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	Author	Bagchi, S.; Mishra, C.; Bhatnagar, Y.
	Title	Conflicts between traditional pastoralism and conservation of Himalayan ibex (Capra sibirica) in the Trans-Himalayan mountains			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Animal Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	7	Issue		Pages	121-128
	Keywords	conflicts; traditional pastoralism; himalayan ibex; ibex; capra sibirica; trans-himalayan mountains; pin valley national park; spiti region; non-metric multidimensional scaling; snow leopard; wolf; wild dog; Lynx; wild ass; Tibetan argali; Tibetan antelope; Tibetan gazelle; urial; bharal; Pin River; pin valley; Parahio; goat; sheep; Cattle; horses; yaks; donkeys; diet; free-ranging horses; herded horses; grazing; 5290
	Abstract	There is recent evidence to suggest that domestic livestock deplete the density and diversity of wild herbivores in the cold deserts of the Trans-Himalaya by imposing resource limitations. To ascertain the degree and nature of threats faced by Himalayan ibex (Capra sibirica) from seven livestock species, we studied their resource use patterns over space, habitat and food dimensions in the pastures of Pin Valley National Park in the Spiti region of the Indian Himalaya. Species diet profiles were obtained by direct observations. We assessed the similarity in habitat use and diets of ibex and livestock using Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling. We estimated the influence of the spatial distribution of livestock on habitat and diet choice of ibex by examining their co-occurrence patterns in cells overlaid on the pastures. The observed co-occurrence of ibex and livestock in cells was compared with null-models generated through Monte Carlo simulations. The results suggest that goats and sheep impose resource limitations on ibex and exclude them from certain pastures. In the remaining suitable habitat, ibex share forage with horses. Ibex remained relatively unaffected by other livestock such as yaks, donkeys and cattle. However, most livestock removed large amounts of forage from the pastures (nearly 250 kg of dry matter/day by certain species), thereby reducing forage availability for ibex. Pertinent conservation issues are discussed in the light of multiple-use of parks and current socio-economic transitions in the region, which call for integrating social and ecological feedback into management planning.
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 514			Serial	106
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	Author	Aromov, B.
	Title	Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) in Hissar Nature Reserve			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2001	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Issue 3	Issue		Pages	121-125
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; snow leopard; Hissar ridge; Hissar nature reserve; number; population estimate; diet; wild ibex; livestock; rut; cubs; competitors.; 6080; Russian
	Abstract	Data on distribution, number, diet and breeding of snow leopard in NW spurs of the Hissar Ridge were collected over long-term studies in the span from 1981 to 1994. An increase in the number of this animal from 4 to 17 individuals has been recorded in the Hissar Nature Reserve (Uzbekistan).
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceeding of Nature Reserves in Uzbekistan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 587			Serial	100
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	Author	Aromov B.
	Title	The Biology of the Snow Leopard in the Hissar Nature Reserve			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1995	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	108-109
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; snow leopard; Hissar ridge; Hissar nature reserve; number; diet; breeding.; 6070; Russian; work; Data; biology; snow; snow-leopard; leopard; nature; reserve; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; times; tracks; pugmarks; Feed; ibex; kills; kill; Age; records; predation; Case; horses; horse; marmot; Himalayan; domestic; goat; wild; wild boar; sheep; Cattle; attack
	Abstract	The work contains data on biology snow leopard in Hissar nature reserve, Uzbekistan. The number of snow leopards in this reserve has increased from two or four in 1981 to between 13 and 17 individuals in 1994. Since 1981, snow leopards have been sighted 72 times and their tracks or pugmarks 223 times. In the Hissar Nature Reserve snow leopards largely feed on ibex. Over a period of 14 years, 92 kills and remains of ibex aged from one to thirteen years of age have been examined. Other records of predation, by the number of events observed, include 33 cases of juvenile and mature horses, 25 long-tailed marmot (Marmota caudata). 18 Himalayan snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayemis), 17 domestic goat, 13 wild boar (Sus scrofa), five domestic sheep and three incidents involving cattle. Twenty-two attacks on domestic flocks were reported, and these occurred during both the daytime and at night. Snow leopards usually mate between the 20th of February and March 20th. The offspring are born in late April to May, and there are usually two per litter (23 encounters), although a single litter of three has also been recorded.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceeding of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 586			Serial	99
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	Author	Aramov, B.
	Title	The Biology of the Snow Leopard in the Gissarsky Nature Reserve			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1997	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	108-109
	Keywords	breeding; diet; predator; prey; reserve; reserves; park; parks; refuge; livestock; marmot; goat; sheep; horse; ibex; habitat; Gissarsky; Tajikistan; Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; behavior; wolves; Dogs; herder; herders; protected-area; browse; soviet; union; soviet union; 2820
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	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Lahore, Pakistan	Editor	Jackson, R. and A.A.
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	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad. PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 302			Serial	95
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	Author	Allabergenov E.
	Title	Predator that will never attack a man			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1991	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	1 207 (7. 896)	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; distribution; number; diet; behavior; snow leopard.; 5960; Russian
	Abstract	Irbis is a very endangered species in Uzbekistan. The article provides a brief description of the snow leopard appearance and distribution. Reasons for reduction of snow leopard population is reduction of ungulate populations it preys on ibex and wild sheep and anthropogenic disturbance. Hunting for snow leopard is prohibited everywhere.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Vecherniy Tashkent Newspaper			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 575			Serial	63
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	Author	Allabergenov E.
	Title	Snow leopard or ilvirs			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1986	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	1 122 (6. 013)	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; distribution; habitats; diet; behavior; snow leopard.; 5940; Russian
	Abstract	In Uzbekistan, snow leopard can be found in the Turkistan and Gissar ridges, in the mountains of Zaami, and in the Kurama, Chatkal and Ugam ridges. Here it keeps at up to 3,000 4,000 m above sea level. Snow leopard feeds upon wild ungulates ibex and sheep, and sometimes attacks livestock but never man. A brief information concerning peculiarities of snow leopard biology and behavioral patterns is provided.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication	1986	Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Full text available in Russian Journal Title: Vecherniy Tashkent Newspaper.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 573			Serial	61
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	Author	Aizin B.M.
	Title	Siberian ibex Capra sibirica Pall			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1969	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	98-105
	Keywords	Kyrgyzsatn; Siberian ibex; distribution; life history; diet; predators; snow leopard.; 5890; Russian
	Abstract	It describes status of ibex in Kyrgyzstan, its distribution, behavioral patterns, enemies and competitors, etc. The enemies of ibex are snow leopard and wolf. All year round snow leopard preys on ibex its main food object and, therefore, should there be ibexes, snow leopards would be somewhere around. In winter, a considerable number of ibex dies from wolves. Sometimes dogs prey on ibex, too. Golden eagles and bearded vultures prey on young ibexes. However, poachers remain the most dangerous enemy.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Game species of Kyrgyzstan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 568			Serial	44
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	Author	Wu, D., Maming, R., Xu, G., Zhu X., Buzzard, P.
	Title	Relationship between ibex and snow leopard about food chain and population density in Tian Shan			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Selevinia	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	186-190
	Keywords	diet, ibex, snow leopard
	Abstract	Many studies have demonstrated that ibex (Capra sibirica) are the most frequently eaten prey of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in Xinjiang, the west of China. Thus, an understanding of interactions between these species may have significant management and conservation of implications for both. In this study, we provide information on ibex grouping and density over a 24 month period in the Tian Shan of Xinjiang, China. We then use ibex density to estimate the density of snow leopards. We observed ibex primarily in ewe-lamb groups (N=880), but ibex sexual segregation and grouping changed seasonally with more mixed-sex groups during the winter rut. We observed the most ibex in April 2014 and 2015 with an average of (2422 ± 119 ibex). Over the 1643 km2 study area we then estimated an ibex density of 154 ± 23 ibex /100 km2 from which we estimated a density of 1.31~2.58 snow leopards/100 km2.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1439
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	Author	Weiskopf, S. R., Kachel, S. M., McCarthy, K. P.
	Title	What Are Snow Leopards Really Eating? Identifying Bias in Food-Habit Studies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Wildlife Society Bulletin	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-8
	Keywords	diet, DNA genotyping, feces, Panthera uncia, scat, snow leopard. Lack of
	Abstract	Declining prey populations are widely recognized as a primary threat to snow leopard (Panthera uncia) populations throughout their range. Effective snow leopard conservation will depend upon reliable knowledge of food habits. Unfortunately, past food-habit studies may be biased by inclusion of nontarget species in fecal analysis, potentially misinforming managers about snow leopard prey requirements. Differentiation between snow leopard and sympatric carnivore scat is now cost-effective and reliable using genetics. We used fecal mitochondrial DNA sequencing to identify scat depositors and assessment bias in snow leopard food-habit studies. We compared presumed, via field identification, and genetically confirmed snow leopard scats collected during 2005 and 2012 from 4 sites in Central Asia, using standard forensic microscopy to identify prey species. Field identification success varied across study sites, ranging from 21% to 64% genetically confirmed snow leopard scats. Our results confirm the importance of large ungulate prey for snow leopards. Studies that fail to account for potentially commonplace misidentification of snow leopard scat may mistakenly include a large percentage of scats originating from other carnivores and report inaccurate dietary assessments. Relying on field identification of scats led to overestimation of percent occurrence, biomass, and number of small mammals consumed, but underestimated values of these measures for large ungulates in snow leopard diet. This clarification suggests that the conservation value of secondary prey, such as marmots (Marmota spp.) and other small mammals, may be overstated in the literature; stable snow leopard populations are perhaps more reliant upon large ungulate prey than previously understood.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1445
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	Author	Wegge, P., Shrestha, R., Flagstad, O.
	Title	Snow leopard Panthera uncia predation on livestock and wild prey in a mountain valley in northern Nepal: implications for conservation management			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Wildlife Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	18	Issue	10.2981/11-049	Pages	131-141
	Keywords	bharal, blue sheep, diet, genetic sampling, naur, Panthera uncia, predation, Pseudois nayaur, scat analysis, snow leopard, wildlife conflict
	Abstract	The globally endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia is sparsely distributed throughout the rugged mountains in Asia. Its habit of preying on livestock poses a main challenge to management. In the remote Phu valley in northern Nepal, we obtained reliable information on livestock losses and estimated predator abundance and diet composition from DNA analysis and prey remains in scats. The annual diet consisted of 42%livestock. Among the wild prey, bharal (blue sheep/ naur) Pseudois nayaur was by far the most common species (92%). Two independent abundance estimates suggested that there were six snow leopards in the valley during the course of our study. On average, each snow leopard killed about one livestock individual and two bharal permonth. Predation loss of livestock estimated fromprey remains in scats was 3.9%, which was in concordance with village records (4.0%). From a total count of bharal, the only large natural prey in the area and occurring at a density of 8.4 animals/km2 or about half the density of livestock, snow leopards were estimated to harvest 15.1% of the population annually. This predation rate approaches the natural, inherent recruitment rate of this species; in Phu the proportion of kids was estimated at 18.4%. High livestock losses have created a hostile attitude against the snow leopard and mitigation measures are needed. Among innovative management schemes now being implemented throughout the species’ range, compensation and insurance programmes coupled with other incentive measures are encouraged, rather than measures to reduce the snow leopard’s access to livestock. In areas like the Phu valley, where the natural prey base consists mainly of one ungulate species that is already heavily preyed upon, the latter approach, if implemented, will lead to increased predation on this prey, which over time may suppress numbers of both prey and predator.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1386
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