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(2002). Special protected areas (nature reserves, natural and national parks, zakazniks, natural monuments).
Abstract: The list and brief description of existing protected areas of Uzbekistan are given. The snow leopard recorded in Chatkal and Hissar nature reserves.
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(2002). Biological resources.
Abstract: It provides a summary of plant and animal resources in Uzbekistan. Among 15,000 animal species, 664 are vertebrate species including 424 bird, 97 mammal, 83 fish, 59 reptile and three amphibian species. Snow leopard, snow cock, ibex, and other species are typical for highlands.
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Anonymous. (2001). Snow leopard conservation: a NABU project in Kyrgyzstan. Oryx, 35(4), 354–355.
Abstract: Since 1999, NABU, the German Society for Nature Conservation, has been organizing the conservation of snow leopards Uncia uncia in Kyrgyzstan in an international project in cooperation with the Kyrgyz Ministry of the Environment, Emergencies and Civil Defence and the Kyrgyz Ministry of the Interior. The animal, with its typical grey-beige patterned fur and bushy tail, is one of the most endangered big cats in the world. It is categorized as Endangered on the 2000 IUCN Red List and is on CITES Appendix I.
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(1998). Biological diversity conservation. National strategy and action plan of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Abstract: The National strategy and action plan of the Republic of Uzbekistan was signed on April 1, 1998. Snow leopard was included in the list of rare and endangered animal species and referred to category 2 a rare, not endangered species. It is distributed in highlands of the West Tien Shan and Pamiro-Alay. Its population is 30-50 animals. Snow leopard is protected in the Chatkal, Gissar nature reserve, and Ugam-Chatkal national park.
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Kashkadarinskaya Pravda Newspaper. (1983). Snow leopard goes to Frunze (Vol. 79 (26-11)).
Abstract: In canyon Karakol of the Alatoo ridge, a snow leopard was caught for a zoo of Frunze.
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(1978). Rare Animals and their Protection in the USSR.
Abstract: It described categories of threat (Category A and Category B). Snow leopard was assessed under Category A the species whose numbers and habitats have sharply diminished and are continuing to diminish as a consequence of direct persecution, destruction of their habitat or other causes. The snow leopard (Pardus uncia) inhabits the mountains of the Tien Shan range, Tarbagatai, Saur, Altai and the Sayans. Exploitation of mountain areas and depletion of stocks of wild ungulates (Siberian mountain goats and wild sheep) have led to a sharp reduction in the number of snow leopards. It is estimated that today only about one thousand leopards are left, and they have accordingly been placed under complete protection. Hunting and selective shooting are everywhere prohibited. Catching leopards is regulated by the articles of the international convention restricting trade in rare species of plants and animals.
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(1978). Miraki Reservation, Chatkal Reservation.
Abstract: It describes history of the Miraki and Chatkal nature reserves' establishment and provides data concerning area, landscapes, altitude zoning, flora and fauna as well as natural monuments.
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Andrienkov V.I. (1990). The Besh Aral nature reserve.
Abstract: It provides general information about the Besh Aral nature reserve (Kyrgyzstan), its physico-geographical characteristic, and description of flora and fauna. The predatory mammals are represented by 12 species. The rare predators are brown bear, snow leopard, lynx, and manul. Snow leopard inhabits the highlands of Chatkal depression and the upper-river Kara-Toko. In the past, snow leopards were seen more often.
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Ammosov, B. (1973). Central Asia mountains. Snow leopard or irbis.
Abstract: All natural zones are represented in the mountains of Central Asia: deserts, semi-deserts, steppes, meadows, forests and shrubs, sub-alpine zones, alpine zones. Irbis (snow leopard) is a typical inhabitant of highlands. In the USSR, snow leopard is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia and southern Siberia. Outside the country this species is met in the Himalayas, Tibet, mountains of Mongolia. It is rare everywhere. The annual world trade is less than 1,000 animals. Being a non-numerous species, it causes negligible damage to farming and hunting industry.
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Allen, P., & Macray, D. (2002). Snow Leopard Enterprises Description and Summarized Business Plan.. Seattle: Islt.
Abstract: The habitat for both humans and snow leopards in Central Asia is marginal, the ecosystem fragile. The struggle for humans to survive has often, unfortunately, brought them into conflict with the region's dwindling snow leopard populations. Herders commonly see leopards as a threat to their way of life and well-being. Efforts to improve the living conditions of humans must consider potential impacts on the environment. Likewise, conservation initiatives cannot ignore humans as elements of the landscape with a right to live with dignity and pride. Based on these principles, the International Snow Leopard Trust has developed a new conservation model that addresses the needs of all concerned.
We call it Snow Leopard Enterprises..
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Allen, P. (2002). Conservation Increases Crafts Income (Vol. Winter, 2002).
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Allayarov A.M. (1963). Materials on geographical distribution of wild cats in Uzbekistan.
Abstract: It describes the distribution and habitats of eight Felidae species in Uzbekistan, such as snow leopard, leopard, lynx, caracal, chaus, manul, sand cat, and steppe cat.
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Allabergenov E. (1991). Predator that will never attack a man (Vol. 1 207 (7. 896)).
Abstract: Irbis is a very endangered species in Uzbekistan. The article provides a brief description of the snow leopard appearance and distribution. Reasons for reduction of snow leopard population is reduction of ungulate populations it preys on ibex and wild sheep and anthropogenic disturbance. Hunting for snow leopard is prohibited everywhere.
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Allabergenov E. (1991). The cat family. 1991.
Abstract: It provides field signs and brief comparative characteristic of cat species in Uzbekistan, five of which are included in the Red Data Book of Uzbekistan and the USSR: lynx, caracal, manul, snow leopard and cheetah. Snow leopard is protected in the Zaamin, Chatkal, and Gissar nature reserves. A snow leopard female bears up to five cubs (normally two three) once in two years. Gestation period is 90 days. Female suckles her cubs until they reach the age of three four months.
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Allabergenov E. (1986). Snow leopard or ilvirs (Vol. 1 122 (6. 013)). 1986.
Abstract: In Uzbekistan, snow leopard can be found in the Turkistan and Gissar ridges, in the mountains of Zaami, and in the Kurama, Chatkal and Ugam ridges. Here it keeps at up to 3,000 4,000 m above sea level. Snow leopard feeds upon wild ungulates ibex and sheep, and sometimes attacks livestock but never man. A brief information concerning peculiarities of snow leopard biology and behavioral patterns is provided.
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Alibekov L.A. (1978). Fauna.
Abstract: Represented is fauna of big salt-marsh valleys and pre-Kyzylkum area, a tier of low desert foothill valleys, tiers of lowland ridges, deeply cut hillside midlands, and cold highlands of the watershed ridge-top tier in the Jizak region of Uzbekistan. The highest tier of the Jizak region, a habitat of snow leopard, Menzbier's marmot, Siberian ibex, sometimes wild Tajik sheep coming from the East, bear ascending from lower elevations, and wolf in summer, has the most adverse living conditions. Central Asia argali and stone marten inhabit in central part of the North Nurata ridge.
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Akimushkin I. (1988). Snow leopard or irbis.
Abstract: Snow leopard behavioral patterns, food preferences, and reproduction are described in a popular way. The population of snow leopard is defined to be 1,000 animals. A reason for the population decline is hunting for the sake of beautiful fur.
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Akimushkin I. (1971). Snow leopard or irbis.
Abstract: The biology of snow leopard is described in a popular form. Information of distribution, behavior and reproductive biology, etc. is given.
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Aizin B.M. (1985). Snow leopard.
Abstract: Snow leopard is a rare and endangered species, distributed in all mountain ridges of Kyrgyzstan. Its population is 1,400 animals, density being 0.2 0.5 animal per 1,000 ha. Its population was noticed to decrease in some ridges because of decreasing populations of mountain ungulates. 200 snow leopards were caught for the purpose of zoo-export over the last 20 years. This species is protected in the nature reserves Sary Chelek, Besh Aral, and natural park Ala Archa.
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Aizin B.M. (1979). Rare predatory mammal species and their protection in Kyrgyzstan.
Abstract: Snow leopard is met in all mountain ridges in Kyrgyzstan. Every year 7 10 animals are caught for the purpose of zoo export. Total population of snow leopard in the country does not exceed 1,400 animals.
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Aizin B.M. (1974). Distribution, number and seasonal behavioral patterns of Panthera uncia Scheber in Kyrgyzstan (Vol. Vol. 1.).
Abstract: In Kyrgyzstan, snow leopard can be met almost in all mountain ridges (Kok-Kiya, Atbasha, Kyrgyz, Terskey, Kungei, Talas, Chatkal, Alai, Zaalai), where it keeps to alpine meadow, woodless rock and snowfield zones. The number of snow leopard does not exceed 1,500 animals. Seven to 10 animals are annually caught for the needs of zoo-export.
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Aizim B.M., S. E. D. (1969). Snow leopard Felis uncia Schreb.
Abstract: It says about snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan, its distribution, number, food, reproduction, and hunting behavioral patterns, and encounters with human beings. The only enemy of snow leopard is man. From economic point of view snow leopard is of interest only in terms of catching the animals for zoo-export. The skin of snow leopard in commercial trade is of negligent importance. Local population uses the skins for decorating walls, tailoring man's fur coats and sometimes as floor carpets.
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Aizin B.M. (1969). Siberian ibex Capra sibirica Pall.
Abstract: It describes status of ibex in Kyrgyzstan, its distribution, behavioral patterns, enemies and competitors, etc. The enemies of ibex are snow leopard and wolf. All year round snow leopard preys on ibex its main food object and, therefore, should there be ibexes, snow leopards would be somewhere around. In winter, a considerable number of ibex dies from wolves. Sometimes dogs prey on ibex, too. Golden eagles and bearded vultures prey on young ibexes. However, poachers remain the most dangerous enemy.
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Ahmad, I., Hunter, D. O., & Jackson, R. (1997). A Snow Leopard and Prey Species Survey in Khunjerab National Park, Pakistan. In R.Jackson, & A.Ahmad (Eds.), (pp. 92–95). Lahore, Pakistan: Islt.
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Ahmad, A. (1997). Community-Based Natural Resources Management in Northern Pakistan. In R.Jackson and A.Ahmad (Ed.), (pp. 148–154). Lahore, Pakistan: Islt.
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