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Author Jackson, R.; Ahlborn G.; Ale S.; Gurung D.; Gurung M.; Yadav url 
  Title Reducing Livestock Depredation in the Nepalese Himalaya: Case of the Annapurna Conservation Area Type (down) Miscellaneous
  Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords reducing; livestock; depreadation; nepalese; Himalaya; annapurna conservation area; 2090  
  Abstract In the Nepalese Himalaya, conflict with rural communities due to livestock predation to large carnivores like snow leopard, common leopard, wolf and wild dog has risen sharply in recent years. This increase is attributed to a number of factors, including implementation and enforcement of wildlife protection laws (which have permitted a recovery in carnivore numbers), the creation of protected areas (which serve as refuges from which predators can populate the surrounding area), the depletion of natural prey due to poaching and loss of habitat, and lax livestock herding practices. However, little information is presently available upon which to design remedial programs. U.S. AID provided research funding for an in-depth assessment of snow leopard predation in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACAP), an new innovative approach to nature conservation. Baseline information on livestock numbers and mortality were gathered during household interviews, followed by field surveys to assess animal husbandry systems, map pastures, establish periods of use and estimate stocking rates, and to characterize habitat using randomly located plots. Data substantiate the existence of depredation “hotspots”, where high loss occurs, in some cases exceeding 14% to 20% of the livestock population over a short period. Losses varied seasonally, and from year to year. Small-bodied stock like goat and sheep were more vulnerable than large-bodied stock like yak, although horses were especially vulnerable. Factors most closely associated with predation included lack of guarding (or very lax supervision), especially during the daytime, and repeated use of pastures where livestock depredators were known to be actively hunting. Herders usually reacted to repeated depredation incidents by attempting to trap or shoot the suspected culprit until losses declined to an acceptable level. As large carnivore populations become increasingly fragmented and genetically isolated, new management strategies are urgently needed, especially within the buffer zones and intervening corridors between separated parks and reserves. People reside within nearly all Himalayan protected areas, and such issues as loss of livestock and competition between wildlife and livestock cannot be avoided. A plan is offered for alleviating livestock loss in the Annapurna Conservation Area that involves local institutions in decision-making, rewards sound husbandry practices, strengthens indigenous institutions, without further eroding ACAP’s unique biological diversity and diverse carnivore population. The authors believe these measures and ideas could be fruitfully extended to other parts of the Himalaya.  
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  Notes Unpublished Report prepared for U.S. Agency for International Development, King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation. BioSystems Analysis, Tiburon, California. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 219 Serial 451  
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Author Jackson, R.; Wangchuk, R. url 
  Title A Community-Based Approach to Mitigating Livestock Depredation by Snow Leopards Type (down) Miscellaneous
  Year 2004 Publication Human Dimensions of Wildlife Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 9 Issue Pages 307-315  
  Keywords snow leopard,depredation,human-wildlife conflict,participatory planning,India; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; endangered; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; Himalayan; protected; protected areas; protected area; protected-areas; protected-area; areas; area; attack; sheep; goats; goat; local; villagers; community-based; conservation; Hemis; national; national park; National-park; park; India; conflict; pens; income; participatory; strategy; planning; sense; project; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; protection; retaliatory; poaching  
  Abstract Livestock depredation by the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is an increasingly contentious issue in Himalayan villages, especially in or near protected areas. Mass attacks in which as many as 100 sheep and goats are killed in a single incident inevitably result in retaliation by local villagers. This article describes a community-based conservation initiative to address this problem in Hemis National Park, India. Human-wildlife conflict is alleviated by predator-proofing villagers' nighttime livestock pens and by enhancing household incomes in environmentally sensitive and culturally compatible ways. The authors have found that the highly participatory strategy described here (Appreciative Participatory Planning and Action-APPA) leads to a sense of project ownership by local stakeholders, communal empowerment, self-reliance, and willingness to co-exist with

snow leopards. The most significant conservation outcome of this process is the protection from retaliatory poaching of up to five snow leopards for every village's livestock pens that are made predator-proof.
 
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 890 Serial 471  
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Author Kaletskiy A. url 
  Title They must live Type (down) Miscellaneous
  Year 1978 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume N 11. Issue Pages  
  Keywords Ussr; Red Data book; endangeres species; threats; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7050; Russian  
  Abstract Among large predators included in the Red Data Book of the USSR and Red List of IUCN the author describes snow leopard. A population of snow leopard in the USSR is estimated to be 500 animals, and no more than 1,000 in the world. In the past, irbis was believed to be a harmful animal and hunting for this species was encouraged. Today, population of the predator is reducing because of poaching and decreasing number of species it preys on such as ibex, wild sheep, wild boar, and marmots. The situation is exacerbated by biological features of this species first of all its slow rate of reproduction. It is concluded that snow leopard needs urgent protection measures since the species is on the verge of disappearance.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Man and nature. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 683 Serial 510  
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Author Khan, J. url 
  Title Markets for Snow Leopards: Enviropreneur Snapshots Type (down) Miscellaneous
  Year 2008 Publication PERC Reports Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 26 Issue Pages 1-1  
  Keywords conservation; economic; incentives; income; protection; snow leopard; sustainable; wildlife  
  Abstract Over the years, many conservation actions and practices to protect the snow leopard have been tried and tested. Those that have been successful and sustainable are programs that link economics with conservation. Some of these practices may not be appreciated by traditional conservationists, but no one can refute the success of these actions. The saying, “when it pays, it stays,” rings true with snow leopard conservation. Locals have realized that their income and prosperity are linked with the protection of wildlife. For conservation efforts to be effective, it is crucial to involve people who share the snow leopard's mountain environment and provide them with economic incentives for

enhancing and protecting the habitat.
 
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  Notes Online publication: http://www.perc.org/articles/article1104.php Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 909 Serial 532  
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Author Koshkarev E. url 
  Title What has happened to the snow leopard after the break-up of Soviet Union? Type (down) Miscellaneous
  Year 2000 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 4 (19) Issue Pages 72  
  Keywords Central Asia; status; poaching; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7280; Russian  
  Abstract It describes status of snow leopard in republics of the former Soviet Union, main reasons for poaching and negative and positive experience on species conservation. The total number of snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the 1980's was at least 1200-1400. In Kazakhstan the snow leopard population totaled 180-200, in Uzbekistan around 100, and in Russia 150-200. The number and natural habitat of the species were in universal decline. Losses in Kyrgyzstan from poaching alone were no less than 30 animals per year in 1960-1980's. During this period the population in this area decreased by half, and the natural habitat by one third. With the break-up of the Soviet Union, poaching of the snow leopard and its pray grew by at least a factor of 3-4. It was estimated that 500-600 animals reduced the Kyrgyz snow leopard population in the 1990's. The population that remains today can barely be more than 150-200 individual snow leopards. The population has been physically decimated. Number of snow leopard in existence today in the former Soviet Union does not exceed 700-900 individual animals.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature conservation Journal. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 706 Serial 556  
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Author Koshkarev E. url 
  Title About snow leopard Type (down) Miscellaneous
  Year 2001 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Vol. 8. Issue Pages 148-151  
  Keywords Central Asia; status; poaching; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7290; Russian  
  Abstract In 1980-s, in Central Asia there were 1,500-1,700 snow leopards: 800-900 in Kyrgyzstan, 500 in Tajikistan, 200 in Kazakhstan, and 100 in Uzbekistan. During the last century the number of snow leopard was constantly decreasing, though a its drastic reduction was observed after the collapse of the Soviet Union because of increased poaching for snow leopard and its objects of prey. The highest level of poaching was observed to occur in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan's population of snow leopard reduced to 200 animals. A decrease of snow leopard number in other parts of its habitat with less intense hunting (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, south-west Kyrgyzstan) was mostly because of depletion of food resources (population of ungulates reduced five eight times). The reasons are corruption and unemployment. In order to improve the situation it is required to improve regulatory framework and replicate existing positive experience in economic motivation of nature protection activities.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biological diversity of the West Tien Shan (Kazakhstan part). Proceedings of the Aksu Jabagly state nature reserve. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 707 Serial 557  
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Author Koshkarev E.P. url 
  Title Snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan. The structure of habitat, ecology, protection Type (down) Miscellaneous
  Year 1989 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 100 p.  
  Keywords Kyzgyzstan; snow leopard; life-history; distribution; habitats; number; diet; behavior; conservation measures.; 7240; Russian  
  Abstract Habitat, status of population, geographical distribution, number, and ecology of snow leopard in Tien Shan are analyzed based on original realistic material collected 1981 through 1988.Information about irbis in the `foreign' part of its habitat is given for comparison. The reasons for snow leopard habitat shrinkage in Central Asia and Kazakhstan for over 100 years are assessed. Status of ungulate populations snow leopard prey on is given. The predator's behavioral pattern and condition in enclosure are given consideration. Protection measures are proposed.  
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  Notes Full text available in Russian Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 702 Serial 558  
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Author Kovalev A.K. url 
  Title Markhor in the Ramit nature reserve, Tajikistan Type (down) Miscellaneous
  Year 1990 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Vol.3. Issue Pages 247-248  
  Keywords Tajikistan; Khazratishok ridge; Darvaza ridge; markhor; number; nature conservation; zakaznik; Ramit nature reserve; captive breeding; prey species; snow leopard.; 7320; Russian  
  Abstract The marchor habitat in Tajikistan is fragmented. The animals are reproduced in enclosures of the Ramit nature reserve and released into wildlife in Khel canyon. Two females were killed by snow leopard.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR present and future. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 710 Serial 577  
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Author Kovshar A.F. url 
  Title A problem of rare and endangered animal species in Kazakhstan Type (down) Miscellaneous
  Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 99-101  
  Keywords Kazakhstan; rare species; Red Data book; mammals; birds; reptiles; amphibians; fishes; snow leopard; researching; conservation; hunting prohibition; habitat restoration; genome conservation.; 7350; Russian  
  Abstract The Red Book of the Kazakh SSR includes 91 rare and endangered vertebrate animal species: 30 mammal, 48 bird, eight reptile, one amphibian, and four fish species. 26 species (Menzbier's marmot, marten species, lynx, snow leopard, and other species) became rare because of a direct anthropogenic pressure. The prohibition of hunting, conservation and rehabilitation of their habitats, reproduction in enclosures and preservation of some species' genomes is a way that would conserve rare species, the authors believe.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan and the conservation challenges. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 713 Serial 580  
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Author Kreuzberg-Mukhina E.A. url 
  Title The Endangered species and Snow Leopard Conservation problems. Schoolbook Type (down) Miscellaneous
  Year 2001 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 27  
  Keywords Uzbekistan; biology; distribution; number; conservation problems; snow leopard.; 7460; Russian  
  Abstract The manual contains the information on snow leopard species listed in Red Data book of Uzbekistan. The data on its biology, distribution and number in republic and within the world is given. Snow leopard conservation problems are considered.  
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  Notes Full text available in Russian Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 724 Serial 591  
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