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	Author	Jackson, R., Hillard, D.
	Title	Non-invasive Monitoring to Support Local Stewardship of Snow Leopards and Their Prey: Annual progress report summary			Type	Report
	Year	2003	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-6
	Keywords
	Abstract	Under this grant awarded by The Leonard X. Bosack and Bette M. Kruger Foundation through the auspices of Cat Action Treasury, SLC set out to accomplish the following outcomes in our Stewardship Program: As of July 1, 2003 we completed the following major activities: * Tested and compared different remote sensor and camera configurations to determine which is most reliable at “capturing” passing snow leopards; * Investigated sampling strategies and camera trap placement with respect to snow leopard travel patterns and marking behavior; * Compared different survey methods: direct (non-invasive capture of photos and DNA material contained in hairs), and indirect (sign transects and presence/absence surveys under the standard SLIMS protocol); * Assessed the attitude of local people toward snow leopards, wolves and other wildlife as well as their perceptions of benefits and costs associated with the Hemis National Park, in order to craft more effective conservation and park management measures. These activities mesh with SLC’s ongoing program of predator-proofing livestock corrals in settlements of the Hemis National Park, as well as outside protected areas (including Zanskar, Lingshed and Kanji. For each village’s corrals that are improved, we estimate that five or more snow leopards are saved from retaliatory killing by shepherds who lose valuable livestock. Our program in assisting villagers to gain supplementary income from tourism-related activities is gaining strength, with trainings in 10 settlements this spring. SLC brought staff of KCC, the Khangchenjunga Conservation Committee, a local NGO based in Sikkim to assist in the skills training and to exchange ideas and experiences from other areas. Following on from the groundwork laid during the first Bosack-Kruger grant to SLC, we launched a major initiative in collaboration with the Mountain Institute, the Himalayan Homestay program. Funding for this is being provided by UNESCO. For further information on these and other snow leopard conservation efforts, see our newly designed web-page. The following paragraphs summarize our accomplishments to date, supported by this grant. For detailed information, please consult the following reports, which are being mailed under separate cover: 1) “Local People’s Attitudes toward Wildlife Conservation in Hemis National Park with Special Reference to the Conservation of Large Predators” (prepared by Rodney Jackson, Rinchen Wangchuk and Jigmet Dadul) 2) “Non-Invasive Monitoring to Support Stewardship of Snow Leopards and Their Prey: Evaluation of Remote Camera Traps for Censusing Snow Leopards” (prepared by Rodney Jackson and Jerry Roe).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes	Submitted to: The Leonard X. Bosack and Bette M. Kruger Charitable Foundation; submitted by the Snow Leopard Conservancy			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1337
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	Author	Jackson, R., Hillard, D.
	Title	The Snow Leopard Conservancy Year-end report 2002			Type	Report
	Year	2002	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	While the SLC is just two years old, our twenty years of field experience, numerous contacts and well-established professional relationships have enabled us to work as a mature organization. The Wildlife Conservation Network (WCN) has been instrumental in building awareness of the SLC within the community, and in raising $85,000 in individual donations and merchandise sales which comprised 46% of our 2002 operating budget. With our overhead costs kept to a minimum and being substantially underwritten, donor dollars can be used directly and effectively in the field. With our donors and volunteers committed to helping us build our sustainability, we look forward to even greater success in saving snow leopards in partnership with local people.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1334
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	Author	Jackson, R.; Fox, J. L.
	Title	Report on the fourth SLIMS training workshop, Bhutan			Type	Report
	Year	1997	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-21
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes	May 13-30, 1997; report for International Snow Leopard Trust			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1165
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	Author	Jackson, R.
	Title	A radio-telemetry study of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Nepal with emphasis on conservation and predator-prey relations			Type	Report
	Year	1980	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	March	Pages
	Keywords	snow leopard, Nepal, conservation, radio telemetry, prey
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Draft			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1260
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	Author	Jackson, R., Ahlborn, G.G.
	Title	Appendix: Snow leopard managment recommendations provided to HMG in: Himalayan Snow Leopard Project: Final Progress Report, Phase I. Report: 1-7. Himalayan			Type	Report
	Year	1986	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-7
	Keywords	action plan, CCT, conservation, Himalaya, human wildlife conflict, hunting, livestock, local participation, local people, management/protected
	Abstract	Preliminary recommendations for the management of snow leopard and its prey are provided for the Langu Valley segment of the Shey-Pkoksundo National Park. Park-wide and country-wide conservation options and management recommendations await results of the surveys scheduled for 1987. The following management objectives are formulated: 1) Protection and ultimate restoration of all natural communities within the area 2) Special protection measures for snow leopard and musk deer (strict control of hunting and livestock grazing) 3) Secure natural resources around local villages 4) Respect traditional rights of villagers, while controlling high impact human activities 5) Secure cooperation of local people. These objectives are refined and recommendations for concrete conservation actions are made. Notes: document is a part of the Himalayan Snow Leopard Project: Final Progress Report, Phase I
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1119
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	Author	Jackson, R.
	Title	Snow Leopard Recovery Plan: Preliminary Recommendations			Type	Report
	Year	1990	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-10
	Keywords
	Abstract	Submitted to Species Survival Commission, Cat Specialist Group 31 January 1990.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1118
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	Author	Jackson, R.
	Title	Observations on the status and distribution of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in Nepal			Type	Report
	Year	1977	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-12
	Keywords	snow leopard, Nepal
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1229
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	Author	Bhatnagar, Y.V.; Stakrey, R.W.; Jackson, R.
	Title	A Survey of Depredation and Related Wildlife-Human Conflicts in Hemis National Park, Ladakh (India)			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2000	Publication	Snow Line	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	xvi	Issue		Pages	3
	Keywords	Jammu; Kashmir; Ladakh; conflicts; herders; livestock; predator; prey; grazing; ungulates; economics; Hemis; browse; 4430
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes	Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snowline			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 431			Serial	136
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	Author	Anwar, M., Jackson, R., Nadeem, M., Janecka, J., Hussain, S., Beg, M., Muhammad, G., and Qayyum, M.
	Title	Food habits of the snow leopard Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775) in Baltistan, Northern Pakistan			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	European Journal of Wildlife Research	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	3 March	Pages	1-7
	Keywords	Himalayas, Karakoram, Scat, Diet, Hair, Livestock, Biomass
	Abstract	The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) inhabits the high, remote mountains of Pakistan from where very little information is available on prey use of this species. Our study describes the food habits of the snow leopard in the Himalayas and Karakoram mountain ranges in Baltistan, Pakistan. Ninety-five putrid snow leopard scats were collected from four sites in Baltistan. Of these, 49 scats were genetically confirmed to have originated from snow leopards. The consumed prey was identified on the basis of morphological characteristics of hairs recovered from the scats. It was found that most of the biomass consumed (70%) was due to domestic livestock viz. sheep (23%), goat (16%), cattle (10%), yak (7%), and cattle–yak hybrids (14%). Only 30% of the biomass was due to wild species, namely Siberian ibex (21%), markhor (7%), and birds (2%). Heavy predation on domestic livestock appeared to be the likely cause of conflict with the local inhabitants. Conservation initiatives should focus on mitigating this conflict by minimizing livestock losses.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin / Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1612-4642	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1304
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	Author	Ale, S., Thapa, K., Jackson, R., Smith, J.L.D.
	Title	The fate of snow leopards in and around Mt. Everest			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Cat News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	53	Issue	Autumn	Pages	19-21
	Keywords	Mt. Everest, Everest, Rolwaling, snow leopard, re-colonize, Nepal
	Abstract	Since the early 2000s snow leopards Panthera uncia have re-colonized the southern slopes of Mt. Everest after several decades of extirpation. Are they now beginning to disperse to the adjoining valleys that may serve as habitat corridors linking the Everest region to other protected areas in Nepal? We conducted a cursory survey in autumn 2009 in Rolwaling lying west of Mt. Everest and detected snow leopard presence. We conclude that in these remote valleys snow leopards must rely upon livestock given the low abundance of natural prey, Himalayan tahr. Livestock-rearing is unfortunately declining in the region. Rolwaling requires immediate conservation attention for the continued survival of the endangered snow leopard and other high altitude flora and fauna.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1181
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	Author	Ale, S., Shrestha, B., and Jackson, R.
	Title	On the status of Snow Leopard Panthera Uncia (Schreber 1775) in Annapurna, Nepal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Journal of Threatened Taxa	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	6(3)	Pages	5534-5543
	Keywords	Annapurna, Blue Sheep, Buddhism, camera-trapping, Himalayas, Mustang, sign-survey, Snow Leopard.
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1407
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	Author	Ahlborn, G., Jackson, R.
	Title	A survery of Sagarmatha National Park and the endangered Snow Leopard			Type	Report
	Year		Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-23
	Keywords
	Abstract	A survey was undertaken of selected parts of Sagarmatha National Park to determine whether snow leopard was present, using techniques developed during a recent in-depth study of the species in west Nepal, using radio-telemetry. Although the species was considered to have been extirpated from the park in the 1970's, occasional reports have originated from trekkers who reported “seeing a snow leopard near Mount Everest (Sagarmatha)”.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1340
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	Author	Janeč ka, J.E., Munkhtsog, B., Jackson, R.M., Naranbaatar, G., Mallon, D.P. & Murphy, W.J.
	Title	Comparison of noninvasive genetic and camera-trapping techniques for surveying snow leopards			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of Mammalogy	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	92	Issue	4	Pages	771-783
	Keywords
	Abstract	The endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is widely but sparsely distributed throughout the mountainous regions of central Asia. Detailed information on the status and abundance of the snow leopard is limited because of the logistical challenges faced when working in the rugged terrain it occupies, along with its secretive nature. Camera-trapping and noninvasive genetic techniques have been used successfully to survey this felid. We compared noninvasive genetic and camera-trapping snow leopard surveys in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. We collected 180 putative snow leopard scats from 3 sites during an 8-day period along 37.74 km of transects. We then conducted a 65-day photographic survey at 1 of these sites, approximately 2 months after scat collection. In the site where both techniques were used noninvasive genetics detected 5 individuals in only 2 days of fieldwork compared to 7 individuals observed in the 65-day camera-trapping session. Estimates of population size from noninvasive genetics ranged between 16 and 19 snow leopards in the 314.3-km2 area surveyed, yielding densities of 4.9–5.9 individuals/100 km2. In comparison, the population estimate from the 65-day photographic survey was 4 individuals (adults only) within the 264-km2 area, for a density estimate of 1.5 snow leopards/100 km2. Higher density estimates from the noninvasive genetic survey were due partly to an inability to determine age and exclude subadults, reduced spatial distribution of sampling points as a consequence of collecting scats along linear transects, and deposition of scats by multiple snow leopards on common sites. Resulting differences could inflate abundance estimated from noninvasive genetic surveys and prevent direct comparison of densities derived from the 2 approaches unless appropriate adjustments are made to the study design.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Society of Mammalogists	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	DOI: 10.1644/10-MAMM-A-036.1; URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1644/10-MAMM-A-036.1			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1351
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	Author	Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G.
	Title	Snow leopards (Panthera- uncia) in Nepal – home range and movements			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	National Geographic Research	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5	Issue	2	Pages	161-175
	Keywords	Nepal; asia; home-range; movements; Panthera-uncia; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; home; range; home range; panthera; panthera uncia; uncia; 840
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Addresses:JACKSON R, CALIF INST ENVIRONM STUDIES,SNOW LEOPARD PROJECT,910 K ST,DAVIS,CA 95616 Publisher:NATL GEOGRAPHIC SOC, WASHINGTON Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 128			Serial	441
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	Author	Thapa, K., Jackson, R., Gurung, L, Acharya, H. B., Gurung, R. K.,
	Title	Applying the double observer methodology for assessing blue sheep population size in Nar Phu valley, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Wildlife Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-11
	Keywords	blue sheep, density estimation, double observer counts, Nepal, Panthera uncia, prey abundance, Pseudois nayaur, snow leopard, viewshed mapping
	Abstract	This study was undertaken in spring, 2019 to assess the applicability of the double-observer survey method for estimating blue sheep Pseudois nayaur abundance in Nar-Phu valley of Manang District located in Annapurna Conservation Area of northern Nepal. Since counting large mammals in rugged mountain habitat poses a special challenge, we tested the efficacy of the double observer method for generating robust population estimates for this important protected area. The overall detection probability for observers (O1 and O2) was 0.94 and 0.91 for a total of 106 groups comprised of 2059 individual blue sheep. We estimated the area’s blue sheep population at 2070 (SE ± 168.77; 95% CI 2059–2405) for the 246.2 km2 of sampled habitat. We determined blue sheep to be widely distributed within the study area with a mean density of 8.4 individuals per km2 based on a total study area of 246.2 km2. We discuss demographic population structure and identify limitations when applying the double observer approach, along with recommending viewshed mapping for ensuring more robust density estimates of mountain-dwelling ungulates like blue sheep or ibex that inhabit extremely heterogeneous terrain which strongly influences sighting distances and overall animal detection rates.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1666
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	Author	Johansson, O., Agvaantseren, B., Jackson, R., Kachel, S., Kubanychbekov, Z., McCarthy, T., Mishra, C., Ostrowski, S., Kulenbekov, R., Rajabi, A. M., Subba, S.
	Title	Body measurements of free-ranging snow leopards across their range			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2022	Publication	Snow Leopard Reports	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	1	Issue		Pages	1-6
	Keywords	Body mass, body size, carnivore, morphology, Panthera uncia
	Abstract	We provide body measurements of snow leopards collected from 55 individuals sampled in five of the major mountain ranges within the species distribution range; the Altai, Hindu Kush, Himalayas, Pamirs and Tien Shan mountains. Snow leopards appear to be similarly sized across their distribution range with mean body masses of 36 kg and 42 kg for adult females and adult males, respectively. In contrast to other large felids, we found little variation in body size and body mass between the sexes; adult males were on average 5% longer and 15% heavier than adult females.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1711
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	Author	Hacker, C., Atzeni, L., Munkhtsog, B., Munkhtsog, B., Galsandorj, N., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Buyanaa, C., Bayandonoi, G., Ochirjav, M., Farrington, J. D., Jevit, M., Zhang, Y., Wu, L. Cong, W., Li, D., Gavette, C., Jackson, R., Janecka, J. E.
	Title	Genetic diversity and spatial structures of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) reveal proxies of connectivity across Mongolia and northwestern China			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2022	Publication	Landscape Ecology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-19
	Keywords	Admixture · Central Asia · Connectivity · Habitat Modeling · Landscape Genetics · Noninvasive Genetics · MEM · Spatial Structures
	Abstract	Understanding landscape connectivity and population genetic parameters is imperative for threatened species management. However, such information is lacking for the snow leopard (Panthera uncia). This study sought to explore hierarchical snow leopard gene flow patterns and drivers of genetic structure in Mongolia and China. A total of 97 individuals from across Mongolia and from the north-eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in Gansu Province to the middle of Qinghai Province in China were genotyped across 24 microsatellite loci. Distance-based frameworks were used to determine a landscape scenario best explaining observed genetic structure. Spatial and non-spatial methods were used to investigate fine-scale autocorrelation and similarity patterns as well as genetic structure and admixture. A genetic macro-division between populations in China and Mongolia was observed, suggesting that the Gobi Desert is a substantial barrier to gene flow. However, admixture and support for a resistance-based mode of isolation suggests connective routes that could facilitate movement. Populations in Mongolia had greater connectivity, indicative of more continuous habitat. Drivers of genetic structure in China were difficult to discern, and fine-scale sampling is needed. This study elucidates snow leopard landscape connectivity and helps to prioritize conservation areas. Although contact zones may have existed and occasional crossings can occur, establishing corridors to connect these areas should not be a priority. Focus should be placed on maintaining the relatively high connectivity for snow leopard populations within Mongolia and increasing research efforts in China.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1717
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	Author	Wangchuk, R.; Jackson, R.
	Title	A Community-based Approach to Mitigating Livestock-Wildlife Conflict in Ladakh, India			Type	Report
	Year	2009	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-9
	Keywords	community-based; approach; conflict; Ladakh; India; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; wolf; wolves; Himalayan; region; Jackson; kibber; Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary; wildlife; sanctuary; sanctuaries; loss; us; villagers; predation; establishment; surveys; survey; number; change; Animal; animal-husbandry; husbandry; system; 2000
	Abstract	Livestock depredation by snow leopard and wolf is widespread across the Himalayan region (Jackson et al. 1996, Jackson and Wangchuk 2001; Mishra 1997, Oli et al 1994). For example, in India's Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary, Mishra (1997) reported losses amounting to 18% of the livestock holdings and valued at about US $138 per household. The villagers claimed predation rates increased after establishment of the sanctuary, but surveys indicated a dramatic increase in livestock numbers accompanying changes in animal husbandry systems (Mishra 2000).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1014			Serial	1005
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	Author	Janecka; J.E.; Jackson, R.; Yuquang, Z.; Diqiang, L.; Munkhtsog, B.; Buckley-Beason, V.; Murphy, W.J.
	Title	Population monitoring of snow leopards using noninvasive collection of scat samples: a pilot study			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2008	Publication	Animal Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	11	Issue		Pages	401-411
	Keywords	snow leopard; genetics; scat; noninvasive; survey.
	Abstract	The endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia occurs in rugged, high-altitude regions of Central Asia. However, information on the status of this felid is limited in many areas. We conducted a pilot study to optimize molecular markers for the analysis of snow leopard scat samples and to examine the feasibility of using noninvasive genetic methods for monitoring this felid. We designed snow leopard-specific primers for seven microsatellite loci that amplified shorter segments and avoided flanking sequences shared with repetitive elements. By redesigning primers we maximized genotyping success and minimized genotyping errors. In addition, we tested a Y chromosome-marker for sex identification and designed a panel of mitochondrial DNA primers for examining genetic diversity of snow leopards using scat samples. We collected scats believed to be from snow leopards in three separate geographic regions including north-western India, central China and southern Mongolia. We observed snow leopard scats in all three sites despite only brief 2-day surveys in each area. There was a high rate of species misidentification in the field with up to 54% of snow leopard scats misidentified as red fox. The high rate of field misidentification suggests sign surveys incorporating scat likely overestimate snow leopard abundance. The highest ratio of snow leopard scats was observed in Ladakh (India) and South Gobi (Mongolia), where four and five snow leopards were detected, respectively. Our findings describe a species-specific molecular panel for analysis of snow leopard scats, and highlight the efficacy of noninvasive genetic surveys for monitoring snow leopards. These methods enable large-scale noninvasive studies that will provide information critical for conservation of snow leopards.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Supplemental information may be found at http:snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/JaneckaSupplemental2008.pdf			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 883			Serial	488
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	Author	Jain, N.; Wangchuk, R.; Jackson, R.
	Title	An Assessment of CBT and Homestay Sites in Spiti District, Himachal Pradesh			Type	Report
	Year	2003	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-14
	Keywords	assessment; Himachal; himachal pradesh; Himachal-Pradesh; United; Organization; survey; Report; activities; activity; mountain; Tmi; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; Snow Leopard Conservancy; leopard; Ladakh; States; India; Himalayan; program; conservation; local; livelihood; asia
	Abstract	The survey described in this report builds upon prior CBT activities undertaken by The Mountain Institute (TMI) in partnership with the Snow Leopard Conservancy (SLC) in Ladakh, supported by a grant from UNESCO (with co-financing from SLC). Under the evolving concept of “Himalayan Homestays”, initially developed and tested in Ladakh, it is proposed that activities be expanded to selected states in India in a strategic and effective way. Himalayan Homestays are part of a larger integrated program to link snow leopard conservation with local livelihoods in Asia.
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	Notes	Supported by: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1019			Serial	483
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	Author	Jackson, R.
	Title	On the trail of the elusive snow leopard			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	World Wildlife Fund Monthly Report	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	May	Issue		Pages	127-132
	Keywords	Wwf; Nepal; asia; browse; world-wildlife-fund; 3130
	Abstract
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 92			Serial	435
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	Author	Jackson, R.
	Title	Threatened Cats of Asia; Snow Leopard			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1978	Publication	Wildlife	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	20	Issue		Pages	403-405
	Keywords	asia; Nepal; browse; 3120
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 42			Serial	432
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	Author	Jackson, R.; Wangchuk, R.
	Title	A Community-Based Approach to Mitigating Livestock Depredation by Snow Leopards			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2004	Publication	Human Dimensions of Wildlife	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue		Pages	307-315
	Keywords	snow leopard,depredation,human-wildlife conflict,participatory planning,India; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; endangered; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; Himalayan; protected; protected areas; protected area; protected-areas; protected-area; areas; area; attack; sheep; goats; goat; local; villagers; community-based; conservation; Hemis; national; national park; National-park; park; India; conflict; pens; income; participatory; strategy; planning; sense; project; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; protection; retaliatory; poaching
	Abstract	Livestock depredation by the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is an increasingly contentious issue in Himalayan villages, especially in or near protected areas. Mass attacks in which as many as 100 sheep and goats are killed in a single incident inevitably result in retaliation by local villagers. This article describes a community-based conservation initiative to address this problem in Hemis National Park, India. Human-wildlife conflict is alleviated by predator-proofing villagers' nighttime livestock pens and by enhancing household incomes in environmentally sensitive and culturally compatible ways. The authors have found that the highly participatory strategy described here (Appreciative Participatory Planning and Action-APPA) leads to a sense of project ownership by local stakeholders, communal empowerment, self-reliance, and willingness to co-exist with snow leopards. The most significant conservation outcome of this process is the protection from retaliatory poaching of up to five snow leopards for every village's livestock pens that are made predator-proof.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 890			Serial	471
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	Author	Jackson, R.
	Title	People-Wildlife Conflict Management in the Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1998	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Tibet's Biodiversity: Conservation and Management.Proceedings of a Conference, August 30-September 4
	Volume		Issue		Pages	40-46
	Keywords	conflict; conflict management; management; Qomolangma; nature; preserve; Tibet; primary; Report; conflicts; damage; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; reserve; protected; endangered; endangered mammals; mammals; biodiversity; conservation
	Abstract	The primary objective of this paper is to report on people-wildlife conflicts arising from crop damage and livestock depredation in the Qomolangma Reserve, with special reference to the management of protected and endangered mammals.
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	Publisher	Tibet Forestry Department and World Wide Fund for Nature. China Forestry Publishing House.	Place of Publication	China	Editor	Ning, W.; Miller, D.; Zhu, L.; Springer, J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	Tibet's Biodiversity: Conservation and Management.
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	188 pages in proceedings.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1013			Serial	461
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	Author	Jackson, R.M.
	Title	Home Range, Movements and Habitat use of Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) in Nepal			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1996	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	233 pp
	Keywords	Nepal; blue-sheep; predator; prey; home-range; behavior; capture; telemetry; habitat; marking; activity; movement; tracking; blue; sheep; browse; home range; home; range; 990
	Abstract	Home ranges for five radio-tagged snow leopards (Uncia uncia) inhabiting prime habitat in Nepal Himalaya varied in size from 11-37 km2. These solitary felids were crepuscular in activity, and although highly mobile, nearly 90% of all consecutive day movements involved a straight line distance of 2km or less. No seasonal difference in daily movement or home range boundry was detected. While home ranges overlapped substancially, use of common core spaces was temporally seperated, with tagged animals being located 1.9 km or more apart during the smae day. Spatial analysis indicated that 47-55% of use occured within only 6-15% of total home area. The snow leopards shared a common core use area, which was located at a major stream confuence in an area where topography, habitat and prey abundance appeared to be more favorable. A young female used her core area least, a female with two cubs to the greatest extent. the core area was marked significantly more with scrapes, Faeces and other sighn than non-core sites, suggesting that social marking plays an important role in spacing individuals. Snow leopards showed a strong preference for bedding in steep, rocky or broken terrain, on or close to a natural vegetation or landform edge. linear landform features, such as a cliff or major ridgeline, were preferred for travelling and day time resting. This behavior would tend to place a snow leopard close to its preferred prey, blue sheep (Psuedois nayaur), which uses the same habitat at night. Marking was concetrated along commonly travelled routes, particularly river bluffs, cliff ledges and well defined ridgelines bordering stream confluences--features that were most abundant within the core area. Such marking may facilitate mutual avoidance, help maintain the species' solitary social structure, and also enable a relatively high density of snow leopard, especially within high-quality habitat.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Ph.D. thesis
	Publisher	University of London	Place of Publication	University of London	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Date of Copyright: 1996			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 275			Serial	481
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