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Author Filla, M., Lama, R. P., Filla, T., Heurich, M., Balkenhol, N., Waltert, M., Khorozyan, I. url  doi
  Title Patterns of livestock depredation by snow leopards and effects of intervention strategies: lessons from the Nepalese Himalaya Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication Wildlife Research Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Annapurna, co-existence, conservation biology, highland communities, human–wildlife conflict, large carnivore, livestock depredation, Panthera uncia, prey selection, snow leopard.  
  Abstract Context: Large carnivores are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities, and their protection is among the main goals of biodiversity conservation. The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) inhabits high-mountain landscapes where livestock depredation drives it into conflicts with local people and poses an obstacle for its conservation.

Aims: The aim of this study was to identify the livestock groups most vulnerable to depredation, target them in implementation of practical interventions, and assess the effectiveness of intervention strategies for conflict mitigation. We present a novel attempt to evaluate intervention strategies for particularly vulnerable species, age groups, time, and seasons.

Methods: In 2020, we conducted questionnaire surveys in two regions of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal (Manang, n = 146 respondents and Upper Mustang, n = 183). We applied sample comparison testing, Jacobs’ selectivity index, and generalised linear models (GLMs) to assess rates and spatio-temporal heterogeneity of depredation, reveal vulnerable livestock groups, analyse potential effects of applied intervention strategies, and identify husbandry factors relevant to depredation.

Key results: Snow leopard predation was a major cause of livestock mortality in both regions (25.4–39.8%), resulting in an estimated annual loss of 3.2–3.6% of all livestock. The main intervention strategies (e.g. corrals during night-time and herding during daytime) were applied inconsistently and not associated with decreases in reported livestock losses. In contrast, we found some evidence that dogs, deterrents (light, music playing, flapping tape, and dung burning), and the use of multiple interventions were associated with a reduction in reported night-time depredation of yaks.

Conclusions and implications: We suggest conducting controlled randomised experiments for quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of dogs, deterrents, and the use of multiple interventions, and widely applying the most effective ones in local communities. This would benefit the long-term co-existence of snow leopards and humans in the Annapurna region and beyond.
 
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  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1684  
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Author Sludsky A.A. url 
  Title Genus Snow leopard Uncia Gray, 1854. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreber, 1775 Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Vol. III, Part 2. Issue Pages 222-240  
  Keywords Kazakhstan; taxonomy; distribution; number; biology; use; snow leopard.; 8190; Russian  
  Abstract Snow leopard is rare and extinctive species that have scientific and aesthetic significance. The features of genus Uncia and species Uncia uncia are described. Also distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, infections and parasites, enemies and competitors, number and number fluctuation, practical value of snow leopard in the Kazakhstan are given.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Kazakhstan. Carnivora (Mustelidae, Felidae). Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 797 Serial 900  
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Author Razmakhnin V.E. url 
  Title Siberian wild ibex Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1977 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 164-175  
  Keywords Ussr; Siberian wild ibex; biology; distribution; number; variability; behavior; predators; snow leopard.; 8050; Russian  
  Abstract It provides a detailed description of biology, distribution, geographic variability, behavior, and locomotion features of ibex in the USSR. Its population was defined as 100,000 animals, main enemies being wolf, snow leopard, and golden eagle. Wolf mainly preys on ibex at the end of winter; old males, weakened during the heat mostly becoming a prey. Snow leopards prey on ibexes all year round. Golden eagles mostly prey on young ibexes.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ungulates. Rare animals of the USSR. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 783 Serial 810  
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Author Poyarkov, A.D. url 
  Title Some Aspects of Snow Leopard Research Methodology Type Conference Article
  Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords snow; leopard; biology; population; probability; presence; study; Slims; indices; research; 5030  
  Abstract This report analyses some methodological aspects of snow leopard studies, primarily, on the basis of Russian scientific sources.  
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  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Islt Editor  
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  Notes Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 489 Serial 787  
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Author Ognev S.I. url 
  Title Uncia uncia Sch., 1778. Irbis or snow leopard Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1935 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Vol.3. Issue Pages 263-270  
  Keywords Ussr; snow leopard; taxonomy; biology; distribution.; 7790; Russian  
  Abstract It describes identification signs and taxonomy of genus Uncia Gray and the only representative of genus Uncia uncia Sch., 1778, distribution and some features of the species' biology. A habitat of snow leopard includes the mountains of Central Asia from Kopet-Dag and northern Iran to the east along the mountain systems of Pamir, Turkestan, Gilgit, Tibet, Himalayas before the country Kam. On the north, snow leopard is met in Tarbagatai, Altai, Sayans, and further eastward to the Yablonoviy and Stanovoy ridges reaching the confluence of the Shilka and Argun rivers.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of the USSR and neighboring countries. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 757 Serial 737  
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Author Meklenburtsev R.N. url 
  Title About ecology of ibex in Pamir Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1949 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Vol. 28, edition 5. Issue Pages 482-483  
  Keywords Tajikistan; Pamir; ibex; distribution; number; diet; reproductive biology; predators; snow leopard; commercial use.; 7640; Russian  
  Abstract Ibex is distributed all over the Pamir mountains, inhabiting rocks and canyons and ascending up to 5,500 m above sea level. In summer, ibex mostly feeds upon sedge and cereals, in winter wormwood. It keeps in herds containing 15 to 30 animals. The coupling period is December; kids being born at the beginning of June. The most dangerous predators are snow leopard and wolf. Ibex is a main commercial game species.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological journal. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 742 Serial 674  
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Author Kreuzberg-Mukhina E.A. url 
  Title The Endangered species and Snow Leopard Conservation problems. Schoolbook Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2001 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 27  
  Keywords Uzbekistan; biology; distribution; number; conservation problems; snow leopard.; 7460; Russian  
  Abstract The manual contains the information on snow leopard species listed in Red Data book of Uzbekistan. The data on its biology, distribution and number in republic and within the world is given. Snow leopard conservation problems are considered.  
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  Notes Full text available in Russian Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 724 Serial 591  
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Author Kashkarov D.N. url 
  Title Order Carnivora- Carnivores. Family Felidae-Cats Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1932 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 392-393  
  Keywords Turkestan; carnivores; Cats; snow leopard; distribution; biology; preys.; 7090; Russian  
  Abstract Snow leopard inhabits Tien Shan, Pamir, Bukhara and possibly Kopet-dag, as well as the Altai, Tibet, and northern slopes of the Himalayas. It preys on ibex, wild sheep, roe deer, hare, keklik (partridge), snow-cock and porcupine and sometimes attacks livestock. Snow leopard is not considered a dangerous animal since even being wounded, it would escape from men and could only rush to the attack when deadlocked.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Turkestan. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 687 Serial 520  
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Author Kashkarov D.N. url 
  Title Living conditions and living in various parts of the mountainous Turkestan. Central Asian snow leopard, irbis Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1923 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue 2. The animals of mountainous Turkistan. Issue Pages 3-6  
  Keywords Turkestan; fauna; mammals; snow leopard; distribution; biology; preys.; 7070; Russian  
  Abstract It describes fauna of the mountainous Turkestan. Irbis is met in Tien Shan, Pamir, Bukhara and Kopet-Dag. Apart from Turkistan, it lives in the Altai, Tibet and on northern slopes of the Himalayas. In Kopet-Dag, this species is met with another panther Caucasian leopard. It preys on ibex, wild sheep, roe deer, keklik (partridge), snow-cock and porcupine. It also attacks small livestock. Normally this species would never attack the man though hunters mentioned some cases that evidence otherwise.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The animals of Turkestan, their life and importance for man. Popular essays. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 685 Serial 518  
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Author Jizeng, D.; Ji-peng, J.; Chang-xin, Z.; Freeman, H. url 
  Title Opening Remarks to Seventh International Snow Leopard Symposium Type Conference Article
  Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords conservation; ecology; biology; habitat; protected-areas; parks; reserves; preserves; refuge; zoos; captivity; breeding; distribution; status; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; Afghanistan; Mongolia; Pakistan; Nepal; India; China; Tajikistan; Kazakhstan; Qinghai; Tibet; kazakstan; browse; protected; area; soviet; union; 3780  
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  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng  
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  Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 234 Serial 497  
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