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Author Bhatnagar, Y.V.
Title Ranging and Habitat Use by Himalayan Ibex (Capra ibex sibirica) in Pin Valley National Park Type Book Whole
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords ibex; India; predator; prey; potected-area; parks; reserves; Pin-valley; browse; protected; area; 1850
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis Ph.D. thesis
Publisher Saurashtra University Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Area Expedition Conference
Notes Place of Publication: Rajkot, India Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 301 Serial 135
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Author D'Arcy, P.
Title Endangered species being slaughtered in Russia's far east: WWF Type Miscellaneous
Year 2000 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 2
Keywords Russia; economic; herders; livestock; poaching; hunting; predator; prey; herder; browse; 1010
Abstract The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) on Saturday accused Russia's far eastern regions of slaughtering endangered species for trade or to protect livestock, the Interfax news agency reported. The international organisation's Moscow branch told the news agency that it could no longer afford the cost of sending out teams of rangers to protect snow leopards from “revenge killing” and poaching.
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Notes Journal Title: Agence France-Presse Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 374 Serial 230
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Author Richard, C.
Title Sectoral Report in Vol II: Developing Strategies for Agriculture and Related Sectors in Ladakh Type Report
Year 1999 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords livestock; grazing; predator; prey; herders; herder; Ladakh; browse; 1970
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Notes Submitted to the Leh Autonomous Hill Developement Council by IMOCD, Jan 1999 Title, Analytic: Rangelands and Livestock as a Niche Opportunity for Ladakh. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 373 Serial 815
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Author Schaller, G.B.; Hong, L.; Talipu, J.; Mingjiang, R.Q.
Title The snow leopard in Xinjiang, China Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume 22 Issue 4 Pages 197-204
Keywords China; Xinjiang; asia; refuges; parks; reserves; snow-leopard; prey; livestock; predators; herders; fur; management; snow leopard; browse; 930
Abstract Snow leopards live in the mountains of Central Asia, their range stretching from Afganastan to Lake Baikal in Eastern Tibet. They are endangered throughout their range, being hunted as predators of mains livestock and for their skin. Much of the snow leopards range lies in China, but not enough is known about its staus there for effective conservation. As part of a project to assess China's high altitude wildlife resources the authors conducted a survey in Xinjiang- a vast arid region of deserts and mountains. Although the snow leopard and other wildlife have declined steeply in Xinjiang in recent decades, the cta still persists and one area has the potential to become one of the best refuges for the species in its entire range. Its future in XInjiang, howevere, depends on well protected reserves, enforcement of regulations against killing the animal, and proper managemnt of the prey species.
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Notes Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 129 Serial 868
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Author Schaller, G.B.
Title Wildlife of the Tibetan Steppe Type Book Whole
Year 1998 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Tibet; predator; prey; steppe; ungulates; browse; 1990
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher University of Chicago Press Place of Publication Chicago Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 344 Serial 871
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Author Scheber
Title Snow Leopard in the south part of Gobi-Altai mountain range Type Miscellaneous
Year 1975 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 17
Keywords Mongolia; asia; snow-leopard; herders; livestock; predators; prey; gobi; distribution; snow leopard; browse; 960
Abstract Accorfing to the information from Gurvan its rumored that the snow leopards grow in number and many times they attacked the livestock entering into the domestic area causing damage, we investigated theGurvan Tes sumon of Umnogobi aimag and also Noyon sumon todisplay the reserve review and spreading area of snow leopard from 22 of December of 1975 to 10th of January of 1976.
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Notes The Snow Leopard Trust has a hand copied form of this document translated from Russian, Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 28 Serial 872
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Author McCarthy, K.; Fuller, T.; Ming, M.; McCarthy, T.; Waits, L.; Jumabaev, K.
Title Assessing Estimators of Snow Leopard Abundance Type Miscellaneous
Year 2008 Publication Journal of Widlife Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume 72 Issue 8 Pages 1826-1833
Keywords abundance; camera,capture-recapture,density,index,predator:prey ratios,techniques,Tien Shan,Uncia; leopard; SaryChat; sign surveys; Slims; snow; snow-leopard; snow leopard; Tomur
Abstract The secretive nature of snow leopards (Uncia uncia) makes them difficult to monitor, yet conservation efforts require accurate and precise methods to estimate abundance. We assessed accuracy of Snow Leopard Information Management System (SLIMS) sign surveys by comparing them with 4 methods for estimating snow leopard abundance: predator:prey biomass ratios, capture-recapture density estimation, photo-capture rate, and individual identification through genetic analysis. We recorded snow leopard sign during standardized surveys in the SaryChat Zapovednik, the Jangart hunting reserve, and the Tomur Strictly Protected Area, in the Tien Shan Mountains of Kyrgyzstan and China. During June-December 2005, adjusted sign averaged 46.3 (SaryChat), 94.6 (Jangart), and 150.8 (Tomur) occurrences/km. We used

counts of ibex (Capra ibex) and argali (Ovis ammon) to estimate available prey biomass and subsequent potential snow leopard densities of 8.7 (SaryChat), 1.0 (Jangart), and 1.1 (Tomur) snow leopards/100 km2. Photo capture-recapture density estimates were 0.15 (n = 1 identified individual/1 photo), 0.87 (n = 4/13), and 0.74 (n = 5/6) individuals/100 km2 in SaryChat, Jangart, and Tomur, respectively. Photo-capture rates

(photos/100 trap-nights) were 0.09 (SaryChat), 0.93 (Jangart), and 2.37 (Tomur). Genetic analysis of snow leopard fecal samples provided minimum population sizes of 3 (SaryChat), 5 (Jangart), and 9 (Tomur) snow leopards. These results suggest SLIMS sign surveys may be affected by observer bias and environmental variance. However, when such bias and variation are accounted for, sign surveys indicate relative abundances similar to photo rates and genetic individual identification results. Density or abundance estimates based on capture-recapture or ungulate biomass did not agree with other indices of abundance. Confidence in estimated densities, or even detection of significant changes in abundance of snow leopard, will require more effort and better documentation.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 881 Serial 653
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Author Ale S.
Title Have snow leopards made a comeback to the Everest region of Nepal? Type Report
Year 2005 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-21
Keywords snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; region; Nepal; Report; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; 1960; endangered; Sagarmatha; High; Himalaya; tourism; impact; establishment; national; national park; National-park; park; 1980; area; Tibet; surveys; survey; status; Cats; cat; prey; research; project; sign; transects; transect; length; valley; Response; hunting; recovery; Himalayan; tahr; density; densities; range; pugmarks; sighting; 60; study; population; predators; predator; structure; prey species; prey-species; species; populations; mortality; effects; predation; population dynamics
Abstract In the 1960s, the endangered snow leopard was locally extirpated from the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) region of Nepal. In this Sherpa-inhabited high Himalaya, the flourishing tourism since the ascent of Mt Everest in 1953, has caused both prosperity and adverse impacts, the concern that catalyzed the establishment of Mt. Everest National Park in the region in 1976. In the late 1980s, there were reports that some transient snow leopards may have visited the area from adjoining Tibet, but no biological surveys exist to confirm the status of the cats and their prey. Have snow leopards finally returned to the top of the world? Exploring this question was the main purpose of this research project. We systematically walked altogether 24 sign transects covering over 13 km in length in three valleys, i.e. Namche, Phortse and Gokyo, of the park, and counted several snow leopard signs. The results indicated that snow leopards have made a comeback in the park in response to decades of protective measures, the virtual cessation of hunting and the recovery of the Himalayan tahr which is snow leopard's prey. The average sign density (4.2 signs/km and 2.5 sign sites/km) was comparable to that reported from other parts of the cats' range in the Himalaya. On this basis, we estimated the cat density in the Everest region between 1 to 3 cats per 100 sq km, a figure that was supported by different sets of pugmarks and actual sightings of snow leopards in the 60 km2 sample survey area. In the study area, tahr population had a low reproductive rate (e.g. kids-to-females ratio, 0.1, in Namche). Since predators can influence the size and the structure of prey species populations through mortality and through non-lethal effects or predation risk, snow leopards could have been the cause of the population dynamics of tahr in Sagarmtha, but this study could not confirm this speculation for which further probing may be required.
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Notes Progress report for the International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1063 Serial 50
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Author Ale, S.; Brown, J.
Title The contingencies of group size and vigilance Type Miscellaneous
Year 2007 Publication Evolutionary Ecology Research, Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9 Issue Pages 1263-1276
Keywords attraction effect,contingency,dilution effect,fitness,group-size effect,many-eyes effect,predation risk,vigilance behaviour; predation; decline; potential; predators; predator; feeding; Animals; Animal; use; food; effects; Relationship; behaviour; methods; game; Interactions; interaction; factor; value; Energy
Abstract Background: Predation risk declines non-linearly with one's own vigilance and the vigilance of others in the group (the 'many-eyes' effect). Furthermore, as group size increases, the individual's risk of predation may decline through dilution with more potential victims, but may increase if larger groups attract more predators. These are known, respectively, as the dilution effect and the attraction effect.

Assumptions: Feeding animals use vigilance to trade-off food and safety. Net feeding rate declines linearly with vigilance.

Question: How do the many-eyes, dilution, and attraction effects interact to influence the relationship between group size and vigilance behaviour?

Mathematical methods: We use game theory and the fitness-generating function to determine the ESS level of vigilance of an individual within a group.

Predictions: Vigilance decreases with group size as a consequence of the many-eyes and dilution effects but increases with group size as a consequence of the attraction effect, when they act independent of each other. Their synergetic effects on vigilance depend upon the relative strengths of each and their interactions. Regardless, the influence of other factors on vigilance – such as encounter rate with predators, predator lethality, marginal value of energy, and value of vigilance – decline with group size.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 886 Serial 53
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Author Ale, S.; Whelan, C.
Title Reappraisal of the role of big, fierce predators Type Miscellaneous
Year 2008 Publication Biodiversity Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 685-690
Keywords Biodiversity ú Conservation ú Costs of predation ú Indirect effects ú Non-lethal effects ú Predators ú Top-down control; big; predators; predator
Abstract The suggestion in the early 20th century that top predators were a necessary component of ecosystems because they hold herbivore populations in check and promote biodiversity was at Wrst accepted and then largely rejected. With the advent of Evolutionary Ecology and a more full appreciation of direct and indirect effects of top predators, this role of top predators is again gaining acceptance. The previous views were predicated upon lethal effects of predators but largely overlooked their non-lethal effects. We suggest that

conceptual advances coupled with an increased use of experiments have convincingly demonstrated that prey experience costs that transcend the obvious cost of death. Prey species use adaptive behaviours to avoid predators, and these behaviours are not cost-free. With predation risk, prey species greatly restrict their use of available habitats and consumption of available food resources. Effects of top predators consequently cascade down to the trophic levels below them. Top predators, the biggies, are thus both the targets of and the means for conservation at the landscape scale.
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 885 Serial 52
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