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Author Vipin, Golla, T. R., Sharma, V., Kumar, B. K., Gaur, A.
Title Kleptoparasitic interaction between Snow Leopard Panthera uncia and Red Fox Vulpes vulpes suggested by circumstantial evidence in Pin Valley National Park, India Type (down) Journal Article
Year 2022 Publication Journal of Threatened Taxa Abbreviated Journal
Volume 14 Issue 10 Pages 21928-21935
Keywords Animal interaction, carnivore, mammals, prey, Trans-Himalaya.
Abstract In the present study, we describe an interspecific kleptoparasitic interaction between two sympatric mammalian carnivores in the high altitudinal Trans-Himalaya region of Himachal Pradesh, India. The study was based on the inferences drawn from the circumstantial evidence (direct and indirect) noticed in the study area in Pin Valley National Park. The inferences from the analysis of the evidence suggested the interaction between a Snow Leopard Panthera uncia, a Red Fox Vulpes vulpes, and a donkey. The arrangement of evidence in a sequential manner suggested that a donkey was killed by a Snow Leopard and a Red Fox stole the food from the carrion of the Snow Leopard’s prey. The Red Fox was killed by the Snow Leopard, which was caught while stealing. The present study represents an example of kleptoparasitic interaction between the Snow Leopard and the Red Fox. This study also proves that such interactions may cost the life of a kleptoparasite and supports the retaliation behaviour of Snow Leopards.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1702
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Author Thapa, K., Rayamajhi, S.
Title Anti-predator strategies of blue sheep (naur) under varied predator compositions: a comparison of snow leopard-inhabited valleys with and without wolves in Nepal Type (down) Journal Article
Year 2023 Publication Wildlife Research Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-9
Keywords Annapurna conservation area, antipredator behavior, blue sheep (Naur), predation, prey predator traits, snow leopard, trade-off, wolf.
Abstract In Nepal, naur are usually the staple wild prey for the snow leopard, a solitary stalker hunter, and in some cases, for the wolf who hunts in a pack. We assumed that naur would adapt their anti-predatory responses to the presence of chasing and ambushing predators in the Manang Valley, where there are snow leopards and wolves, and in the Nar Phu valley, an area where there is only the snow leopard.

Aims. The aim of this study was to determine if there were differences in anti-predator strategies (vigilance, habitat selection and escape terrain) of naur in two valleys over two seasons, spring and autumn.

Methods. In spring 2019, we conducted a reconnaissance survey on the status of the naur and its habitat in the Manang and Nar Phu valleys of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. In spring and autumn 2020 and 2021, we observed 360 focal naur individuals (180 individuals in each valley), using the vigilance behaviour methodology to examine the behaviour of the naur.

Key results. There was little difference in the size of the naur groups between the Manang and Nar Phu valleys. The naur were twice as vigilant in Manang (15%), where there are snow leopards and wolves, as they were in Nar Phu (9%), with only snow leopards. The distance from the naur to escape cover was significantly shorter in Manang than in Nar Phu valley. Naur used significantly more rolling terrain in Nar Phu than in Manang. Conclusions. The return of wolves to the Manang valley may have resulted in an increase in the level of naur vigilance. Most likely, the wolves in Manang have already had an effect on the female-to-young-ratio, and this effect will possibly have important consequences for the naur population, as well as at the ecosystem level in the future. Other key determining factors, such as the climate crisis and changes in local resources, could have a significant impact on the naur population, indicating the need for more research. Implications. The findings of this study would provide valuable baseline information for the design of a science-based conservation strategy for conservation managers and scientists on naur, snow leopards and wolves.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1732
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Author Koju, N. P., Gosai, K. R., Bashyal, B., Byanju, R., Shrestha, A., Buzzard, P., Beisch, W. B., Khanal, L.
Title Seasonal Prey Abundance and Food Plasticity of the Vulnerable Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) in the Lapchi Valley, Nepal Himalayas Type (down) Journal Article
Year 2023 Publication Animals Abbreviated Journal
Volume 13 Issue 3182 Pages 1-16
Keywords apex predator; flagship species; micro-histology; niche overlap; prey preference
Abstract Conservation strategies for apex predators, like the snow leopard (Panthera uncia), depend on a robust understanding of their dietary preferences, prey abundance, and adaptability to changing ecological conditions. To address these critical conservation concerns, this study presents a comprehensive evidence on prey availability and preferences for snow leopards in the Lapchi Valley in the Nepal Himalayas from November 2021 to March 2023. Field data were collected through the installation of twenty-six camera traps at 16 strategically chosen locations, resulting in the recording of 1228 events of 19 mammalian species, including domesticated livestock. Simultaneously, the collection of twenty snow leopard scat samples over 3800 m above sea level allowed for a detailed dietary analysis. Photo capture rate index and biomass composition analysis were carried out and seasonal prey availability and consumption were statistically analyzed. A total of 16 potential prey species for the snow leopard were documented during the study period. Himalayan musk deer (Moschus leucogaster) was the most abundant prey species, but infrequent in the diet suggesting that are not the best bet prey for the snow leopards. Snow leopards were found to exhibit a diverse diet, consuming eleven prey species, with blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) being their most consumed wild prey and horses as their preferred livestock. The Pianka’s index of dietary niche overlap between the summer and winter seasons were 0.576, suggesting a pronounced seasonal variation in food preference corroborating with the prey availability. The scarcity of larger preys in winter is compensated by small and meso-mammals in the diet, highlighting the snow leopard’s capacity for dietary plasticity in response to the variation in resource availability. This research suggests for the utilization of genetic tools to further explore snow leopard diet composition. Additionally, understanding transboundary movements and conducting population assessments will be imperative for the formulation of effective conservation strategies.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1733
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Author Adil, A.
Title Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Afghanistan Type (down) Conference Article
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 35-38
Keywords Afghanistan; conservation; status; Palang-i-Barfi; Hindu-kush; Pamir; Ajar; park; parks; reserve; reserves; refuge; hunting; poaching; skin; fur; pelt; coat; distribution; ibex; Marco-Polo; sheep; markhor; predator; prey; protected-area; marco; polo; hindu; kush; browse; 2460
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full Text Available at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 298 Serial 34
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Author Ahmad, A.
Title Protection of Snow Leopards through Grazier Communities:Some Examples from WWF-Pakistan's Projects in the Northern Areas Type (down) Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 265-272
Keywords conservation; Pakistan; Wwf; world-wildlife-fund; livestock; herders; herder; status; parks; park; reserve; refuge; protected-area; Dir; chitral; predator; prey; grazier; pelt; fur; coat; skin; poaching; Khunjerab; Marco-Polo-sheep; ibex; markhor; hunting; browse; protected; area; sheep; Marco-Polo; 2040
Abstract Snow leopards occur near the snow line in northern Pakistan in the districts of Swat, Dir and Chitral of the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), Muzaffarabad district in Azad Kashmir and Gilgit and Baltistan districts in the Northern Areas. Although a number of protected areas are present in the form of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves (Table 1) where legal protection is available to all wildlife species, including snow leopards, the status of this endangered species is not improving satisfactorily. The reasons are many and range from direct persecution by livestock owners to the less than strict management of protected areas.

Because of remote and inaccessible locations and lack of proper communication with local communities, government officials and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) concerned with conservation find it difficult to obtain statistics on mortality of snow leopards. However, the killing of snow leopards is not uncommon. Because of the close and long-term association between local villagers and snow leopards, it is only through the support and cooperation of these peoples that protection of this endangered species can be assured against most of the existing threats. The effects of such cooperation has been clearly shown through some of the conservation projects of World Wildlife Fund (WWF) – Pakistan. Details of such projects and certain lessons that can be learned from these and similar projects are discussed in this paper.
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Proceedings of the Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 209 Serial 40
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Author Ahmad, I.; Hunter, D.O.; Jackson, R.
Title A Snow Leopard and Prey Species Survey in Khunjerab National Park, Pakistan Type (down) Conference Article
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 92-95
Keywords Slims; Islt; Wwf; predator; prey; Pakistan; Khunjerab; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; Marco-Polo-sheep; blue-sheep; surveys; survey; transect; sighn; markings; marking; scrape; spray; ibex; tracks; pug marks; feces; livestock; kill; herder; herders; protected-area; blue; sheep; browse; international snow leopard trust; world wildlife fund; marco polo sheep; marco polo; pug; marks; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; 2810
Abstract
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Islt Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Title, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 300 Serial 42
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Author Aramov, B.
Title The Biology of the Snow Leopard in the Gissarsky Nature Reserve Type (down) Conference Article
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 108-109
Keywords breeding; diet; predator; prey; reserve; reserves; park; parks; refuge; livestock; marmot; goat; sheep; horse; ibex; habitat; Gissarsky; Tajikistan; Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; behavior; wolves; Dogs; herder; herders; protected-area; browse; soviet; union; soviet union; 2820
Abstract
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Islt Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor Jackson, R. and A.A.
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad. PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 302 Serial 95
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Author Braden, K.E.
Title Economic Development in Six Regions of Snow Leopard Habitat in the U.S.S.R Type (down) Conference Article
Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 227-246
Keywords conservation; habitat; herders; livestock; sheep; goats; argali; herder; Russia; Soviet-Union; U.S.S.R.; Ussr; ungulates; ungulate; predator; prey; economics; economic; browse; soviet; union; 1800
Abstract The Disappearance of traditional ungulate prey of the snow leopard may be contributing to its endangered status in the wild. Soviet biologists have noted that wild sheep are a primary prey of the snow leopard in the southern Russian union republic and the Central Asian union republic of the U.S.S.R. While poaching appears to have had some impact on the status of these sheep, econmic pressures may be contributing to their decrease. Evidence presented for KAzakhstan and three regions of the Russian republic demonstrates that commercial sheep and goat production appears to be growing at a very high pace in these areas, thus consumming habitat otherwise available for wild herds.
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust and the Wildlife Institute of India Place of Publication India Editor H.Freeman
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 107 Serial 194
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Author Brown, M.
Title Community-Based Natural Resources Management in Snow Leopard Habitat Type (down) Conference Article
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 146-147
Keywords conservation; habitat; tourism; livestock; herders; herder; predator; prey; management; browse; 2940
Abstract
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Islt Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 303 Serial 199
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Author Buzurukov, A.; Muratov, R.
Title Snow Leopard Conservation Tajikistan Type (down) Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 29-32
Keywords Tajikistan; livestock; herder; herders; predator; prey; ibex; hunting; poaching; Marco-Polo-sheep; Pamir; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; skin; pelt; coat; fur; Cites; protected; area; Ussr; Russia; Soviet-Union; Afghanistan; urial; markhor; status; distribution; habitat; Shugnan; Rushan; Tajik; protected-area; browse; marco polo sheep; marco polo; Marco-Polo; soviet; union; soviet union; protected area; protected areas; areas; 3020
Abstract
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Inst Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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Area Expedition Conference
Notes full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 159 Serial 204
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