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Author |
Ale, S.B., Brown, J.S. |
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Title |
Prey behavior leads to predator: a case study of the Himalayan tahr and the snow leopard in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
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Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution |
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55 |
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4 |
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315-327 |
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Keywords |
vigilance, fear, behavioral indicator, predator, prey, snow leopard, Himalayan tahr, Mount Everest |
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Abstract |
Rare, elusive predators offer few sightings, hindering research with small sample sizes and lack of experimentation. While predators may be elusive, their prey are more readily observed. Prey respond to the presence of a predator, and these fear responses may have population- and community-level consequences. Anti-predator behaviors, such as vigilance, allow us to sidestep the difficulty of direct field studies of large predators by studying them indirectly. Here we used a behavioral indicator, the vigilance behavior of the Himalayan tahr, the snow leopard’s main local prey, to reveal the distribution and habitat use of snow leopards in the Mt. Everest region of Nepal. We combined techniques of conventional field biology with concepts of foraging theory to study prey behavior in order to obtain insights into the predator’s ecology. The Himalayan tahr’s vigilance behavior correlates with the distribution of snow leopard signs. Tahr actually led us to six sightings of snow leopards. We conclude that behavioral indicators provided by prey offer a valuable tool for studying and monitoring stealthy and rare carnivores. |
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Science from Israel, a division of LPPLtd. |
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Israel |
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English |
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English |
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SLN @ rana @ |
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1109 |
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Author |
Chubykina, H.L., Shilo, R.A. |
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Title |
A study of diurnal activity rhythms in snow leopards and lynx (Panthera uncia and Felix lynx) at Novosibirsk Zoo |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
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International Zoo Yearbook |
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21 |
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193-196 |
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Keywords |
snow leopard, captivity, activity, behaviors, Novosibirsk Zoo |
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1211 |
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Author |
Freeman, H. |
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Title |
Breeding and behavior of the snow leopard |
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Report |
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Year |
1980 |
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snow leopard, captivity, breeding, behavior, Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle |
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1239 |
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Author |
Freeman, H., Braden, K. |
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Title |
Zoo location as a factopr in the reproductive behavior of captive snow leopards, Uncia uncia |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Zoological Garten J.F. |
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47 |
Issue |
3/4 |
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280-288 |
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snow leopard, captivity, behavior, breeding, reproduction |
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1256 |
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Author |
Gronberg, E. |
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Title |
Movement patterns of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) around kills based on GPS location clusters |
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Report |
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2011 |
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Keywords |
snow leopard, Panthera, Mongolia, Snow Leopard Trust, predator, prey, kill, behavior |
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Abstract |
Research concerning movement patterns of wild animals has been advancing since GPS technology arrived. But studying the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is still difficult because of the harsh territory it inhabits in Central Asia. This study took place in south Gobi, Mongolia, and aimed to estimate the time spent at kills and the maximum distance away from kills between visits. Snow leopards were monitored with GPS collars that took a location every five or seven hours. Potential kill sites were established by identifying clusters of GPS-locations in ArcGIS and visited in the field for confirmation. ArcGIS was used to calculate the distance between cluster and GPS-locations. I used two buffer zones (100 m and 500 m radius) to define the time snow leopards spent at kills. It was found that snow leopard age and prey category affected time spent at kills and also that snow leopard sex together with prey category affected the maximum distance moved away from kills between visits. Season had no significant effect on either time at kills or distance moved away from kills between visits. Snow leopards spent on average 3.2 days at their kills in the 100 m buffer zone and 3.5 days at their kills in the 500 m buffer zone. Subadults stayed longer at kills than adults and animals of both age categories spent longer time on larger prey. The mean maximum distance moved away from kills between visits was 179 m in the 100 m buffer zone and 252 m in the 500 m buffer zone. Female snow leopards moved further away from kills between visits than male snow leopards. Both the number of days spent on kills and maximum distance moved away from kills between visits increased when kills consisted of more than one animal. This study has provided some basic information on snow leopard behaviors around their kills but also highlights the need to monitor more snow leopards before more solid conclusions can be drawn as this study was based on based on a relatively small sample. |
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Master's thesis |
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Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station |
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SLN @ rana @ |
Serial |
1301 |
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Author |
Hansen, J. |
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Title |
The snow leopard study, part one |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1980 |
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7 |
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Keywords |
snow leopard, captivity, Brookfield Zoo, behavior |
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1212 |
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Author |
Koshkarev, E.P. |
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Title |
An Unusual Hunt |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards |
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5 |
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9-12 |
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Keywords |
Tien-Shan; tracking; feces; ibex; hunting; predator; prey; browse; behavior; 940 |
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Full text available at URLTien Shan High Mountain Physical Geography Staion, Kirghizian Academy of Sciences (Pokrovka) USSRDocument Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 402 |
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571 |
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Author |
Ahlborn, G.; Jackson, R. |
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Title |
Marking in Wild Snow Leopards: A preliminary assesment |
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Miscellaneous |
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1987 |
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No. 13 |
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estrus; estrual-cycle; reserach; behavior; scrapes; sprays; Langu-Gorge; Langu; China; browse; 4800 |
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Islt |
Place of Publication |
Seattle |
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Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line |
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SLN @ rana @ 467 |
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36 |
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Author |
Ahlborn, G.; Jackson, R.M. |
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Title |
Marking in Free-Ranging Snow Leopards in West Nepal: A preliminary assesment |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
1988 |
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25-49 |
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Nepal; sign; markings; scrapes; spray; scat; habitat; status; behavior; browse; 1630 |
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Describes and Quantifies snow leopard marking behaviour, based primarily on sign, gatherd during a four year study in Nepal. Emphasis is on scrapes and spray markings, detailing their frequency of occurence realtive to habitat characteristics and season. Both sexes mark intensively, sign abundance is associated with intensity of use, and sign is concentrated along breaks in terrain. |
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Snow Leopard Trust and the Wildlife Institute of India |
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India |
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H.Freeman |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Shrinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988 |
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SLN @ rana @ 102 |
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37 |
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Author |
Akimushkin I. |
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Title |
Snow leopard or irbis |
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Miscellaneous |
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1971 |
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210-211 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; behavior; reproduction.; 5990; Russian |
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The biology of snow leopard is described in a popular form. Information of distribution, behavior and reproductive biology, etc. is given. |
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Russian |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animal kingdom. |
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SLN @ rana @ 578 |
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48 |
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