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Author |
Jamtsho, Y., Katel, O. |
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Title |
Livestock depredation by snow leopard and Tibetan wolf: Implications for herders� livelihoods in Wangchuck Centennial National Park, Bhutan |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
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Springer Open |
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9:1 |
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1-10 |
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Wildlife-livestock conflicts, Endangered predators, Protected area, Income loss |
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Abstract |
Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a serious problem in many parts of the world, and Bhutan�s Wangchuck Centennial
National Park (WCNP) is no exception. Located in the remote alpine areas of the eastern Himalaya, wildlife species
such as snow leopard (SL) and Tibetan wolf (TW) are reported to kill livestock in many parts of the Park. Such
depredation is believed to have affected the livelihoods of high-altitude herding communities, resulting in conflicts
between them. This study provides analysis on the extent of livestock depredation by wildlife predators such as SL
and TW and examines its implications for the livelihoods of herding communities of Choekhortoe and Dhur regions
of WCNP. Using semi-structured questionnaires, all herders (n = 38) in the study area were interviewed. The questions
pertained to livestock population, frequency of depredation and income lost due to depredation in the last five years
from 2012 to 2016. This study recorded 2,815 livestock heads in the study area, with an average herd size of 74.1 stock.
The average herd size holding showed a decreasing trend over the years, and one of the reasons cited by the herders
is depredation by SL and TW and other predators. This loss equated to an average annual financial loss equivalent to
10.2% (US$837) of their total per capita cash income. Such losses have resulted in negative impacts on herders�
livelihood; e.g. six herders (2012-2016) even stopped rearing livestock and resorted to an alternate source of cash
income. The livestock intensification programmes, including pasture improvement through allowing controlled
burning, and financial compensation, may be some potential short-term solutions to reduce conflict between herders
and predators. Issuing permits for cordyceps (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) collection only to the herders and instilling the
sense of stewardship to highland herders may be one of the long-term solutions. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1479 |
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Author |
Johansson, O., Rauset, G. R., Samelius, G., McCarthy, T., Andren, H., Tumursukh, L., Mishra, C. |
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Title |
Land sharing is essential for snow leopard conservation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Biological Conservation |
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203 |
Pages |
1-7 |
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Keywords |
Home range, LoCoH, Mongolia, Panthera uncial, Protected areas, Land sparing |
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Abstract |
Conserving large carnivores in an increasingly crowded planet raises difficult challenges. A recurring debate is whether large carnivores can be conserved in human used landscapes (land sharing) or whether they require specially designated areas (land sparing). Here we show that 40% of the 170 protected areas in the global range of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) are smaller than the home range of a single adult male and only 4– 13% are large enough for a 90% probability of containing 15 or more adult females. We used data from 16 snow leopards equipped with GPS collars in the Tost Mountains of South Gobi, Mongolia, to calculate home range size and overlap using three different estimators: minimum convex polygons (MCP), kernel utility distributions (Kernel), and local convex hulls (LoCoH). Local convex hull home ranges were smaller and included lower proportions of unused habitats compared to home ranges based on minimum convex polygons and Kernels. Intra-sexual home range overlapwas low, especially for adult males, suggesting that snowleopards are territorial. Mean home range size based on the LoCoH estimates was 207 km2 ± 63 SD for adult males and 124 km2 ± 41 SD for adult females. Our estimates were 6–44 times larger than earlier estimates based on VHF technology when comparing similar estimators, i.e. MCP. Our study illustrates that protected areas alone will not be able to conserve predatorswith large home ranges and conservationists and managers should not restrict their efforts to land sparing. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1446 |
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Maheshwari, A., Takpa, J., Kujur, S., Shawl, T. |
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An Investigation of Carnivore-Human Conflicts in Kargil and Drass Areas of Jammu and Kashmir, India |
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Report |
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2010 |
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1-30 |
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Keywords |
India, snow leopard, Kargil, Drass, Jammu and Kashmir, Department of Wildlife Protection, WWF India |
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Still, there are areas from where very poor information is available on snow leopard and associated species. Keeping this in view, Kargil and Drass areas of Ladakh,Jammu and Kashmir were identified as “gaps” in available information on snow leopard. Kargil has not received much attention for wildlife studies due to its proximity to the International Boundary between India and Pakistan and resultant security implications. The only information available from the area is from a study done by Sathyakumar (2003) on the occurrence of Himalayan brown bear from Zanskar and Suru Valleys in Ladakh. But there was very poor information on the occurrence and distribution of other carnivores and conflicts with humans in Kargil. Therefore, this study was felt necessary to establish the following objectives:
1. Surveys for the occurrence and distribution of snow leopard and other large
carnivores and their prey
2. To estimate abundance of prey species
3. To study food habits of snow leopard and other carnivores based on scat analysis
4. To study the of carnivore – human conflicts
5. To study the socio-economic conditions of rural community and develop local
awareness programme |
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India |
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English |
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Report submitted to Rufford Small Grant. |
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SLN @ rana @ |
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1093 |
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Author |
Abdunazarov B.B. |
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Title |
Composition, structure and population of rare terrene vertebrate animals and their conservation perspectives in the nature reserves of Uzbekistan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1990 |
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182-184 |
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Uzbekistan; protected areas; vertebrates; endangered species; snow leopard.; 5800; Russian |
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An attempt of analyzing the role of Uzbekistan' nature reserves in conservation of gene pool of the rare and endangered terrene vertebrate fauna is done. Of 21 rare vertebrate species, 11 mammal species, eight nesting bird species and two reptile species were detected to inhabit seven nature reserves. This makes up 36.2 percent within the total number of species included in the Red Data Book of the Uzbek SSR or 3.7 percent of the country's fauna. Single snow leopards were found in the Chatkal and Hissar nature reserves. Data of the species inhabiting the Zaamin nature reserve needs to be verified. |
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Russian |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The nature reserves of the USSR the present and future. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 560 |
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27 |
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Author |
Abzalov A.A. |
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Title |
Principles of the nature reserve establishment in Uzbekistan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1976 |
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20-22 |
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Uzbekistan; nature protected areas network; nature conservation; flora; fauna; deserts; mountain; river forest; snow leopard.; 5870; Russian |
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It provides a brief description of nature reserves network in Uzbekistan: Karakul and Vardanza (in desert); Chatkal, Zaamin, Nurata, and Kyzylsu (in mountains); Aralpaigambar, Kyzylkum, Badaitugai, Zeravshan (riverine forests). Snow leopard is protected in the Chatkal, Zaamin, and Kizilsu nature reserves. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Regional problems of sustainable use and protection of biosphere. Proceedings of first session of the scientific council of the Academy of Science of the Uzbek SSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 566 |
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33 |
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Author |
Adil, A. |
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Title |
Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Afghanistan |
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Conference Article |
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1997 |
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35-38 |
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Afghanistan; conservation; status; Palang-i-Barfi; Hindu-kush; Pamir; Ajar; park; parks; reserve; reserves; refuge; hunting; poaching; skin; fur; pelt; coat; distribution; ibex; Marco-Polo; sheep; markhor; predator; prey; protected-area; marco; polo; hindu; kush; browse; 2460 |
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Publisher |
International Snow Leopard Trust |
Place of Publication |
Lahore, Pakistan |
Editor |
R.Jackson; A.Ahmad |
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English |
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Full Text Available at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 |
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SLN @ rana @ 298 |
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34 |
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Ahmad, A. |
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Title |
Protection of Snow Leopards through Grazier Communities:Some Examples from WWF-Pakistan's Projects in the Northern Areas |
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1994 |
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265-272 |
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conservation; Pakistan; Wwf; world-wildlife-fund; livestock; herders; herder; status; parks; park; reserve; refuge; protected-area; Dir; chitral; predator; prey; grazier; pelt; fur; coat; skin; poaching; Khunjerab; Marco-Polo-sheep; ibex; markhor; hunting; browse; protected; area; sheep; Marco-Polo; 2040 |
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Snow leopards occur near the snow line in northern Pakistan in the districts of Swat, Dir and Chitral of the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), Muzaffarabad district in Azad Kashmir and Gilgit and Baltistan districts in the Northern Areas. Although a number of protected areas are present in the form of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves (Table 1) where legal protection is available to all wildlife species, including snow leopards, the status of this endangered species is not improving satisfactorily. The reasons are many and range from direct persecution by livestock owners to the less than strict management of protected areas.
Because of remote and inaccessible locations and lack of proper communication with local communities, government officials and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) concerned with conservation find it difficult to obtain statistics on mortality of snow leopards. However, the killing of snow leopards is not uncommon. Because of the close and long-term association between local villagers and snow leopards, it is only through the support and cooperation of these peoples that protection of this endangered species can be assured against most of the existing threats. The effects of such cooperation has been clearly shown through some of the conservation projects of World Wildlife Fund (WWF) – Pakistan. Details of such projects and certain lessons that can be learned from these and similar projects are discussed in this paper. |
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International Snow Leopard Trust |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Proceedings of the Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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SLN @ rana @ 209 |
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40 |
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Author |
Ahmad, A. |
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Title |
Community-Based Natural Resources Management in Northern Pakistan |
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1997 |
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148-154 |
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conservation; livestock; Wwf; Pakistan; herders; herder; snow-leopard; management; Marco-Polo-sheep; grazing; ibex; park; parks; reserve; reserves; refuge; Khunjerab; hunting; hunter; skin; pelt; fur; coat; protected-area; snow leopard; browse; 2950 |
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Islt |
Place of Publication |
Lahore, Pakistan |
Editor |
R.Jackson and A.Ahmad |
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Full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1997 |
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SLN @ rana @ 299 |
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41 |
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Author |
Ahmad, I.; Hunter, D.O.; Jackson, R. |
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Title |
A Snow Leopard and Prey Species Survey in Khunjerab National Park, Pakistan |
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1997 |
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92-95 |
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Keywords |
Slims; Islt; Wwf; predator; prey; Pakistan; Khunjerab; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; Marco-Polo-sheep; blue-sheep; surveys; survey; transect; sighn; markings; marking; scrape; spray; ibex; tracks; pug marks; feces; livestock; kill; herder; herders; protected-area; blue; sheep; browse; international snow leopard trust; world wildlife fund; marco polo sheep; marco polo; pug; marks; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; 2810 |
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Islt |
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Lahore, Pakistan |
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R.Jackson; A.Ahmad |
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Title, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 |
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SLN @ rana @ 300 |
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42 |
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Author |
Aizin B.M. |
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Snow leopard |
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Miscellaneous |
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1985 |
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22-23 |
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Kyrgyzstan; Red Data book; snow leopard; status; distribution; biology; number; fluctuation; protection.; 5930; Russian |
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Snow leopard is a rare and endangered species, distributed in all mountain ridges of Kyrgyzstan. Its population is 1,400 animals, density being 0.2 0.5 animal per 1,000 ha. Its population was noticed to decrease in some ridges because of decreasing populations of mountain ungulates. 200 snow leopards were caught for the purpose of zoo-export over the last 20 years. This species is protected in the nature reserves Sary Chelek, Besh Aral, and natural park Ala Archa. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the Kyrgyz SSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 572 |
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47 |
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