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Author Broder, J.; MacFadden, A.; Cosens, L.; Rosenstein, D.; Harrison, T.
Title Use of Positive Reinforcement Conditioning to Monitor Pregnancy in an Unanesthetized Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) via Transabdominal Ultrasound Type Miscellaneous
Year 2008 Publication Zoo Biology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 27 Issue Pages 78-85
Keywords desensitization; fetal development; operant conditioning; pregnancy detection; primiparous; snow leopard; zoo
Abstract Closely monitoring snow leopard (Uncia uncia) fetal developments via transabdominal ultrasound, with minimal stress to the animal, was the goal of this project. The staff at Potter Park Zoo has used the principles of habituation, desensitization, and positive reinforcement to train a female snow leopard (U. uncia). Ultrasound examinations were preformed on an unanesthetized feline at 63 and 84 days. The animal remained calm and compliant throughout both procedures. Fetuses were observed and measured on both occasions. The absence of anesthesia eliminated components of psychologic and physiologic stress associated with sedation. This was the first recorded instance of transabdominal ultrasound being carried out on an unanesthetized snow leopard. It documents the feasibility of detecting pregnancy and monitoring fetal development via ultrasound.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 905 Serial 196
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Author Brown, J.L.; Wasser, S.K.; Wildt, D.E.; Graham, L.H.
Title Comparative Aspects of Steroid Hormone Metabolism and Ovarian Activity in Felids, Measured Noninvasively in Feces Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Biol Reprod Abbreviated Journal
Volume 51 Issue 4 Pages 776-786
Keywords Animal; Carbon; Radioisotopes; Carnivora; Cats; Chromatography; High; Pressure; Liquid; Comparative Study; Estradiol; metabolism; Estrone; feces; chemistry; Female; Ovary; physiology; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Pseudopregnancy; Support; Non-U.S.Gov't; browse; non; government; gov't; us; 170
Abstract Noninvasive fecal assays were used to study steroid metabolism and ovarian activity in several felid species. Using the domestic cat (Felis catus) as model, the excretory products of injected [14C]estradiol (E2) and [14C]progesterone (P4) were determined. Within 2 days, 97.0 +/- 0.6% and 96.7 +/- 0.5% of recovered E2 and P4 radioactivity, respectively, was found in feces. E2 was excreted as unconjugated estradiol and estrone (40%) and as a non-enzyme- hydrolyzable conjugate (60%). P4 was excreted primarily as non-enzyme- hydrolyzable, conjugated metabolites (78%) and as unconjugated pregnenolone epimers. A simple method for extracting fecal steroid metabolites optimized extraction efficiencies of the E2 and P4 excretion products (90.1 +/- 0.8% and 87.2 +/- 1.4%, respectively). Analysis of HPLC fractions of extracted fecal samples from the radiolabel-injected domestic cats revealed that E2 immunoreactivity coincided primarily with the unconjugated metabolized [14C]E2 peak, whereas progestogen immunoreactivity coincided with a single conjugated epimer and multiple unconjugated pregnenolone epimers. After HPLC separation, similar immunoreactive E2 and P4 metabolite profiles were observed in the leopard cat (F. bengalensis), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), and snow leopard (Panthera uncia). Longitudinal analyses demonstrated that changes in fecal E2 and P4 metabolite concentrations reflected natural or artificially induced ovarian activity. For example, severalfold increases in E2 excretion were associated with overt estrus or exogenous gonadotropin treatment, and elevated fecal P4 metabolite concentrations occurred during pregnant and nonpregnant (pseudopregnant) luteal phases. Although overall concentrations were similar, the duration of elevated fecal P4 metabolites during pseudopregnancy was approximately half that observed during pregnancy. In summary, steroid metabolism mechanisms appear to be conserved among these physically diverse, taxonomically related species. Results indicate that this hormone-monitoring approach will be extremely useful for elucidating the hormonal regulatory mechanism associated with the reproductive cycle, pregnancy, and parturition of intractable and endangered felid species.
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ISSN 0006-3363 ISBN Medium
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Notes Document Type: eng Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 251 Serial 198
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Author Chakraborty, R.E.; Chakraborty, S.
Title Identification of dorsal guard hairs of Indian species of the genus Panthera Oken (Carnivora: Felidae) Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Mammalia Abbreviated Journal
Volume 60 Issue 3 Pages 480
Keywords identification; India; hair-samples; guard; hairs; panthera; uncia; tigris; leo; pardus; browse; 660
Abstract Dorsal guard hairs of four living Indian species of the genus Panthera, viz. P. tigris, P. leo, P. pardus and P. uncia have been studied. It is found that the characters are somewhat overlapping, but identification of the species may be possible from the combination of characters.
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Notes Document Type: English Call Number: 599.05 MA Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 270 Serial 209
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Author Chandra, S.; Laughlin, D.C.
Title Virus-like particles in cystic mammary adenoma of a snow leopard Type Journal Article
Year 1975 Publication Cancer Res Abbreviated Journal
Volume 35 Issue 11 Pt 1 Pages 3069-3074
Keywords Adenoma pathology veterinary; Animal; Animals; zoo; Carnivora; Cytoplasmic Granules; Endoplasmic Reticulum: ultrastructure; Inclusion Bodies; Mammae: pathology; Neoplasms: pathology: veterinary; neoplasms; pathology; mammae; inclusion; bodies; ultrastructure; reticulum; endoplasmic; granules; cytoplasmic; adenoma; veterinary; browse; 380
Abstract Virus-like particles were observed in the giant cells of a mammary adenoma of a snow leopard kept in captivity. Particles that measured 115 to 125 nm in diameter budded from the lamella of endoplasmic reticulum and were studded on their inner surfaces with dense granules (approximately 12 nm) that gave them their unique ultrastructural morphology. Such particles were not observed extracellularly. Type B or type C particles were not seen in the tumor tissue.
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ISSN 0008-5472 ISBN Medium
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Notes Document Type: eng Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 27 Serial 212
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Author Clyde, V.L.; Ramsay, E.C.; Bemis, D.A.
Title Fecal shedding of Salmonella in exotic felids Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication J.Zoo Wildl.Med Abbreviated Journal
Volume 28 Issue 2 Pages 148-152
Keywords antibiotics; captive-animal-care; diarrhea; endangered; threatened-species; handling-methods; mammals parasites; Diseases; salmonella; zoos; snow-leopard; leopard; salmonellosis; husbandry; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; handling; mammals; parasites; snow; browse; 1320
Abstract The authors discuss the occurrence of salmonellosis in collections of exotic felids. Data suggest that zoo employees having contact with cat feces or raw diets have a high rate of occupational exposure to Salmonella and should exercise appropriate hygienic precautions. pcp
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Notes Milwaukee Cty. Zoo, Milwaukee, WI 53226 Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 304 Serial 227
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Author Cunha, S.F.
Title Summits, snow leopards, farmers, and fighters: Will politics prevent a national park in the high Pamirs of Tajikistan? Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Focus; New York Abbreviated Journal
Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 17-22
Keywords Tajikistan; Russia; Pamir; park; refuge; reserve; herders; poaching; livestock; herder; siberia; parks; protected-areas; reserves; browse; protected; area; areas; 1160
Abstract Tajikistan is the smallest, poorest and one of the most culturally diverse of the former Soviet Republics. The physical and cultural geography of the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan are described, and recent legislative action taken to create a proposed park and civil strife that may stop the park's creation are discussed.
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Notes Article is only partly legible. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 255 Serial 228
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Author Dang, H.
Title The snow leopard and its prey Type Journal Article
Year 1967 Publication The Cheetal Abbreviated Journal
Volume 11 Issue Pages 47-58
Keywords India; predator; prey; hunting; status; distribution; kills; behavior; predation; habitat; browse; 2330
Abstract Discusses distribution and habitat of snow leopard in India. Estimates population of 200-400 in entire Himalayan region. Reports seventeen occasions of observing snow leopards in the wild, one involving the killing of Himalayan thar. Discusses snow leopard hunting methods and food habits, and provides evidence of predation from examination of 17 snow leopard kills.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 17 Serial 231
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Author De Groot, H.; Van Swieten, P.; Aalberse, R.C.
Title Evidence for a Fel d I-like molecule in the “big cats” (Felidae species) Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication J Allergy Clin Immunol Abbreviated Journal
Volume 86 Issue 1 Pages 107-116
Keywords Adolescence; Adult; Allergens; immunology; Animal; Antibodies; Monoclonal; diagnostic; use; Antibody; Specificity; Carnivora; Cats; Comparative; study; Cross; Reactions; Hair; Histamine; Release; Human; IgE; analysis; IgG; Middle; Age; Radioallergosorbent; Test; methods; Support; Non-U.S.Gov't; browse; us; government; gov't; 240
Abstract In this study, we investigated the cross-reactivity pattern of IgE and IgG4 antibodies to the major feline allergen, Fel d I. We studied the IgE and IgG4 response of 11 cat-allergic patients against Fel d I-like structures in eight members of the Felidae family: ocelot, puma, serval, siberian tiger, lion, jaguar, snow leopard, and caracal. Hair from these “big cats” was collected, extracted, and used in a RAST system and histamine-release test. By means of a RAST-inhibition assay with affinity-purified Fel d I from cat dander, it was established that, in the Felidae species, a Fel d I equivalent is present that reacts with IgE and IgG4 antibodies. We found that all patients had cross-reacting IgE antibodies to seven of the Felidae tested; no IgE antibodies reactive with the caracal were found. Eight of 10 patients with IgG4 antibodies directed to cat dander also had IgG4 antibodies directed to several Felidae species, including the caracal. However, the correlation between the IgE and the IgG4 antibody specificity was low, indicating that, in the case of Fel d I IgE and IgG4, antibodies do not necessarily have the same specificity.
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ISSN 0091-6749 ISBN Medium
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Notes Document Type: eng Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 157 Serial 233
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Author ud Din, J.
Title Assessing the Status of Snow Leopard in Torkhow Valley, District Chitral, Pakistan: Final Technical Report Type Report
Year 2008 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-16
Keywords status; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; valley; chitral; Pakistan; Report; study; prey; Base; conflict; threats; threat; wildlife; sign; transect; surveys; survey; Slims; Data; number; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; Animals; Animal; population; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; area; Case; ungulates; ungulate; Himalayan; himalayan ibex; ibex; rut; using; prey species; prey-species; species; marmot; game; birds; carnivores; carnivore; wolf; wolves; jackal; fox; survival; retaliatory; retaliatory killing; retaliatory-killing; killing; poisoning; poaching; loss; habitat; habitat degradation; habitat-degradation; degradation; grazing; collection; awareness; Gis; map; staff; field; training; conservation; community; distribution; resource; project; network; program
Abstract This study was aimed at assessing the status of Snow leopard, its major prey base, and the extent of human-Snow leopard conflict and major threats to the wildlife in north Chitral (Torkhow valley) Pakistan. Snow leopard occurrence was conformed through sign transect surveys i.e. SLIMS. Based on the data collected the number of Snow leopards in this survey block (1022 Kmý) is estimated to be 2-3 animals. Comparing this estimate with the available data from other parts of the district the population of snow leopard in Chitral district was count to be 36 animals. Livestock depredation reports collected from the area reflect the existence of human-snow leopard conflict and 138 cases were recorded affecting 102 families (in a period of eight years, 2001-2008). Ungulates (Himalayan Ibex) rut season surveys were conducted in coordination with NWFP Wildlife department. A total of 429 animals were counted using direct count (point method) surveys. Other snow leopard prey species recorded include marmot, hare, and game birds. Signs of other carnivores i.e. wolf, jackal, and fox were also noticed. Major threats to the survival of wildlife especially snow leopard reckoned include retaliatory killing (Shooting, Poisoning), poaching, loss of natural prey, habitat degradation (over grazing, fodder and fuel wood collection), lack of awareness, and over population. GIS map of the study area was developed highlighting the area searched for Snow leopard and its prey species. Capacity of the Wildlife Department staff was built in conducting SLIMS and ungulate surveys through class room and on field training. Awareness regarding the importance of wildlife conservation was highlighted to the students, teachers and general community through lectures and distribution of resource materials developed by WWF-Pakistan.
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Notes Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1065 Serial 978
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Author Dyikanova, C.
Title A public awareness outreach programme on Snow Leopards for the Kyrgyz Republic, Final Report Type Report
Year 2004 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-4
Keywords project; awareness; local; local people; people; staff; Base; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; conservation; ecology; threats; threat; Kyrgyzstan; regional; areas; area; public; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; Kyrgyz; Kyrgyz-Republic; republic; Report; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; community
Abstract The principle goal of the project was to raise awareness of local people, staff of frontier posts,

customs and foreign military base on snow leopard, and its conservation. In the framework of the

project the following steps were to be executed:

A) To disseminate printing materials: a booklet, poster, card and calendar.

b) To publish articles on snow leopard ecology and conservation issues and threats in

Kyrgyzstan regional newspapers (Issyk-Kul, Osh, and Chui areas)

C) To hold follow-up meeting with target groups

D) To evaluate project results
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Notes Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program. Community and Business Forum, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1066 Serial 248
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