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Author Koshkarev, E.P.
Title Characteristics of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) movements in the Tien Shan Type (up) Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 4 Issue Pages 15-21
Keywords Tien-Shan; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; behavior; habitat; tracks; tracking; prey; predator; ibex; kills; browse; tien shan; soviet union; soviet; union; 2750
Abstract Reports on a 3 yr winter study of snow leopard movements and activity, based on following tracks in the snow in Tien Shan Mountains of USSR. Travel route preference is examined with regard to snow and terrain characteristics, and prey abundance. Snow leopard kills of ibex and hare are noted
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Notes Full text available at URL Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 403 Serial 570
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Author Koshkarev, E.P.
Title An Unusual Hunt Type (up) Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 5 Issue Pages 9-12
Keywords Tien-Shan; tracking; feces; ibex; hunting; predator; prey; browse; behavior; 940
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Notes Full text available at URLTien Shan High Mountain Physical Geography Staion, Kirghizian Academy of Sciences (Pokrovka) USSRDocument Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 402 Serial 571
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Author Koshkarev, E.P.
Title On the environment-related stability of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) populations in connection with their distribution in the natural habitats and changes for spread within the USSR Type (up) Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 6 Issue Pages 37-50
Keywords Tein-Shan; distribution; population; Ussr; former-soviet-republic; Russia; snow-leopard; Uncia-uncia; browse; former soviet republic; former; soviet; republic; uncia; 900
Abstract The stability of animal populations in respect of the influence of the environment is well known to be conditioned by their location in the natural habitat and their ability to establish new territories. In the peripheral regions of natural habitat, however-in the zone that is ecologically least favourable-the situation of the animal is most unstable. This is due to increased pressure of environmental factors which favour neither a high frequency of contacts between individuals belonging to sperate populations nor an increase in the number of such contatcs and their stabilization. In our opinion, this describes the situation that has come about in certain regions inhabited by the snow leopard in the Soviet Union.
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Notes Tien Shan High Mountain Physical and Geographical Station, Academy of Science of the Kirghisian Societ Socialist Republic, Village of Pokrovka, Kirghisian SSR, USSR (full text at URL)Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 158 Serial 574
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Author Kuznetsnov, G.U.; Matyushkin, E.N.
Title The snow leopard hunts Type (up) Journal Article
Year 1980 Publication Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 11 Issue Pages 44-48
Keywords Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; Tien-Shan; hunting; behavior; predator; prey; browse; soviet; union; tien; shan; 3760
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Notes Describes observations of a snow leopard hunting ibex in the western Tien Shan Mountains of USSR. The hunt was unsucceseful, but the account provides information on behavior of both the snow leoaprd and ibex in a predator prey relationship Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 56 Serial 599
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Author Lane, B.C.
Title Stalking the snow leopard: a reflection on work Type (up) Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication The Christian Century Abbreviated Journal
Volume 101 Issue Pages 79
Keywords tracking; browse; 1210
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 73 Serial 609
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Author Lanier, D.L.; Dewsbury, D.A.
Title A quantitative study of copulatory behaviour of large Felidae Type (up) Journal Article
Year 1976 Publication Behavioural-Processes Abbreviated Journal
Volume 1 Issue 4 Pages 327-333
Keywords behavior; breeding; mating; copulation; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; reproduction; browse; 1590
Abstract Observed a total of 109 copulations in 6 male-female pairs from 4 species of large Felidae. The mean intromission durations were 3.0 sec for Asian leopards (Panthera pardus), 3.3 sec for African leopards (P. pardus), 12.9 sec for snow leopards (Uncia uncia), 2.3 sec for spotted jaguars (P. onca), 3.3 sec for black jaguars (P. onca), and 12.4 sec for Siberian tigers (P. tigris). Behavioral patterns were qualitatively similar across species; all displayed a copulatory pattern with no lock, no intravaginal thrusting, ejaculation on a single insertion, and multiple ejaculations. Whereas domestic cats are reported to assume a neck grip and to tread prior to insertion, these larger Felidae generally did so after intromission had been achieved. After copulation, females of some pairs swiped at the male and displayed a rolling after-reaction. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned)
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Notes Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers BV. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 32 Serial 610
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Author Liao, Y.F.
Title The Geographical Distribution of Ounces in Qinghai Province Type (up) Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Acta Theriologica Sinica Abbreviated Journal
Volume 5 Issue 3 Pages 183-188
Keywords China; Qinghai; distribution; browse; 5470; ounce; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; province; 20; Qilian; number; 40; Male; Female; park; Adult; bharal; Pseudois; breeding; people; birth; young; Chinese
Abstract This paper deals with the geographical distribution of ounces (Panthera uncia) in Qinghai Province. Ounces are distributed in 20 counties- Guide, Huzhu, Menyuan, Qilian, Tianjun, Dulan, Golmud, Guinan, Xinghai, Zhidoi, Zadoi, Nangqen, Yushu, Chindu, Qumarleb, Madio, Maqen, Jigzhi, Baima, Darlag. Among them, there fore 4 counties- Qilian, Tianjun, Dulan, Zadoi, in which the number of ounces are bigger. The number of ounces are shown in table 2. There are altogether 73 ounces (40 male, 33 female) which is supported to every park of China for ornamental, they were captured by fellow-villagers, and 44 ounces (23 male, 21 female) of them are below 6 months old, 9 ounces (6 male, 3 female) of them are 1 year old, 2 ounces (male) are 2 years old, and 18 ounces (9 male, 9 female) are adults.

Ounces live at an altitude of 3000-4100 metres above the sea, and prefer to eat Bharal (Pseudois noyour). Its breeding period goes from April to June, the number of embryos being 2-3.

A female ounce was successfully reproduced for the first time at Xining People's Park of China, in Spetember, 1984, and she gave birth to 3 young ounces.
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Notes Document Type: Chinese Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 531 Serial 617
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Author Linnell, J.; Swenson, J.; Landa A.; and Kvam, T.
Title Methods for monitoring European large carnivores – A worldwide review of relevant experience Type (up) Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication NINA Oppdragsmelding Abbreviated Journal
Volume 549 Issue Pages 1-38
Keywords carnivore; monitoring; census; bear; Lynx; wolf; wolverine; 5310
Abstract Against a background of recovering large carnivore populations in Norway, and many other areas of Europe, it is becoming increasingly important to develop methods to monitor their populations. A variety of parameters can monitored depending on objectives. These parameters include: presence/absense, distribution, population trend indices, minimum counts, statistical estimates of population size, reproductive parameters and health/condition. Three broad categories of monitoring techniques can be recognised each with increasing levels of fieldwork required. The first category includes those techniques that do not require original fieldwork. The second category involves fieldwork, but where individually recognisable carnivores are not available. The third category includes methods where fieldwork has recognisable individuals available. Different mehtods tend to have been used for different species, mainly because of limitations imposed by the different species' ecology. The most precise estimates of population size have been obtained in research projects with relatively small study sites and with the help of radio-telemetry. However, it may be difficult, or impossible, to apply these methods over large monitoring areas. Therefore, in terms of practical management, a combination of minimum counts, supported by an independent index may be more useful than statistical population estimates. All methods should be subject to a careful design process, and power analysis should be conducted to determine the sensitivity of the method to detect changes.

Based on the review of over 200 papers and reports we recommend a package of complementary monitoring methods for brown bear, wolverine, lynx and wolf in Norway. These include the use of observations from the public and reports of predation on livestock to determine broad patterns of distribution, and an index based on hunter observations per hunting day, for all four species. Minimum counts of reproductive units, natal dens, family groups, and packs, should be obtained from snow-tracking for wolverines, lynx and wolves respectively. In addition a track-count index should be obtained for wolverines and lynx. As much data as possible should be obtained of lynx and wolvereines killed in the annual harvest. Brown bears will be difficult to monitor without the use of radio-telemetry, therfore they may require periodic telemetry based, mark-recapture studies. Such a program can easily be constructed within existing central and regional wildlife management structures, but will require extensive involvement from hunters.
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Notes Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 516 Serial 622
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Author Loginov, I.; Loginov, O.
Title Elusive and Endangered:the snow leopard of Central Asia Type (up) Journal Article
Year 1995 Publication Russian Conservation News Abbreviated Journal
Volume 4 Issue August Pages 19-21
Keywords Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; asia; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 3090
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 285 Serial 624
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Author Lutz, H.; Hofmann-Lehmann, R.; Fehr, D.; Leutenegger, C.; Hartmann, M.; Ossent, P.; Grob, M.; Elgizoli, M.; Weilenmann, P.
Title Liberation of the wilderness of wild felids bred under human custody: Danger of release of viral infections Type (up) Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Schweizer Archiv fuer Tierheilkunde Abbreviated Journal
Volume 138 Issue 12 Pages 579-585
Keywords endangered-species; European-Wild-Cat; Fiv; Fpv; Host; Human-Custody; infection; Pathogen; Reintroduction-Projects; Relocation-Projects; survival; Tibet; Veterinary-Medicine; Viral-Disease; Viral-Infection; Wild-Felid; Wild-Felid-Breeding; Wilderness-Liberation; Wildlife-Management; browse; endangered; species; european; wild; cat; Human; custody; reintroduction; project; relocation; veterinary; medicine; Viral; Disease; wild felid; breeding; wilderness; liberation; management; 690
Abstract There are several felidae amongst the numerous endangered species. Means of aiding survival are the reintroduction to the wild of animals bred under the auspices of man and their relocation from densely populated to thinly populated areas. It is unlikely that the dangers of such reintroduction or relocation projects have been examined sufficiently in respect to the risks of virus infections confronting individuals kept in zoos or similar situations. This report presents infections may be expected to occur when relo- three examples to illustrate that accidental virus cating and reintroducing wild cats. The first example is the reintroduction of captive snow leopards. Zoo bred snow leopards may be infected with FIV, a virus infection that is highly unlikely to occur in the original hirnalayan highlands of Tibet and China. A second example is of several cases of FIP that occured in European wild cats bred in groups in captivity. The third example mentioned is the relocation of hons from East Africa where all the commonly known feline viruses are wide-spread to the Etosha National Park. In the latter, virus infections such as FIV, FCV and FPV do not occur. The indiscriminate relocation and reintroduction of the wild cats mentioned here harbours a potential of undesirable consequences.
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Notes Document Type: German Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 287 Serial 629
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