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Kovshar A.F. (1985). Snow leopard. Uncia uncia.
Abstract: In the Soviet Union snow leopard inhabits highlands of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Altai and the Sayans. In Kazakhstan, this species can be found in Jungara Alatau, Tien Shan, Tarbagatai, Saura, and Altai; formerly was seen at the Karatau ridge. It mostly preys on ibex and argali. The heat time is February April, cubs are born in May June. Its population has decrease because of the initiation of livestock grazing on mountain pastures, poaching, and wild ungulates population shrinkage. This species is protected in Aksu Jabagly and Almaty nature reserves. More nature reserves need to be established in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
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Kovshar A.F. (1984). The conservation of gene pool of rare and endangered animal species in nature reserves of the Kazakh SSR.
Abstract: Five endangered predatory mammal species are protected in nature reserves of Kazakhstan. Of which snow leopard and stone marten can be met in all mountain nature reserves, while Tien Shan bear and Turkistan lynx in the Alma-Ata and Aksu-Djabagly nature reserves.
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Kovshar A.F. (1982). A problem of rare and endangered animal species in Kazakhstan.
Abstract: The Red Book of the Kazakh SSR includes 91 rare and endangered vertebrate animal species: 30 mammal, 48 bird, eight reptile, one amphibian, and four fish species. 26 species (Menzbier's marmot, marten species, lynx, snow leopard, and other species) became rare because of a direct anthropogenic pressure. The prohibition of hunting, conservation and rehabilitation of their habitats, reproduction in enclosures and preservation of some species' genomes is a way that would conserve rare species, the authors believe.
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Kovshar A.F. (1972). Soils. Plants and animals. Vertical zones.
Abstract: A description of the Aksu Jabagly nature reserve is given and includes as follows: data of establishment, location, physic and geographic description, types of soils, climate, flora and fauna. In the nature reserve there are 238 birds, 42 mammals, 9 reptiles and 2 fishes. Snow leopard inhabited in the nature reserve.
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Kovshar A.F. (1969). Aksu Jabagly nature reserve.
Abstract: In territory of reserve and surrounding foothills 238 birds, 42 mammals, 9 reptiles, 2 amphibious and 2 fishes are registered. The mammal: argali, wild ibex, roe deer, red deer, a wild boar, snow leopard, steppe cat, a stone marten, ermine, red fox, badger, long-tailed marmot and Menzbier's marmot. Irbis is rare in reserve. Ibexes (numerous spesies) and wild sheep are main prey of the snow leopard. With the beginning of ibexes migration snow leopards follow them.
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Kovalev A.K. (1990). Markhor in the Ramit nature reserve, Tajikistan (Vol. Vol.3.).
Abstract: The marchor habitat in Tajikistan is fragmented. The animals are reproduced in enclosures of the Ramit nature reserve and released into wildlife in Khel canyon. Two females were killed by snow leopard.
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Kotlyar V.V. (1973). The Sary Chelek nature reserve.
Abstract: The author describes flora and fauna of the Sary Chelek nature reserve. There are 40 mammal species in the nature reserve. Encounters with snow leopard are rather rare. Normally, it preys on ibex, mainly destroying weakened animals.
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Koshkarev E.P. (1990). Geographic prerequisites for snow leopard conservation in the USSR.
Abstract: Three key areas of the snow leopard habitat in the USSR are geographically segregated: Central Asia (Pamir, Tien Shan, Pamiro-Alai), East Kazakhstan (Jungar Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saur), and South Siberia (Altai, the Sayans), which are separated from one another. The fate of snow leopard in East Kazakhstan and South Siberia causes the most anxiety.
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Koshkarev E. (2001). About snow leopard (Vol. Vol. 8.).
Abstract: In 1980-s, in Central Asia there were 1,500-1,700 snow leopards: 800-900 in Kyrgyzstan, 500 in Tajikistan, 200 in Kazakhstan, and 100 in Uzbekistan. During the last century the number of snow leopard was constantly decreasing, though a its drastic reduction was observed after the collapse of the Soviet Union because of increased poaching for snow leopard and its objects of prey. The highest level of poaching was observed to occur in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan's population of snow leopard reduced to 200 animals. A decrease of snow leopard number in other parts of its habitat with less intense hunting (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, south-west Kyrgyzstan) was mostly because of depletion of food resources (population of ungulates reduced five eight times). The reasons are corruption and unemployment. In order to improve the situation it is required to improve regulatory framework and replicate existing positive experience in economic motivation of nature protection activities.
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Koshkarev E. (2000). What has happened to the snow leopard after the break-up of Soviet Union? (Vol. 4 (19)).
Abstract: It describes status of snow leopard in republics of the former Soviet Union, main reasons for poaching and negative and positive experience on species conservation. The total number of snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the 1980's was at least 1200-1400. In Kazakhstan the snow leopard population totaled 180-200, in Uzbekistan around 100, and in Russia 150-200. The number and natural habitat of the species were in universal decline. Losses in Kyrgyzstan from poaching alone were no less than 30 animals per year in 1960-1980's. During this period the population in this area decreased by half, and the natural habitat by one third. With the break-up of the Soviet Union, poaching of the snow leopard and its pray grew by at least a factor of 3-4. It was estimated that 500-600 animals reduced the Kyrgyz snow leopard population in the 1990's. The population that remains today can barely be more than 150-200 individual snow leopards. The population has been physically decimated. Number of snow leopard in existence today in the former Soviet Union does not exceed 700-900 individual animals.
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