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Author McCarthy, T. pdf  url
  Title Snow Leopards in Mongolia Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2000 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Mongolia; distribution; status; irbis; irbis-enterprises; herders; livestock; economy; conservation; gobi; habitat; Disease; depredation; conflict; predator; prey; hunting; poaching; skins; pelts; coats; furs; bones; trade; Macne; habitat-fragmentation; browse; enterprises; fragmentation; habitat fragmentation; 4090  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full Text at URL Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 383 Serial 662  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Zhirnov L.V. url 
  Title Rare and endangered species of the USSR Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1978 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 91-94  
  Keywords Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; practical use.; 8740; Russian  
  Abstract A description of snow leopard number, distribution, reproductive biology, death reasons, and conservation measures in the USSR, where northern and north-western border of its habitat runs, is given. The population of snow leopard in the USSR is 500 1,000 animals. In the Inner Tien Shan, 400 snow leopards were caught 1936 through 1970. The maximum of 120 skins was purchased in Pamir in 1956 1958. Population of snow leopard directly correlates with population of ibex, a fact being verified by data collected on a long-term basis. Moreover, snow leopard was for a long time considered as a harmful animal, shooting of which was encouraged by premiums and resulted in reduction of snow leopard population.  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals and birds. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 851 Serial 1080  
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Author Zhirjakov, V.A. url 
  Title On the ecology of the snow leopard in the Zailisky-Alatau (Northern Tien Shan) Type Journal Article
  Year 1990 Publication Int Ped Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 6 Issue Pages 25-30  
  Keywords Tien-Shan; ecology; China; browse; Kazakhstan; Russia; Soviet-Union; distribution; population; prey; behavior; food-habits; scat-analysis; 3240  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full text available at URL Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 168 Serial 1078  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Yongsheng, L. url 
  Title International hunting and the involvement of local people in Dulan, Qinghai, China Type Conference Article
  Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 305-314  
  Keywords Qinghai; China; hunting; ungulates; blue-sheep; herders; herder; local; blue; sheep; browse; 3440  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 262 Serial 1061  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Yanushevich A.I. url 
  Title Mammals of Kyrgyzstan Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1972 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 377-380  
  Keywords Kyrgyzstan; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; habitats; number; life history characteristics; practical use.; 8640; Russian  
  Abstract A description of snow leopard, its taxonomy, distribution, habitat, number, behavior, food, reproduction, parasites, infections, and practical importance is given. In Kyrgyzstan, irbis was found in the Chatkal, Kyrgyz, Talas ridges, and Terskei Alatoo. An official annual snow leopard hunting rate ranged from 10 (1955) to 54 skins (in 1936) in 1930-s through 1950-s. 17 snow leopards were caught for the purpose of zoo-export only in 1965-1966. Its skin has no special value and is used by local people for decoration of dwellings and making collars.  
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  Notes Full text available in Russian Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 841 Serial 1055  
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Author Yanfa, L. url 
  Title Snow leopard distribution, purchase locations and conservation in Qinghai Province, China Type Conference Article
  Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 65-72  
  Keywords conservation; Qinghai; China; scat; spray; kills; interviews; hunting; hunters; tracks; tracking; habitat; distribution; prey; livestock; blue-sheep; behavior; collection; blue; sheep; browse; 3400  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 260 Serial 1047  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Voronov A.G. url 
  Title Predatory mammals Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 233-235  
  Keywords predators; mountains; endangered species; Red Data bok; snow leopard.; 8540; Russian  
  Abstract Predatory mammal in mountains are submitted by widely widespread species, such, as wolves, to a lynx and bears, and characteristic species for the high mountains, well adapted to mountain conditions and not going down below Alpine zone (a snow leopard, or irbis, occupying mountains of the Central Asia, etc.).  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biogeography of the world. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 831 Serial 994  
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Author Villarrubia, C.; Jackson, R. url 
  Title Snow Leopard Conservation on a Regional Basis: Elements in Planning Protected Areas Type Conference Article
  Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 253-263  
  Keywords conservation; protected-area; parks; reserves; refuge; planning; governments; local-peoples; herders; livestock; life-history; home-range; seasonal-shifts; core-areas; dispersal; habitat; ecology; fragmentation; buffers; zones; corridors; barriers; browse; protected; area; local people; local; history; home range; seasonal; shifts; core; 3540  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 264 Serial 986  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Uchitelskaya gazeta. url 
  Title Return of snow leopard Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1984 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Uzbekistan; Hissar ridge; Kyzylsu nature reserve; Miraki nature reserve; birds; mammals; snow leopard.; 8440; Russian  
  Abstract 10 snow leopards have settled in western extremities of the Hissar ridge. Almost 25 years ago, disturbed by anthropogenic activity, this rarest fauna representative abandoned the area being threatened. In a habitat usual for this species have now been created the Kyzylsu and Miraki nature reserves and the species is now rendering the highlands inhabitable again. Wild boar, Turkestan lynx, long-tailed marmot, snow leopard and black vulture, a total of 200 animal and bird species, can be found now in this area.  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication January 3 1984 Editor  
  Language Russian Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Notes Full text available in Russian Journal Title: Newspaper Uchitelskaya gazeta. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 821 Serial 977  
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Author Tsherbakov B.V. url 
  Title About rare and endangered mammal species in the East Kazakhstan region Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 203-204  
  Keywords Kazakhstan; Eastern Kazakhstan province; distribution; number; rare species; snow leopard.; 8400; Russian  
  Abstract Given is data concerning numbers and distribution of yellow lemming on the Korjun cape and in the Karakas tract; dhole in the tundra zoneof the Azu-Tau ridge (South Alati) between Matabay and Urunkhaikoy, in the Salkanchok mountains; concering an encounter with snow leopard (March 25, 1981) in the upper river Bukhtarma near eastern extremity of the South Altai ridge, and argali in the mountain group Kalby-Baicha, the Taldy, Koktau, Monraka mountains (an area between Kusty and Kizil-Gain), near summit Shorbas.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan and its conservation problems. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 818 Serial 972  
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Author Taber, R.D. url 
  Title Toward a Free-Living Snow Leopard Recovery Plan Type Conference Article
  Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 261  
  Keywords snow-leopard-recovery-plan; recovery; conservation; Islt; Species-survial-plan; management; browse; 4240  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher ISLT and Wildlife Institute of India Place of Publication Usa Editor H.Freeman  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full Text Available at URLAuthor Affiliation: ISLTTitle, Monographic: Proceedings of the Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 412 Serial 956  
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Author Sultanov G.S. url 
  Title Animals protection, reproduction and use Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 30-37  
  Keywords Uzbekistan; fauna; extinct; close to extinct; rare species; snow leopard; conservation measures; territorial protection.; 8340; Russian  
  Abstract Caspian tiger, cheetah, moral have disappeared from the region's fauna. Species such as hyena, leopard, manul are endangered, honey badger and caracal available only on the south of Karakalpakstan, lynx, snow leopard and saiga are rare species. The implemented protection measures helped Iranian otter, Bukhara red deer, marchor, and Severtsev's sheep escape a total extermination. To preserve many valuable animals in Uzbekistan small investments in their habitats improvement are required. Nature reserves and preserves occupy a total area of more than 220,000 ha in the country. All rare species of Central Asia's fauna are under protection of the state.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature and man. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 812 Serial 944  
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Author Sukhbat, K.; Munkhtsog, B. url 
  Title Density and Distribution of Ibex and Argali Sheep in Mongolia Type Conference Article
  Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 121-123  
  Keywords Mongolia; argali; habitat; predator; prey; ibex; ungulates; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; 2840  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor R.Jackson; A.Ahmad  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 329 Serial 942  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Sokolov V.E. url 
  Title Snow leopard genus Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1979 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 238-240  
  Keywords snow leopard; taxonomy; species range; habitats; reproduction; diet; Pregnancy; birth; cubs; lifetime; endangered species.; 8240; Russian  
  Abstract Genus Uncia has only one species snow leopard. Described is the length of body, length of tail, body weight, colour, skull, number of teeth, habitat, reproduction, and life expectancy. This species has no essential practical value and is included in the Red Data Book as an endangered species.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Taxonomy of mammals. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 802 Serial 907  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Shuren, X. url 
  Title An introduction to feeding and management of snow leopard in Xining Zoo, China Type Conference Article
  Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 177-182  
  Keywords China; zoos; zoo; captivity; management; diet; behavior; trapping; hunting; breeding; mating; reproduction; browse; 3740  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 266 Serial 893  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Shnitnikov V.N. url 
  Title Rocks and taluses. Alpine meadows. Economic value of local animals Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1934 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Part. 1. South Kazakhstan. Issue Pages 86-88  
  Keywords Kazakhstan; mountains; fauna; mammals; snow leopard.; 8140; Russian  
  Abstract It reviews fauna of rocks, taluses, and alpine meadows of South Kazakhstan. The most typical mammal of rocks and taluses are picas (I¤hotona rutila and I. macrotis), ibex (¥…dr… sibirica), and snow leopard (Felis irbis). Besides, snow leopard, along with Tien Shan bear (Ursus l†u¤Œn¢o), ibex, mountain wolf (¥uŒn alpinus) and others, is met in the alpine meadow zone. Zoo-export of snow leopards to the zoos does not result in extermination of the animals but generates income. Various animal species are subject to trade as zoos do not limit their collections with some specific species or groups; quite the contrary they are interested in obtaining each species. Valuable animals exported from Kazakhstan are tiger, snow leopard, Tien-Shan bear, argali, and mountain wolf. The latter costs 1,000 roubles in gold, and argali even 1,500 roubles.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 792 Serial 885  
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Author Reading, R.P.; Mix, H.M.; Badamjaviin L.; Feh, L.; Kane, D.; Dulamtseren, S.; Enkhbold S. url 
  Title Status and distribution of khulan Equus hemionus in Mongolia Type Journal Article
  Year 2001 Publication Journal of Zoology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 254 Issue Pages 381-389  
  Keywords gobi; Equus hemionus; Khulan; Mongolia; wild ass; 5240  
  Abstract The Asiatic wild ass Equus hemionus, or khulan, once ranged across much of Central Asia, but is now globally threatened. The largest free-ranging populations are now restricted to a 250-km wide area (range 100ñ400 km) across the Gobi Desert region of southern Mongolia. Over the last 23 years the population has moved further north and east into its former range. Surveys conducted in the 1970s and 1980s estimated that the Mongolian population contained fewer than 15 000 animals and was declining as a result of human exploitation and livestock competition. Aerial surveys (one in autumn 1994, two in spring 1997) were flown as line transects over portions of the khulan's range in Mongolia and ground surveys (’ve in spring, summer, and autumn 1994ñ97) were conducted by vehicle and foot. Sample sizes and areas surveyed were larger than previous surveys, and our methods were often more systematic. Population size was estimated at 33 000ñ63 000 wild asses in Mongolia. Animal density ranged from 4.2 a 1.3 to 19.1a 3.2 per 100 km2. Mean group size ranged from four to 35 animals in the south-western Gobi, four to seven animals in the southern Gobi, and three to 18 in the south-eastern Gobi. Our data suggest that Mongolia is the most important stronghold for the conservation of E. hemionus. Conservation management continues to be challenging because intensive studies on khulan biology and ecology are just beginning. As a freemarket economy continues to emerge in Mongolia, pressure from resource extraction interests and nomadic livestock herders to remove the khulan's protected status, permit harvesting and halt population growth and expansion, also makes implementation of research and conservation management programs more imperative.  
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  Notes Full text available at URL Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 509 Serial 813  
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Author Rashek V.A. url 
  Title The Chatkal State nature reserve. Aksu Jabagly nature reserve Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1980 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 157-161  
  Keywords Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; Chatkal nature reserve; Aksu Jabagly nature reserve; landscape; flora; fauna; birds; mammals; rare species; snow leopard.; 8040; Russian  
  Abstract It describes history of the Chatkal and Aksu Jabagly nature reserves' establishment and provides data concerning hydrography, soils, climate, landscapes, altitude zoning, flora and fauna, and main aspects of scientific work.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 782 Serial 806  
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Author Poyarkov, A.D.; Samoylova, G.S.; Subbotin, A.E. url 
  Title Evaluation of Potential Habitats of Snow Leopard (Uncia Uncia, Schreb.) In Altay-Khangay-Sayan Region and in Territory of Russian Federation: GIS Approach Type Conference Article
  Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords snow; leopard; uncia; habitat; Forest; desert; tundra; territory; landscape; steppe; alpine; gorge; valley; land; use; region; potential; area; 5040  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Islt Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle, WA Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 490 Serial 788  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Pokrovskiy V.S. url 
  Title Snow leopard, or irbis Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1976 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 82-98  
  Keywords Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; use; protection.; 7940; Russian  
  Abstract It considers biology of snow leopard, provides data concerning its number and distribution, and shows environment correlation of the predator. Besides, it describes the ways of catching snow leopards, and conditions under which it can be kept in enclosures. Precise recommendations for the species protection are given.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Large mammals. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 772 Serial 780  
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Author Pavlinov I.Ya. url 
  Title Mammals of Eurasia. II. Non-Rodentia: Taxonomic and geographic reference book Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1995 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 167-168  
  Keywords Ussr; taxonomy; synonyms; distribution; snow leopard.; 7840; Russian  
  Abstract This reference book provides a detailed epi-species classification of terrain mammal orders other than rodents. Identification keys for taxons, information about geographical distribution, synonyms, and comments on taxonomy are given. Genus Uncia Gray, 1854 includes one species Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1776), distributed in highlands of Central Asia (Tibet, Pamir, Tien-Shan, Altai). Synonyms: irbis Ehrenberg, 1830; uncioides Horsfield, 1855; schneideri Zukovsky, 1950.  
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  Notes Full text available in Russian Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 762 Serial 761  
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Author Naumov S.P. url 
  Title The cats – Felidae. Mountain regions of USSR Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1948 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 59-61  
  Keywords Ussr; Felidae; taxonomy; distribution; snow leopard.; 7740  
  Abstract Description of Felidae family species (Tigris tigris, Leopardus (Pardus) pardus and Unci uncia) is given. In USSR snow leopard inhabited in mountain ridges of Middle Asia and Altai.  
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  Notes 1950Journal Title: Biology of game animals and birds of USSR. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 752 Serial 719  
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Author Meklenburtsev R.N. url 
  Title About ecology of ibex in Pamir Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1949 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Vol. 28, edition 5. Issue Pages 482-483  
  Keywords Tajikistan; Pamir; ibex; distribution; number; diet; reproductive biology; predators; snow leopard; commercial use.; 7640; Russian  
  Abstract Ibex is distributed all over the Pamir mountains, inhabiting rocks and canyons and ascending up to 5,500 m above sea level. In summer, ibex mostly feeds upon sedge and cereals, in winter wormwood. It keeps in herds containing 15 to 30 animals. The coupling period is December; kids being born at the beginning of June. The most dangerous predators are snow leopard and wolf. Ibex is a main commercial game species.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological journal. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 742 Serial 674  
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Author McCarthy, T.; Allen, P. url 
  Title Knitting for snow leopards Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Cat News Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 30 Issue Pages 24-25  
  Keywords conservation-programs; endangered; threatened-species; human-dimensions; management; conservation; asia; Mongolia; herder; herding; herders; browse; threatened; species; programs; Human; dimensions.; 1040  
  Abstract The authors describe an innovative conservation program for the endangered snow leopard. A program was established in which herding families in Mongolia knit scarves, gloves, and hats from camel, sheep, and cashmere wool for sale as eco-friendly products. The program increases family incomes, brings in revenue for conservation programs, and educates the herders on the leopards. klf.  
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  Notes Full Text at URL. Author Contact: 4649 Sunnyside Ave N. ,Suite 325, Seattle Wa 98103Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 368 Serial 659  
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Author McCarthy, T. url 
  Title Ecology and Conservation of Snow Leopards, Gobi Brown Bears, and Wild Bactrian Camels in Mongolia Type Book Whole
  Year 2000 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords snow leopard; Uncia uncia; Mongolia; radio-collar; habitat use; movements; ecology; wild camel; brown bear; 5340  
  Abstract Snow leopard ecology, distribution and abundance in Mongolia were studied between 1993 and 1999. I placed VHF and satellite radio-collars on 4 snow leopards, 2 males and 2 females, to determine home ranges, habitat use, movements, and activity. Home ranges of snow leopards in Mongolia were substantially larger than reported elsewhere. Males ranged over 61 – 142 km2 and female 58 to 1,590 km2. Cats had crepuscular activity patterns with daily movements averaging 5.1 km. Intraspecific distances averaged 1.3 km for males to 7.8 km for males. Leopards selected moderately to very-broken habitat with slopes > 20o, in areas containing ibex. Leopard distribution and abundance was determined using sign surveys. Leopard range in Mongolia is approximately 103,000 km2 but cats are not uniformly distributed within that range. High-density areas include the eastern and central Transaltai Gobi and the northern Altai ranges. Relative leopard densities compared well with relative ibex densities on a regional basis. A snow leopard conservation plan was drafted for Mongolia that identifies problems and threats, and provides an action plan. Wild Bactrian camels occur in the Great Gobi National Park (GGNP) and are thought to be declining due to low recruitment. I surveyed camels by jeep and at oases, observing 142 (4.2% young) and 183 (5.3% young) in 1997 and 1998. Current range was estimated at 33,300 km2. Some winter and calving ranges were recently abandoned. Track sizes and tooth ages from skulls were used to assess demographics. A deterministic model was produced that predicts camel extinction within 25 to 50 years under current recruitment rates and population estimates. Gobi brown bears are endemic to Mongolia and may number less than 35. Three population isolates may occur. I collected genetic material from bears at oases using hair traps. Microsatellite analyses of nuclear DNA determined sixteen unique genotypes, only two of which occurred at more than one oases. Genetic diversity was very low with expected heterozygosity = 0.32, and alleles per locus = 2.3. Mitochondrial DNA sequences were compared to other clades of brown bear and found to fall outside of all known lineages.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis Ph.D. thesis  
  Publisher University of Massachusetts, Amherst Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 519 Serial 663  
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