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Anonymous |
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Central Asian Republic Snow Leopard Specialists Plan Joint Conservation Strategy |
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Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Uzbekistan; Russia; Asia-Irbis; protected-areas; parks; reserves; refuge; Tajikistan; poaching; habitat; habitat-degradation; trade; skins; pelts; coat; fur; bones; medicine; status; hunting; ibex; marmots; Islt; Gyssar; Nabu; Wwf; kazakstan; browse; protected; area; degradation; world wildlife fund; international snow leopard trust; asia; irbis; 3950 |
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Full text at URL |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 1 |
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75 |
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Anonymous |
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International Specialists Discuss China's Threatened Cats |
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1992 |
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China; Iucn; habitat; predator; prey; livestock; herders; conflict; hunting; poaching; trapping; bones; medicine; trade; development; Slims; Cites; protected-areas; parks; preserves; reserves; refuge; browse; protected; areas; 3990 |
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Full text at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 186 |
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80 |
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Anonymous |
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Livestock Predation Control Workshop |
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Miscellaneous |
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1999 |
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Lahul-Spiti; Ladakh; Hemis; parks; reserves; refuge; protected-area; argali; abix; blue-sheep; wolves; distribution; status; population; poaching; hunting; trade; skins; livestock; pelts; coat; fur; bones; medicine; prey-depletion; herders; habitat; habitat-degradation; tourism; Tmi; Islt; predator; prey; conflict; compensation; trekking; blue; sheep; browse; protected; area; depletion; degradation; international snow leopard trust; 3940 |
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Full Text at URLDate of Meeting: Ladakh (1999 Oct 6- Oct 10 ) |
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SLN @ rana @ 359 |
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86 |
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Author |
Barnes, L.J. |
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The Overt Illegal Fur Trade in Kathmandu, Nepal |
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1989 |
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1-17 |
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Nepal; illegal-trade; fur; coats; pelts; skins; browse; illegal; trade; 3160 |
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Iverness Research Associates |
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Unpublished report, Inverness Research Associates, P.O. Box 515, Iverness, California 94937; phone 415.669.1474 |
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SLN @ rana @ 139 |
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118 |
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Bartlett, L. |
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Title |
Good News for the Bad and the Ugly at CITES Conference |
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Miscellaneous |
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1997 |
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poaching; hunting; trade; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; 1090 |
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And prices can be high. CITES lists the following record payments (in US dollars): Falcon, 200,000; snow leopard skins, 60,000; musk grain, 50,000 per kilogramme; South American parrot, 40,000; Peruvian butterfly, 3,000; orchid, 2,000. Apparently rare creatures are worth the earth, to some people. |
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Journal Title: Agence France-Presse |
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SLN @ rana @ 334 |
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121 |
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Author |
Bo, W. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard Smuggling Aborted |
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Miscellaneous |
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2000 |
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China; hunting; poaching; trade; pelts; skins; coats; fur; bones; meat; browse; 4010 |
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Full Text:
Xining, China Daily, Jan. 31--Police have detained a man for trying to smuggle two dead snow leopards, an endangered species under State protection, through the Xining Railway Station in Northwest China's Qinghai Province. Ma Deliang was stopped by police after he attempted to pass the butchered snow leopards off as beef at a shop in Sichuan Province. Ma later confessed that he bought the dead snow leopards at a local market and wanted to smuggle them to Deyang in Sichuan Province. Police also searched Ma's home and found dear heads, antlers and lynx and fox furs. Snow leopards live in highlands of altitudes between 3,000 to 6,000 metres above sea level. The population of the species has dwindled greatly since the 19th century. |
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SLN @ rana @ 376 |
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176 |
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Author |
Dexel, B. |
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Title |
The illegal trade in snow leopards – a global perspective |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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2003 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
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8 |
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5-17 |
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conservation; german; Germany; global; illegal; illegal-trade; leopard; leopards; nature; nature conservation; project; snow; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopard project; snow leopards; trade |
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Coordinator Snow Leopard Project, German Society for Nature Conservation, Berlin, Germany. Email: birga.dexel@nabu.de |
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SLN @ rana @ 916 |
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240 |
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Author |
Ishunin G.I. |
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Cats |
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Miscellaneous |
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1964 |
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37-43 |
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Uzbekistan; South Uzbekistan; Cats; distribution; fur-trade; snow leopard.; 6950; Russian |
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It provides information about the cat family species in Uzbekistan (steppe cat Felis libyca, reed cat Felis chaus, Turkistan lynx Felis lynx isabellina, manul Felis manul, sand cat Felis margarita, Turan tiger Felis tigris virgata, Middle Asia leopard Felis pardus tullianus, and snow leopard Felis uncia. Snow leopard is distributed over the Hissar ridge, and the mountains of Kuydytavak, Khoddjachilimakhram, Zardalyupaz, Khodjapiriyah and Belata. Trade significance of snow leopard is negligent. In the Sary-Asia district one skin was traded in 1934 and 1935, three in 1936, four in 1937, one in 1946, and two in 1947. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecology and economic value of vertebrate animals in south Uzbekistan (the Syrdarya river basin). |
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SLN @ rana @ 673 |
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419 |
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Author |
Maming, R. |
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Title |
Market prices for the tissues and organs of snow leopards in China |
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2012 |
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Selevinia |
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20 |
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119-122 |
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trade; cases; products; prices; bazaars; snow leopards; extinction; Xinjiang |
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The population of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is plummeting as waterfall in
the last ten years. The illegal trade of snow leopard products is one of the fatal
factors. The biggest range and the biggest population of snow leopard both are in
China, and the largest trade is also in the country. Through questionnaires and
investigation with informants from 2002 to 2012, a lot of data were collected
through variety ways in different regions. In this paper 387 cases of snow leopard
poaching including smuggling routes, product list, price system and product usages
from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were collected for analysis and discussion. In
the face of rapid development in the west of China, the results showed that our
government did not try to protect the snow leopards, and the text of law was
practically useless. International organizations such as WWF, WCS, IUCN, PANTHERA,
SLT & SLN with SLSS were also powerless and helpless to stop snow leopard poaching
and trading. As a result, the fate of the snow leopard is very bad, and this is
worrying. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1395 |
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Arias, M., Coals, P., Ardiantiono, Elves-Powell, J., Rizzolo, J. B., Ghoddousi, A., Boron, V., da Silva, M., Naude, V., Williams, V., Poudel, S., Loveridge, A., Payan, E., Suryawanshi, K., Dickman, A. |
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Title |
Reflecting on the role of human-felid conflict and local use in big cat trade |
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Journal Article |
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2024 |
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Conservation Science and Practice |
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6 |
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e13030 |
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1-7 |
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conflict, illegal trade, jaguar, leopard, lion, Panthera, snow leopard, tiger, wildlife crime |
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Illegal trade in big cat (Panthera spp.) body parts is a prominent topic in scientific and public discourses concerning wildlife conservation. While illegal trade is generally acknowledged as a threat to big cat species, we suggest that two enabling factors have, to date, been under-considered. To that end, we discuss the roles of human-felid conflict, and “local” use in illegal trade in big cat body parts. Drawing examples from across species and regions, we look at generalities, contextual subtleties, ambiguities, and definitional complexities. We caution against underestimating the extent of “local” use of big cats and highlight the potential of conflict killings to supply body parts. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1745 |
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Author |
Berger, J., Buuveibaatar, B., Mishra, C. |
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Title |
Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia |
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Conservation Biology |
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27 |
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4 |
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679-689 |
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fashion, herders, India, Mongolia, saiga, trade |
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As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and
human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has
indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry
creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central
Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which
affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized
that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland
where cashmere-producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass
of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis.
In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3-fold increase in local profits for
herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica). That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries
fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4-fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in trans-Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China’s Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard (Panthera uncia), khulan (Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic-level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1398 |
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Author |
Maheshwari, A., Niraj, S. K |
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Title |
Monitoring illegal trade in snow leopards: 2003e2014 |
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Journal Article |
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2018 |
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Elsevier |
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1 -6 |
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Snow leopard, Illegal trade, Central and southern Asia, Conservation |
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Illegal trade in snow leopards (Panthera uncia) has been identified as one of the major
threats to long-term survival of the species in the wild. To quantify severity of the threats
to dwindling snow leopard population, we examined market and questionnaire surveys,
and information from the published and unpublished literature on illegal trade and
poaching of snow leopards.We collected information from 11 of the 12 snow leopard range
counties in central and southern Asia, barring Kazakhstan, and reported 439 snow leopards
(88 records) in illegal trade during 2003e2014, which represents a loss of approximately
8.4%e10.9% snow leopard population (assuming mid-point population of 5240 to
minimum population of 4000 individuals) in a period of 12 years. Our data suggested a 61%
decadal increase in snow leopard trade during 2003e2012 compared with 1993e2002,
while taking the note of significant strengthening of wildlife enforcement and crime
control network in the decades of 2000s and 2010s. We found 50% prosecution rate of
snow leopard crimes resulting in only 20% conviction rate globally. Many limitations e.g.,
secretive nature of illegal trade, ill developed enforcement mechanism, poor and passive
documentation of snow leopards' seizures, restricted us to reflect actual trend of snow
leopards' illegal trade. Even on a conservative scale the present situation is alarming and
may detrimental to snow leopard conservation. We propose an effective networking of
enforcement efforts and coordination among the law enforcement agencies, efficient
collection of data and data management, and sharing of intelligence in snow leopard range
countries, could be useful in curbing illegal trade in snow leopards in central and southern
Asia. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1466 |
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Author |
Kanderian, N., Lawson, D., Zahler, P. |
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Title |
Current status of wildlife and conservation in Afghanistan |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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International Journal of Environmental Studies |
Abbreviated Journal |
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68 |
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3 |
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281-298 |
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Afghanistan; Biodiversity; Deforestation; Hunting; Illegal trade; Agriculture; Livelihood; Governance; Survey; Training |
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Abstract |
Afghanistan’s position in latitude, geography and at the intersection of three biogeographic realms has resulted in a surprising biodiversity. Its wildlife includes species such as the snow leopard, Asiatic black bear, Marco Polo sheep, markhor and greater flamingo. Principal threats include high levels of deforestation, land encroachment and hunting for food and trade. Continuing security issues have also made it difficult to monitor species abundance and population trends. Over the last decade, however, survey efforts have provided the first collection of species and habitat data since the late 1970s. Initial findings are enabling the Government and rural communities to begin implementing important conservation measures. This process has included policy development and protected area planning, promoting alternative livelihoods and responsible community management, and continuing research into the status of biodiversity in the field. |
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Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, New York, 10460, USA |
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Wildlife Conservation Society |
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SLN @ rana @ |
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1348 |
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Johansson, O., Ausilio, G., Low, M., Lkhagvajav, P., Weckworth,
B., Sharma, K. |
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Title |
The timing of breeding and independence for snow leopard females
and their cubs. |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2020 |
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Mammalian Biology |
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Age of independence; Life-history trade-offs; Panthera uncia; Parental care; Pre-dispersal behavior; Separation; Subadult |
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Significant knowledge gaps persist on snow leopard demography
and reproductive behavior. From a GPS-collared population in Mongolia,
we estimated the timing of mating, parturition and independence. Based
on three mother–cub pairs, we describe the separation phase of the cub
from its mother as it gains independence. Snow leopards mated from
January–March and gave birth from April–June. Cubs remained with their
mother until their second winter (20–22 months of age) when cubs started
showing movements away from their mother for days at a time. This
initiation of independence appeared to coincide with their mother mating
with the territorial male. Two female cubs remained in their mothers’
territory for several months after initial separation, whereas the male
cub quickly dispersed. By comparing the relationship between body size
and age of independence across 11 solitary, medium-to-large felid
species, it was clear that snow leopards have a delayed timing of
separation compared to other species. We suggest this may be related to
their mating behavior and the difficulty of the habitat and prey capture
for juvenile snow leopards. Our results, while limited, provide
empirical estimates for understanding snow leopard ecology and for
parameterizing population models. |
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1613 |
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Sultan, H., Rashid, W., Shi, J., Rahim, I. U., Nafees, M., Bohnett, E., Rashid, S., Khan, M. T., Shah, I. A., Han, H., Ariza-Montes, A. |
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Title |
Horizon Scan of Transboundary Concerns Impacting Snow Leopard Landscapes in Asia |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
MDPI |
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Land |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
248 |
Pages |
1-22 |
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collaboration; habitat; innovative solutions; integrated landscape approach; socio- ecological system; trade corridor; tourism |
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Abstract |
The high-altitude region of Asia is prone to natural resource degradation caused by a variety of natural and anthropogenic factors that also threaten the habitat of critical top predator species, the snow leopard (Panthera uncia). The snow leopard’s landscape encompasses parts of the twelve Asian countries and is dominated by pastoral societies within arid mountainous terrain. However, no investigation has assessed the vulnerability and pathways towards long-term sustainability on the global snow leopard landscape scale. Thus, the current study reviewed 123 peer-reviewed scientific publications on the existing knowledge, identified gaps, and proposed sustainable mitigation options for the longer term and on larger landscape levels in the range countries. The natural resource degradation in this region is caused by various social, economic, and ecological threats that negatively affect its biodiversity. The factors that make the snow leopard landscapes vulnerable include habitat fragmentation through border fencing, trade corridor infrastructure, non-uniform conservation policies, human–snow leopard conflict, the increasing human population, climatic change, land use and cover changes, and unsustainable tourism. Thus, conservation of the integrated Socio-Ecological System (SES) prevailing in this region requires a multi-pronged approach. This paper proposes solutions and identifies the pathways through which to implement these solutions. The prerequisite to implementing such solutions is the adoption of cross-border collaboration (regional cooperation), the creation of peace parks, readiness to integrate transnational and cross-sectoral conservation policies, a focus on improving livestock management practices, a preparedness to control human population growth, a readiness to mitigate climate change, initiating transboundary landscape-level habitat conservation, adopting environment-friendly trade corridors, and promoting sustainable tourism. Sustainable development in this region encompasses the political, social, economic, and ecological landscapes across the borders. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
Serial |
1671 |
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Din, J. U., Bari, F., Ali, H., Rehman, E. U., Adli, D. S. H., Abdullah, N. A., Norma-Rashid, Y., Kabir, M., Hameed, S., Nawaz, D. A., Nawaz, M. A. |
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Title |
Drivers of snow leopard poaching and trade in Pakistan and implications for management |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Nature Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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46 |
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49-62 |
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conflict, illegal trade, northern Pakistan, pelt, poaching; retaliatory killing |
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The snow leopard is one of the highly valued species from high-altitude mountain ecosystems of Central and Southeast Asia, including Pakistan. This keystone species is facing a myriad of conventional and emerging threats, including poaching and trade, that are poorly documented in Pakistan. To understand the dynamics and drivers of the poaching and trading of snow leopards in Pakistan, we investigated the issue in depth through a multifaceted survey in the snow leopard range of the country. We recorded 101 snow leopard poaching incidences from 11 districts during 2005–2017. The reported poaching incidences varied spatially (‒x = 9 ± 2.6 [95% Cl: 3–15]) and temporally (‒x = 7.8 ± 1.09) and accounted for 2–4% annual population loss (n = 200–420) in a period of 13 years. Poaching and trade together constituted 89% of the total incidence reported and animals were mostly shot (66%), poisoned (12%), snared (12%) and captured (4%), respectively. Only a fraction (3%) of the incidences were reported to the relevant law enforcement agencies. Trade routes included large cities and neighbouring countries, even the Middle East and Europe. The average base and end prices for each item were 245 ± 36 USD and 1,736 ± 520 USD, respectively, while maximum monetary fines set as per the law were 275 USD. Our results establish the need for developing multi-stakeholder coordination mechanisms at regional, national and international levels and information sharing to curb this menace. Improving the existing laws and surveillance system, while taking the local communities onboard, will further help to this end. |
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1672 |
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Thapa, K., Rayamajhi, S. |
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Title |
Anti-predator strategies of blue sheep (naur) under varied predator compositions: a comparison of snow leopard-inhabited valleys with and without wolves in Nepal |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Wildlife Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
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1-9 |
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Annapurna conservation area, antipredator behavior, blue sheep (Naur), predation, prey predator traits, snow leopard, trade-off, wolf. |
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Abstract |
In Nepal, naur are usually the staple wild prey for the snow leopard, a solitary stalker hunter, and in some cases, for the wolf who hunts in a pack. We assumed that naur would adapt their anti-predatory responses to the presence of chasing and ambushing predators in the Manang Valley, where there are snow leopards and wolves, and in the Nar Phu valley, an area where there is only the snow leopard.
Aims. The aim of this study was to determine if there were differences in anti-predator strategies (vigilance, habitat selection and escape terrain) of naur in two valleys over two seasons, spring and autumn.
Methods. In spring 2019, we conducted a reconnaissance survey on the status of the naur and its habitat in the Manang and Nar Phu valleys of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. In spring and autumn 2020 and 2021, we observed 360 focal naur individuals (180 individuals in each valley), using the vigilance behaviour methodology to examine the behaviour of the naur.
Key results. There was little difference in the size of the naur groups between the Manang and Nar Phu valleys. The naur were twice as vigilant in Manang (15%), where there are snow leopards and wolves, as they were in Nar Phu (9%), with only snow leopards. The distance from the naur to escape cover was significantly shorter in Manang than in Nar Phu valley. Naur used significantly more rolling terrain in Nar Phu than in Manang. Conclusions. The return of wolves to the Manang valley may have resulted in an increase in the level of naur vigilance. Most likely, the wolves in Manang have already had an effect on the female-to-young-ratio, and this effect will possibly have important consequences for the naur population, as well as at the ecosystem level in the future. Other key determining factors, such as the climate crisis and changes in local resources, could have a significant impact on the naur population, indicating the need for more research. Implications. The findings of this study would provide valuable baseline information for the design of a science-based conservation strategy for conservation managers and scientists on naur, snow leopards and wolves. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1732 |
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Author |
Anonymous |
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Title |
Trade continues in snow leopard skins |
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1996 |
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Snow Line |
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Xiv |
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trade; pelts; fur; coat; poaching; browse; 3080 |
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SLN @ rana @ 284 |
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83 |
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Author |
Mishra, C.; Fitzherbert, A. |
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Title |
War and wildlife: a post-conflict assessment of Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Oryx |
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38 |
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1 |
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102-105 |
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Afghanistan; fur trade; human-wildlife conflict; hunting; Lynx; marco polo sheep; snow leopard; Wakhan; wolf; 5270 |
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Abstract |
Prior to the last two decades of conflict, Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor was considered an important area for conservation of the wildlife of high altitudes. We conducted an assessment of the status of large mammals in Wakhan after 22 years of conflict, and also made a preliminary assessment of wildlife trade
in the markets of Kabul, Faizabad and Ishkashem. The survey confirmed the continued occurrence of at least eight species of large mammals in Wakhan, of which the snow leopard Uncia uncia and Marco Polo sheep Ovis ammon are globally threatened. We found evidence of human-wildlife conflict in Wakhan due to livestock depredation by snow leopard and wolf Canis lupus. Large mammals are hunted for meat, sport, fur, and in retaliation against livestock depredation. The fur trade in Kabul is a threat to the snow leopard, wolf, lynx Lynx lynx and common leopard Panthera pardus. |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 512 |
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694 |
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Author |
Koshkarev, E. |
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Title |
What Has Happened to the Snow Leopard After the Break-Up of Soviet Union? |
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2000 |
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Snow Line |
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Xvi |
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Kyrgyzstan; Tadzhikistan; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; poaching; hunting; capturing; pelts; skins; coats; furs; trade; status; distribution; bones; medicine; conservation; kazakstan; Tajikistan; browse; soviet; union; 4050 |
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Full Text at URLEvgeniy Koshkarev, member of the Conservation Advisory Board of theInternational Snow Leopard TrustVitaly Vyrypaev, member of Asia-Irbis, International Research Group (this research was supported by Kathleen Braden, Valerie Trueblood, Bonnie and Dick Robbins (USA), Sacred Earth Network (USA), NABU (Germany). |
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SLN @ rana @ 380 |
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567 |
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Author |
Heinen, J.T.; Leisure, B. |
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Title |
A new look at Himalayan Fur Trade |
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1993 |
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Oryx |
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27 |
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4 |
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231-238 |
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fur; trade; coat; pelt; poaching; hunting; hunter; browse; 2970 |
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SLN @ rana @ 198 |
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376 |
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Nowell, K. |
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Title |
Markets for Snow Leopard Products |
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1997 |
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218-221 |
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hunting; poaching; pelts; skins; trade; fur; coat; Cites; bones; medicine; livestock; browse; 3070 |
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Islt |
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Lahore, Pakistan |
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R.Jackson; A.Ahmad |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiujmPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 |
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SLN @ rana @ 322 |
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730 |
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Dexel, B. |
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Snow Leopard Conservation In Kyrgyzstan: Enforcement, Education and Research Activities By the German Society for Nature Conservation (NABU) |
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2002 |
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kyrgystan; fur; traders; enforcement; conservation; Nabu; snow; leopard; strategy; illegal; trade; bones; law; education; environmental; 4920 |
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Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival Summit
Place of Meeting: Seattle,WA |
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SLN @ rana @ 478 |
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239 |
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Freeman, H.; Jackson, R.; Hillard, R.; Hunter, D.O. |
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Title |
Project Snow Leopard: a multinational program spearheaded by the International Snow Leopard Trust |
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1994 |
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241-245 |
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Project-snow-leopard; biodiversity; conservation; protected-areas; parks; park; refuge; reserve; habitat; status; predator; prey; livestock; herders; poaching; hunting; skins; pelts; coats; fur; bones; medicine; management; livestock-depredation; trade; corridors; trans-boundry; project; protected-area; protected; area; areas; livestock depredation; depredation; browse; 2780 |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox; Jizeng, D. |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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SLN @ rana @ 221 |
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324 |
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Author |
Kattel, B.; Bajimaya, S.S. |
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Title |
Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Nepal |
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Conference Article |
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1997 |
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21-27 |
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Nepal; conservation; status; management; predator; prey; blue-sheep; distribution; ecology; habitat; parks; park; reserves; reserve; refuge; livestock; herders; Dogs; herder; yak; goat; hunting; poaching; bone; trade; fur; pelt; pelts; coats; bones; protected-area; blue; sheep; browse; protected; area; protected area; 2280 |
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International Snow Leopard Trust |
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Lahore, Pakistan |
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R.Jackson; A.Ashiq |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 |
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SLN @ rana @ 316 |
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526 |
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