1980 Publication Oklahoma City Zoo Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords snow leopard, captive, Oklahoma City Zoo, breeding, birth  
  Abstract  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1192  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Clevenger, S. url 
  Title Snow leopards: Captivity perpetuates the species Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1980 Publication Zoosounds Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume XVI Issue 5 Pages 18-19  
  Keywords snow leopard, captivity, Oklahoma City Zoo  
  Abstract  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1196  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Dawa, T., Farrington, J., Norbu, K. url 
  Title Competition and Coexistence: Human-Wildlife Conflict in the Chang Tang Region of Tibet Type Book Whole
  Year 2007 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords  
  Abstract In Chinese and English.

Note: this is a slightly expanded book version of the following report with a full Chinese translation: Tsering Dawa, John D. Farrington, and Kelsang Norbu. Human-wildlife Conflict in the Chang Tang Region of Tibet: The Impact of Tibetan Brown Bears and other Wildlife on Nomadic Herders with Recommendations for Conflict Mitigation. Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China: WWF China-Lhasa Field Office, 2006.

The multiple-use Chang Tang and Seling Lake Nature Reserves were created in 1993 to protect the unique assemblage of large fauna inhabiting the high-altitude steppe grasslands of northern Tibet, including the Tibetan antelope, Tibetan wild ass, Tibetan brown bear, Tibetan Gazelle, wild yak, and snow leopard. Prior to creation of the reserve, many of these species were heavily hunted for meat and sale of parts. Since creation of the reserve, however, killing of wildlife by subsistence hunters and commercial poachers has declined while in the past five years a new problem has emerged, that of human-wildlife conflict. With human, livestock, and wildlife populations in the reserves all increasing, and animals apparently emboldened by reserve-wide hunting bans, all forms of human-wildlife conflict have surged rapidly since 2001. This conflict takes on four primary forms in the Chang Tang region: 1)killing of domestic livestock in corrals and on open pastures by Tibetan brown bears, snow leopards, and other predators, 2) Tibetan brown bears badly damaging herders’ cabins and tents in search of food, 3) loss of important grass resources to large herds of widely migrating wild ungulates, particularly the Tibetan wild ass, possibly leading to winter starvation of livestock, 4) driving off of domestic female yaks by wild yak bulls in search of harems.

In April of 2006, the authors conducted a wildlife conflict survey of 300 herding households in Nagchu Prefecture&#146;s Shenzha, Tsonyi, and Nyima Counties. Results showed that the 87 percent of households had experienced some form of wildlife conflict since 1990. The Tibetan brown bear was the largest source of wildlife conflict, affecting 49 percent of surveyed households, followed by grazing competition conflict which affected 36 percent of surveyed households, and snow leopard conflict which affected 24 percent of surveyed households. Type and frequency of wildlife conflict problems cut across all three surveyed socio-economic factors, residence type, size of living group, and economic status/herd size, and was primarily a function of location. A break down of incidences of human-wildlife conflict into three 5 to 6-year time periods between January 1990 and April 2006 revealed dramatic increases in conflict occurring since 2001. When compared to the 1990-1995 period, the incidence of conflict today ranged from 2.6 times higher for fox conflict to 5.5 times higher for conflict with snow leopards, while there was a 4.6 fold increase in the occurrence of bear conflict. From second-hand accounts and wildlife remains confiscated from herders, it is now believed that retaliatory killing of wildlife rivals commercial poaching as the greatest threat to the continued existence of the Chang Tang region's large fauna. Human-wildlife conflict reduction strategies and wildlife conservation education programs must be devised and implemented in order to halt the retaliatory killing of wildlife by nomadic herders in the Chang Tang.
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author WWF Thesis  
  Publisher Tibet People’s Publishing House Place of Publication Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Chinese Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1149  
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