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Author Hung, L.; Talipu; Hua, L.; Mingjiang, Q.; Schaller, G.B.
Title A Snow Leopard Survey in the Taxkorgan Region, XInjiang, China Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Taxkorgan; China; Xinjiang; field; study; browse; survey; K2; pamirs; prey; habitat; herders; scat; analysis; 4190
Abstract
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
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Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available at URL Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 407 Serial 390
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Author Janecka; J.E.; Jackson, R.; Yuquang, Z.; Diqiang, L.; Munkhtsog, B.; Buckley-Beason, V.; Murphy, W.J.
Title Population monitoring of snow leopards using noninvasive collection of scat samples: a pilot study Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 2008 Publication Animal Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume 11 Issue Pages 401-411
Keywords snow leopard; genetics; scat; noninvasive; survey.
Abstract The endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia occurs in rugged, high-altitude regions of Central Asia. However, information on the status of this felid is limited in many areas. We conducted a pilot study to optimize molecular markers for the analysis of snow leopard scat samples and to examine the feasibility of using noninvasive genetic methods for monitoring this felid. We designed snow leopard-specific primers for seven microsatellite loci that amplified shorter segments and avoided flanking sequences shared with repetitive elements. By redesigning primers we maximized genotyping success and minimized genotyping errors. In addition, we tested a Y chromosome-marker for sex identification and designed a panel of mitochondrial DNA primers for examining genetic diversity of snow leopards using scat samples. We collected scats believed to be from snow leopards in three separate geographic regions including north-western India, central China and southern Mongolia. We observed snow leopard scats in all three sites despite only brief 2-day surveys in each area. There was a high rate of species misidentification in the field with up to 54% of snow leopard scats misidentified as red fox. The high rate of field misidentification suggests sign surveys incorporating scat likely overestimate snow leopard abundance. The highest ratio of snow leopard scats was observed in Ladakh (India) and South Gobi (Mongolia), where four and five snow leopards were detected, respectively. Our findings describe a species-specific molecular panel for analysis of snow leopard scats, and highlight the efficacy of noninvasive genetic surveys for monitoring snow leopards. These methods enable large-scale noninvasive studies that will provide information critical for conservation of snow leopards.
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Notes Supplemental information may be found at http:snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/JaneckaSupplemental2008.pdf Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 883 Serial 488
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Author Hillard, D.
Title Update on the Himalayan Snow Leopard Project Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume No. 8 Issue Pages
Keywords Nepal; Himalaya; Jackson; collars; research; telemetry; yeowls; roars; mating-call; Langu; cubs; radio; field-work; surveys; tracking; behavior; browse; 4830
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Islt Place of Publication Seattle Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 470 Serial 383
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Author Khan, A.
Title Snow Leopard: Integral to Chitral Gol National Park Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1998 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume xvi Issue Pages 5
Keywords Chitral-Gol; Pakistan; survey; habitat; seasonal-occurence; status; Slims; Islt; feces; pugmarks; browse; 4490
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Islt Place of Publication Seattle Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 437 Serial 529
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Author Henschel, P.; Ray, J.
Title Leopards in African Rainforests: Survey and Monitoring Techniques Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 2003 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords forest leopards; african rainforests; survey; monitoring techniques; lope reserve; gabon; central africa; congo; zaire; field testing; populations; wild meat; relative abundance; density; live-trapping; presence and absense surveys; ad-hoc survey; bushmeat; systematic survey; monitoring; individual identification; tracks; Discriminant Function Analysis; genotyping; scat; Hair; Dna; remote photography; camera trapping; capture rates; Trailmaster; Camtrakker; bait; duikers; pigs; elephant; bongo; okapi; human hunters; 5300
Abstract Monitoring Techniques Forest leopards have never been systematically surveyed in African forests, in spite of their potentially vital ecological role as the sole large mammalian predators in these systems. Because leopards are rarely seen in this habitat, and are difficult to survey using the most common techniques for assessing relative abundances of forest mammals, baseline knowledge of leopard ecology and responses to human disturbance in African forests remain largely unknown. This technical handbook sums up the experience gained during a two-year study of leopards by Philipp Henschel in the Lop‚ Reserve in Gabon, Central Africa, in 2001/2002, supplemented by additional experience from carnivore studies conducted by Justina Ray in southwestern Central African Republic and eastern Congo (Zaire) . The main focus of this effort has been to develop a protocol that can be used by fieldworkers across west and central Africa to estimate leopard densities in various forest types. In developing this manual, Henschel tested several indirect methods to assess leopard numbers in both logged and unlogged forests, with the main effort devoted to testing remote photography survey methods developed for tigers by Karanth (e.g., Karanth 1995, Karanth & Nichols 1998; 2000; 2002), and modifying them for the specific conditions characterizing African forest environments. This handbook summarizes the results of the field testing, and provides recommendations for techniques to assess leopard presence/absence, relative abundance, and densities in African forest sites. We briefly review the suitability of various methods for different study objectives and go into particular detail on remote photography survey methodology, adapting previously developed methods and sampling considerations specifically to the African forest environment. Finally, we briefly discuss how camera trapping may be used as a tool to survey other forest mammals. Developing a survey protocol for African leopards is a necessary first step towards a regional assessment and priority setting exercise targeted at forest leopards, similar to those carried out on large carnivores in Asian and South American forests.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor Wildlife Conservation Society
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 515 Serial 382
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Author Yang, Q.
Title Further study on the geographical distribution and conservation of snow leopard in Qinghai, P.R. China Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1992 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-7
Keywords China; conservation; distribution; Qinghai; snow leopard; survey
Abstract
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Notes Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Academia sinica, Xining, Qinghai, P.R. China 810001 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 920 Serial 1049
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Author Koshkarev, E.P.
Title Range Structure, Numbers and Population Status of the Snow Leopard in the Tien Shan Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1992 Publication Snow Line Abbreviated Journal
Volume x Issue 2 Pages 2-6
Keywords Tian-Shan; surveys; status; distribution; density; Pamir; habitat; browse; Tien-Shan; 4690
Abstract
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Seattle Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Area Expedition Conference
Notes Translated by Marina Proutkina and Kathleen Braden Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 456 Serial 575
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Author Freeman, H.
Title What's Happening in Mongolia Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1996 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume xiv Issue Pages 1
Keywords Macne; Tserendeleg; Incentive-program; surveys; Tost; Monkhstog; conservation; gobi; browse; 4530
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Islt Place of Publication Seattle Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snowline Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 441 Serial 325
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Author Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association
Title Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association Report March 2010 Type (down) Manuscript
Year 2010 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords nature; tourism; surveys; survey; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; attack; domestic; Animals; Animal; illegal; illegal hunting; hunting; territory; province; 2010; hunt; 1990; movements; movement; pasture; desert; number; species; birds; river; mountain; hunters; hunter; recent; government; structure; management; national; central; people; Report; gobi; Gobi Desert; reproduction; Adult; meat; food; ibex; wild; wild sheep; sheep; marmot; nutrition; schools; population; use; local; big; big game; big-game; game; 310; mountains; wolves; wolf; Seasons; times; zones; global; Mongolia; 40; history; ecology
Abstract In accordance with order of the Ministry of Nature and Tourism,

zoologists of our association have made surveys in three ways such as

reasons why snow leopards attack domestic animals, “Snow leopard” trial

operation to count them and illegal hunting in territories of Khovd,

Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor, Uvurkhangai and Umnugobi provinces from

September 2009 to January 2010. As result of these surveys it has made

the following conclusions in the followings: Reason to hunt them illegally: the principal reason is that

administrative units have been increased and territories of

administrative units have been diminished. There have been four

provinces in 1924 to 1926, 18 since 1965, 21 since 1990. Such situation

limits movements of herdsmen completely and pastures digressed much than

ever before. As result of such situation, 70% of pastures become desert.

Such digression caused not only heads of animals and also number of

species. Guarantee is that birds such as owls, cuckoo, willow grouse in

banks of Uyert river, Burkhanbuudai mountain, located in Biger soum,

Gobi-Altai province, which are not hunted by hunters, are disappearing

in the recent two decades. For that reason we consider it is urgently

necessary for the government to convert administrative unit structures

into four provinces. This would influence herdsmen moving across

hundreds km and pastures could depart from digression.

Second reason: cooperative movement won. The issues related to management and strengthening of national

cooperatives, considered by Central Committee of Mongolian People's

Revolutionary Party in the meeting in March 1953 was the start of

cooperatives' movement. Consideration by Yu. Tsedenbal, chairman of

Ministers Council, chairman of the MPRP, on report “Result of to unify

popular units and some important issues to maintain entity management of

agricultural cooperatives” in the fourth meeting by the Central

Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party /MPRP/ on December

16-17, 1959, proclaimed complete victory of cooperative. At the end of

1959, it could unify 767 small cooperative into 389 ones, unify 99.3 %

of herdsmen and socialize 73.3 % of animals. The remaining of animals

amount 6 million 163 thousands animals, and equals to 26.7% of total

animals. This concerned number of animals related to the article

mentioned that every family should have not more that 50 animals in

Khangai zone and not more 75 animals in Gobi desert. It shows that such

number could not satisfy needs of family if such number is divided into

five main animals in separating with reproduction animals and adult

animals. So herdsmen started hunt hoofed animals secretly and illegally

in order to satisfy their meat needs. Those animals included main food

of snow leopard such as ibex, wild sheep, and marmot. Third reason is that the state used to hunt ibex, which are main

nutrition of snow leopards, every year. The administrative unit of the

soum pursued policy to hunt ibex in order to provide meat needs of

secondary schools and hospitals. That's why this affected decrease of

ibex population. Preciously from 1986 to 1990 the permissions to hunt

one thousands of wild sheep and two thousands of ibexes were hunt for

domestic alimentary use every year. Not less than 10 local hunters of every soum used to take part in big

game of ibexes. Also they hunted many ibexes, chose 3-10 best ibexes and

hid them in the mountains for their consummation during hunting.

Fourth reason: hunting of wolves. Until 1990 the state used to give

prizes to hunter, who killed a wolf in any seasons of the year. Firstly

it offered a sheep for the wolf hunter and later it gave 25 tugrugs /15

USD/. Every year, wolf hunting was organized several times especially

picking wolf-cubs influenced spread and population of wolves. So snow

leopard came to the places where wolves survived before and attack

domestic animals. Such situation continued until 1990. Now population of

ibexes has decreased than before 1990 since the state stopped hunting

wolves, population of wolves increased in mountainous zones. We didn't

consider it had been right since it was natural event. However

population of ibexes decreased. Fifth reason: Global warming. In recent five years it has had a drought

and natural disaster from excessive snow in the places where it has

never had such natural disasters before. But Mongolia has 40 million

heads of domestic animals it has never increased like such quantity in

its history before. We consider it is not incorrect that decrease of

domestic animals could give opportunities to raise population of wild

animals. Our next survey is to make attempt to fix heads of snow leopards

correctly with low costs.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1100 Serial 705
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Ale, S., Shrestha, B., and Jackson, R.
Title On the status of Snow Leopard Panthera Uncia (Schreber 1775) in Annapurna, Nepal Type (down) Journal Article
Year 2014 Publication Journal of Threatened Taxa Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 6(3) Pages 5534-5543
Keywords Annapurna, Blue Sheep, Buddhism, camera-trapping, Himalayas, Mustang, sign-survey, Snow Leopard.
Abstract
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1407
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Author Korablev, M. P., Poyarkov, A. D., Karnaukhov, A. S., Zvychaynaya, E. Y., Kuksin, A. N., Malykh, S. V., Istomov, S. V., Spitsyn, S. V., Aleksandrov, D. Y., Hernandez-Blanco, J. A., Munkhtsog, B., Munkhtogtokh, O., Putintsev, N. I., Vereshchagin, A. S., Becmurody, A., Afzunov, S., Rozhnov, V. V.
Title Large-scale and fine-grain population structure and genetic diversity of snow leopards (Panthera uncia Schreber, 1776) from the northern and western parts of the range with an emphasis on the Russian population. Type (down) Journal Article
Year 2021 Publication Conservation Genetics Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Snow leopard, Panthera uncia, Microsatellites, Heterozygosity, Population structure, Noninvasive survey, Scat, Subspecies
Abstract The snow leopard (Panthera uncia Schreber, 1776) population in Russia and Mongolia is situated at the northern edge of the range, where instability of ecological conditions and of prey availability may serve as prerequisites for demographic instability and, consequently, for reducing the genetic diversity. Moreover, this northern area of the species distribution is connected with the western and central parts by only a few small fragments of potential habitats in the Tian-Shan spurs in China and Kazakhstan. Given this structure of the range, the restriction of gene flow between the northern and other regions of snow leopard distribution can be expected. Under these conditions, data on population genetics would be extremely important for assessment of genetic diversity, population structure and gene flow both at regional and large-scale level. To investigate large-scale and fine-grain population structure and levels of genetic diversity we analyzed 108 snow leopards identified from noninvasively collected scat samples from Russia and Mongolia (the northern part of the range) as well as from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (the western part of the range) using panel of eight polymorphic microsatellites. We found low to moderate levels of genetic diversity in the studied populations. Among local habitats, the highest heterozygosity and allelic richness were recorded in Kyrgyzstan (He = 0.66 ± 0.03, Ho = 0.70 ± 0.04, Ar = 3.17) whereas the lowest diversity was found in a periphery subpopulation in Buryatia Republic of Russia (He = 0.41 ± 0.12, Ho = 0.29 ± 0.05, Ar = 2.33). In general, snow leopards from the western range exhibit greater genetic diversity (He = 0.68 ± 0.04, Ho = 0.66 ± 0.03, Ar = 4.95) compared to those from the northern range (He = 0.60 ± 0.06, Ho = 0.49 ± 0.02, Ar = 4.45). In addition, we have identified signs of fragmentation in the northern habitat, which have led to significant genetic divergence between subpopulations in Russia. Multiple analyses of genetic structure support considerable genetic differentiation between the northern and western range parts, which may testify to subspecies subdivision of snow leopards from these regions. The observed patterns of genetic structure are evidence for delineation of several management units within the studied populations, requiring individual approaches for conservation initiatives, particularly related to translocation events. The causes for the revealed patterns of genetic structure and levels of genetic diversity are discussed.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1633
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Author Ghoshal, A., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Pandav, B., Sharma, K., Mshra, C.
Title Assessing changes in distribution of the Endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia and its wild prey over 2 decades in the Indian Himalaya through interviewbased occupancy surveys Type (down) Journal Article
Year 2017 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-13
Keywords Asiatic ibex, blue sheep, carnivore, occupancy, snow leopard, survey, threat, ungulate
Abstract Understanding species distributions, patterns of

change and threats can form the basis for assessing the conservation

status of elusive species that are difficult to survey.

The snow leopard Panthera uncia is the top predator of the

Central and South Asian mountains. Knowledge of the distribution

and status of this elusive felid and its wild prey is

limited. Using recall-based key-informant interviews we estimated

site use by snow leopards and their primary wild

prey, blue sheep Pseudois nayaur and Asiatic ibex Capra

sibirica, across two time periods (past: &#63281;&#63289;&#63288;&#63285;&#65533;&#63281;&#63289;&#63289;&#63282;; recent:

&#63282;&#63280;&#63280;&#63288;&#65533;&#63282;&#63280;&#63281;&#63282;) in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. We

also conducted a threat assessment for the recent period.

Probability of site use was similar across the two time periods

for snow leopards, blue sheep and ibex, whereas for wild

prey (blue sheep and ibex combined) overall there was an

&#63288;% contraction. Although our surveys were conducted in

areas within the presumed distribution range of the snow

leopard, we found snow leopards were using only &#63287;&#63285;% of

the area (&#63281;&#63284;,&#63286;&#63281;&#63286; km&#63282;). Blue sheep and ibex had distinct distribution

ranges. Snow leopards and their wild prey were not

restricted to protected areas, which encompassed only &#63281;&#63287;%

of their distribution within the study area. Migratory livestock

grazing was pervasive across ibex distribution range

and was the most widespread and serious conservation

threat. Depredation by free-ranging dogs, and illegal hunting

and wildlife trade were the other severe threats. Our

results underscore the importance of community-based, landscape-

scale conservation approaches and caution against reliance

on geophysical and opinion-based distribution maps that have been used to estimate national and global snow leopard ranges.
Address
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1463
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Kanderian, N., Lawson, D., Zahler, P.
Title Current status of wildlife and conservation in Afghanistan Type (down) Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication International Journal of Environmental Studies Abbreviated Journal
Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages 281-298
Keywords Afghanistan; Biodiversity; Deforestation; Hunting; Illegal trade; Agriculture; Livelihood; Governance; Survey; Training
Abstract Afghanistan’s position in latitude, geography and at the intersection of three biogeographic realms has resulted in a surprising biodiversity. Its wildlife includes species such as the snow leopard, Asiatic black bear, Marco Polo sheep, markhor and greater flamingo. Principal threats include high levels of deforestation, land encroachment and hunting for food and trade. Continuing security issues have also made it difficult to monitor species abundance and population trends. Over the last decade, however, survey efforts have provided the first collection of species and habitat data since the late 1970s. Initial findings are enabling the Government and rural communities to begin implementing important conservation measures. This process has included policy development and protected area planning, promoting alternative livelihoods and responsible community management, and continuing research into the status of biodiversity in the field.
Address Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, New York, 10460, USA
Corporate Author Wildlife Conservation Society Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1348
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Moheb, Z., Rajabi, A. M., Jahed, N., Ostrowski, S., Zahler, P. I., Fuller, T. K.
Title Using double-observer surveys to monitor urial and ibex populations in the Hindu Kush of Wakhan National Park, Afghanistan Type (down) Journal Article
Year 2022 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-7
Keywords Capra sibirica, density, double-observer survey, herd composition, herd size, Ovis vignei, ungulates, viewshed
Abstract We surveyed the urial Ovis vignei and Siberian ibex Capra sibirica in the Hindu Kush mountain range of Wakhan National Park in north-eastern Afghanistan to determine their population status and identify potential drivers of population change. We conducted two double- observer ground surveys, in April–May 2015 and 2018, in 10 areas (total = 288 km2). Urial herds were mostly com- posed of both sexes (78% of observed herds), the mean adult sex ratio (females:males) was 100:70, and the mean female:juvenile ratio was 100:53. In 2018 we calculated a urial density of 35/100 km2, compared to 72/100 km2 in 2015. Ibex herds were mostly (79%) composed of both sexes, the mean adult sex ratio (females:males) was 100:103, and the mean female:juvenile ratio was 100:58. Ibex density estimates were similar in 2015 and 2018 (c. 250/100 km2). We discuss the usefulness of the double-observer methods for ungulate surveys, highlight the value of viewshed calculations and discuss the possible causes of urial population decline. To ensure the conservation of these ungulate populations, we recommend continued regular monitoring, measures to address poaching and research to clarify the taxonomical status of urials in Wakhan.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1707
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Thapa, K., Pradhan, N, M, B., Barker, J., Dhakal, M., Bhandari, A, R., Gurung, G, S., Rai, D, P., Thapa, G, J., Shrestha, S., Singh, G, R.
Title High elevation record of a leopard cat in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal Type (down) Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication Cat News Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue No 58 Pages 26-27
Keywords leopard cat, camera trapping survey, Nepal
Abstract During a camera trapping survey in Khambachen valley of Kangchenjunga Conservation

Area KCA from 24 April to 26 May 2012 we camera trapped one leopard cat

Prionailurus bengalensis at an altitude of 4,474 meter. This is probably the highest

altitudinal record for the species in its range. Additionally, one melanistic leopard

Panthera pardus was captured at an altitude of 4,300 m, which is probably as well the

highest documented record in the country. Yet at this stage, no obvious reason can

explain these unusual high records for both species, thus more surveys are recommended

for this region.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1394
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Author Tumursukh, L., Suryawanshi, K. R., Mishra, C., McCarthy, T. M., Boldgiv, B.
Title Status of the mountain ungulate prey of the Endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia in the Tost Local Protected Area, South Gobi, Mongolia Type (down) Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-6
Keywords Argali, Central Asia, double-observer survey, ibex, Panthera uncia, snow leopard, ungulate prey
Abstract The availability of wild prey is a critical predictor of carnivore density. However, few conservation pro- grammes have focused on the estimation and monitoring of wild ungulate populations and their trends, especially in the remote mountains of Central Asia. We conducted double-observer surveys to estimate the populations of ibex Capra sibirica and argali Ovis ammon in the mountain- ous regions of Tost Local Protected Area, South Gobi prov- ince, Mongolia, which is being considered for designation as a Nature Reserve. We also conducted demographic surveys of the more abundant ibex to examine their sex-ratio and the survival of young during &#63282;&#63280;&#63281;&#63282;–&#63282;&#63280;&#63281;&#63283;. The estimated ibex population remained stable in &#63282;&#63280;&#63281;&#63282; and &#63282;&#63280;&#63281;&#63283; and the es- timated argali population increased from &#63281;&#63280;&#63288; in &#63282;&#63280;&#63281;&#63282; to &#63282;&#63283;&#63280; in &#63282;&#63280;&#63281;&#63283;. The biomass of wild ungulates was c. &#63286;% that of live- stock. Mortality in young ibex appeared to increase after weaning, at the age of &#63281;&#63282; months. We estimated the popula- tion of wild ungulates was sufficient to support &#63281;&#63284;–&#63281;&#63288; adult snow leopards Panthera uncia. The adult snow leopard population in our study area during &#63282;&#63280;&#63281;&#63282;–&#63282;&#63280;&#63281;&#63283;, estimated independently using camera-trap-based mark–recapture methods, was &#63281;&#63282;–&#63281;&#63284;. Based on our results we identify the Tost Local Protected Area as an important habitat for the conservation of these ungulates and their predator, the Endangered snow leopard, and recommend elevation of its status to a Nature Reserve.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1425
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Author Schaller, G.B.
Title Status of large mammals in the Taxkorgan Reserve, Xinjiang, China Type (down) Journal Article
Year 1987 Publication Biological-Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume 42 Issue 1 Pages 53-71
Keywords Marco-Polo; sheep; Ovis-ammon-poli; Asiatic; ibex; Capra-ibex; blue-sheep; Pseudois-nayaur; snow; leopard; Panthera-uncia; wolf; Canis-lupus; brown; bear; Ursus-arctos; marmot; survey; status; China; Taxkorgan; reserve; capra ibex; snow leopard; blue; browse; marco polo; ovis; ammon; poli; capra; pseudois nayaur; panthera; uncia; canis; lupus; ursus arctos; 880
Abstract A status survey of large mammals was conducted in the W half of 14 000 km“SUP 2” Taxkorgan Reserve. Only one viable population of fewer than 150 Marco Polo sheep Ovis ammon poli survives; it appears to be augmented by adult males from Russia and Afghanistan during the winter rut. Asiatic ibex Capra ibex occur primarily in the western part of the reserve and blue sheep Pseudois nayaur – the most abundant wild ungulate – in the E and SE parts. The 2 species overlap in the area of contact. Counts revealed an average wild ungulate density of 0.34 animals km“SUP -2”. Snow leopard Panthera uncia were rare, with possibly 50-75 in the reserve, as were wolves Canis lupus and brown bear Ursus arctos. The principal spring food of snow leopard was blue sheep (60%) and marmot (29%). Local people have greatly decimated wildlife. Overgrazing by livestock and overuse of shrubs for fuelwood is turning this arid steppe habitat into desert. -from Authors
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Notes Full Text Available at URLDocument Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 100 Serial 866
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Author Ming, M.; Baowen, H.; Yu, M.; McCarthy, T.
Title Survey on Bird Species and Analysis on Bird Diversity in the Central Kunlun Mountains in the Early Winter Type (down) Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication Arid Zone Research Abbreviated Journal
Volume 27 Issue 2 Pages 227-232
Keywords survey; species; analysis; diversity; central; Kunlun; mountains; mountain; winter
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1098 Serial 687
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Author Jackson, R.; Roe, J.; Wangchuk, R.; Hunter, D.
Title Camera-Trapping of Snow Leopards Type (down) Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Cat News Abbreviated Journal
Volume 42 Issue Spring Pages 19-21
Keywords camera trapping; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; felids; tigers; tiger; techniques; surveys; survey; information; factor; marking; behavior; Ahlborn; Jackson; habitat; status; range; census; India; Hemis; High; national; national park; National-park; park; Ladakh; leh
Abstract Solitary felids like tigers and snow leopards are notoriously difficult to enumerate, and indirect techniques like pugmark surveys often produce ambiguous information that is difficult to interpret because many factors influence marking behavior and frequency (Ahlborn & Jackson 1988). Considering the snow leopard's rugged habitat, it is not surprising then that information on its current status and occupied range is very limited. We adapted the camera-trapping techniques pioneered by Ullas Karanth and his associates for counting Bengal tigers to the census taking of snow leopards in the Rumbak watershed of the India's Hemis High Altitude National Park (HNP), located in Ladakh near Leh (76ø 50' to 77ø 45' East; 33ø 15' to 34ø 20'North).
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1017 Serial 475
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Author Ming, M.
Title A diary of infrared photography Type (down) Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication Man & the Biosphere Abbreviated Journal
Volume 54 Issue 6 Pages 26-35
Keywords photography; us; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; Tianshan Mountains; mountains; mountain; work; field; field survey; field-survey; survey; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; Kunlun; Chinese
Abstract The vivid and interesting stories recorded by the diary which is written by the professor Ma Ming tell us specific details of surveying Snow Leopard in the Tianshan Mountains. The members of the team overcame all kinds of difficulties and dangers with persistent enthusiasm for this work, finally, satisfactorily finishing the field survey. Recently, Ma Ming just has accomplished the preliminary investigation of snow leopards in Kunlun Mountains. If you want to share the experience of the surveying, please read this diary (http://maming3211.blog.163.com).

http://space.tv.cctv.com/act/video.jsp?videoId=VIDE1230446448556286 http://maming3211.blog.163.com/blog/static/109271612008112681931339/
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 980 Serial 686
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Author Ming, M.; Yun, G.; Bo, W.
Title Chinese snow leopard team goes into action Type (down) Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication Man & the Biosphere Abbreviated Journal
Volume 54 Issue 6 Pages 18-25
Keywords Chinese; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; action; China; country; countries; number; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; survey; research; recent; Xinjiang; ecology; tracking; Animal; field; Kunlun; camera; capture; Animals; survival
Abstract China, the world's most populous country, also contains the largest number of Snow Leopards of any country in the world. But the survey and research of the snow leopard had been very little for the second half of the 20th century. Until recent years, the members of Xinjiang Snow Leopards Group (XSLG/SLT/XFC) , the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences have been tracking down the solitary animal. The journal reporter does a face-to-face interview with professor Ma Ming who is a main responsible expert of the survey team. By the account of such conversation, we learn the achievements, advances and difficulty of research of snow leopards in the field, Tianshan and Kunlun, Xinjiang, the far west China, and we also know that why the team adopt the infrared camera to capture the animals. Last but not least professor talked about the survival menace faced by the Snow Leopards in Xinjiang.
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Notes In Chinese; Edited by this magazine <Man & the Biosphere> Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 978 Serial 685
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Author Ming, M.; Chundawat R.S.; Jumabay, K.; Wu, Y.; Aizeizi, Q.; Zhu, M.H.
Title Camera trapping of snow leopards for the photo capture rate and population size in the Muzat Valley of Tianshan Mountains Type (down) Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication Acta Theriologica Sinica Abbreviated Journal
Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 788-793
Keywords behavior; camera trapping; capture; China; Chinese; density; feces; fox; ibex; infrared trapping cameras; livestock; photo; population; research; reserve; sign; snow leopard; survey; Tianshan Mountains; Tomur; transect; Uncia uncia; Xinjiang
Abstract The main purpose of this work was to study the use of infrared trapping cameras to estimate snow leopard Uncia uncia population size in a specific study area. This is the first time a study of this nature has taken place in China. During 71 days of field work, a total of 36 cameras were set up in five different small vales of the Muzat Valley adjacent to the Tomur Nature Reserve in Xinjiang Province, E80ø35' – 81ø00' and N42ø00' – 42ø10', elevation 2'300 – 3'000 m, from 18th October to 27th December 2005. We expended approximately 2094 trap days and nights total (c. 50'256 hours). At least 32 pictures of snow leopards, 22 pictures of other wild species (e.g. chukor, wild pig, ibex, red fox, cape hare) and 72 pictures of livestock were taken by the passive Cam Trakker (CT) train monitor in about 16 points of the Muzat Valley. The movement distance of snow leopard was 3-10 km/day. And the capture rate or photographic rate of snow leopard was 1.53%. Meanwhile, 20 transects were run and 31 feces sample were collected. According to 32 photos, photographic rate and sign survey after snowing on the spot, were about 5-8 individuals of snow leopards in the research area, and the minimum density of snow leopard in Muzat Valley was 2.0 – 3.2 individuals/100 km2. We observed the behavior of ibex for 77.3 hours, and found about 20 groups and a total of approximately 264 ibexes in the research area.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 971 Serial 683
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Author Harris, R.B.; Pletscher, D.H.; Loggers, C.O.; Miller, D.J.
Title Status and trends of Tibetan plateau mammalian fauna, Yeniugou, China Type (down) Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication Biological Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume 87 Issue Pages 13-19
Keywords argali; blue sheep; China; conservation; Qinghai; survey; Tibetan antelope; Tibetan gazelle; Tibetan wild ass; white-lipped deer; wild; yak; Yeniugou; 5210
Abstract We conducted surveys focusing on the unique and vulnerable ungulate species in Yeniugou, Qinghai province, China, during September 1997 to compare population estimates with those from the early 1990s. The status of two ungulate species appeared essentially unchanged since 1990ñ1992: wild yak Bos grunniens (about 1200 to 1300 animals) and Tibetan gazelle Procapra picti- caudata. The status of one ungulate species, the white-lipped deer Cervus albirostris, appeared to improve, from a very few to close to 100. We are unsure how the status of the Tibetan wild ass Equus kiang compares with that of the early 1990s. The status of three species declined during the period: blue sheep Pseudois nayaur and argali Ovis ammon declined slightly (possibly due to a weather event), and the Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsoni declined dramatically (probably due primarily to poaching), from over 2000 estimated in 1991 to only two seen during 1997. Poaching of antelope has become a serious problem throughout the Tibetan plateau in recent years, and this survey provides evidence that an entire subpopulation can disappear (either through mortality, movement away from human disturbance or a combination) within a relatively short time-frame. That some species (e.g. wild yak, white-lipped deer) continue to thrive in Yeniugou is heartening, but even they remain vulnerable to market-driven poaching.#1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 506 Serial 373
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Author Mallon, D.
Title The snow leopard in Ladakh Type (down) Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 4 Issue Pages 23-37
Keywords Ladakh; India; livestock; herders; tracking; tracks; surveys; sign; distribution; predator; prey; herder; mortality; conservation; status; browse; 2380
Abstract Reports on 1 summer survey and four winter surveys covering some 3100 km in Ladakh, India. Reports on snow leopard sign commonly found, distribution, prey, attacks on livestock and peoples reaction, mortality factors and conservation status. Suggest recomendations for preventing unnecessary killing of snow leopards and estimates population of 100 to 200 snow leopards in Ladakh
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Notes Full text available at URL Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 78 Serial 642
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Author Slifka, K.; Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, S.M.; Bowen, P.; Crissey, S.
Title A Survey of Serum and Dietary Carotenoids in Captive Wild Animals Type (down) Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication The Journal of Nutrition Abbreviated Journal
Volume 129 Issue Pages 380-390
Keywords captive; carotenoids; dietary; Serum; snow leopard; survey; wild; Animals; Animal
Abstract Accumulation of carotenoids varies greatly among animal species and is not fully characterized.

Circulating carotenoid concentration data in captive wild animals are limited and may be useful for their management.

Serum carotenoid concentrations and dietary intakes were surveyed and the extent of accumulation

categorized for 76 species of captive wild animals at Brookfield Zoo. Blood samples were obtained opportunistically

from 275 individual animals immobilized for a variety of reasons; serum was analyzed for a- and b-carotene,

lutein 1 zeaxanthin, lycopene, b-cryptoxanthin and canthaxanthin. Total carotenoid content of diets was calculated

from tables and chemical analyses of commonly consumed dietary components. Diets were categorized as

low, moderate or high in carotenoid content as were total serum carotenoid concentrations. Animals were

classified as unknown, high, moderate or low (non-) accumulators of dietary cartenoids. Nonaccumulators had total

serum carotenoid concentrations of 0-101 nmol/L, whereas accumulators had concentrations that ranged widely,

from 225 to 35,351 nmol/L. Primates were uniquely distinguished by the widest range of type and concentration

of carotenoids in their sera. Most were classified as high to moderate accumulators. Felids had high accumulation

of b-carotene regardless of dietary intake, whereas a wide range of exotic birds accumulated only the xanthophylls,

lutein 1 zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin or cryptoxanthin. The exotic ungulates, with the exception of the bovids, had

negligible or nondetectable carotenoid serum concentrations despite moderate intakes. Bovids accumulated only

b-carotene despite moderately high lutein 1 zeaxanthin intakes. Wild captive species demonstrated a wide variety

of carotenoid accumulation patterns, which could be exploited to answer remaining questions concerning carotenoid

metabolism and function.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 257 Serial 896
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