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	Author	Loginov, I.; Loginov, O.
	Title	Elusive and Endangered:the snow leopard of Central Asia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Russian Conservation News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	4	Issue	August	Pages	19-21
	Keywords	Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; asia; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 3090
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 285			Serial	624
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	Author	Lutz, H.; Hofmann-Lehmann, R.; Fehr, D.; Leutenegger, C.; Hartmann, M.; Ossent, P.; Grob, M.; Elgizoli, M.; Weilenmann, P.
	Title	Liberation of the wilderness of wild felids bred under human custody: Danger of release of viral infections			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Schweizer Archiv fuer Tierheilkunde	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	138	Issue	12	Pages	579-585
	Keywords	endangered-species; European-Wild-Cat; Fiv; Fpv; Host; Human-Custody; infection; Pathogen; Reintroduction-Projects; Relocation-Projects; survival; Tibet; Veterinary-Medicine; Viral-Disease; Viral-Infection; Wild-Felid; Wild-Felid-Breeding; Wilderness-Liberation; Wildlife-Management; browse; endangered; species; european; wild; cat; Human; custody; reintroduction; project; relocation; veterinary; medicine; Viral; Disease; wild felid; breeding; wilderness; liberation; management; 690
	Abstract	There are several felidae amongst the numerous endangered species. Means of aiding survival are the reintroduction to the wild of animals bred under the auspices of man and their relocation from densely populated to thinly populated areas. It is unlikely that the dangers of such reintroduction or relocation projects have been examined sufficiently in respect to the risks of virus infections confronting individuals kept in zoos or similar situations. This report presents infections may be expected to occur when relo- three examples to illustrate that accidental virus cating and reintroducing wild cats. The first example is the reintroduction of captive snow leopards. Zoo bred snow leopards may be infected with FIV, a virus infection that is highly unlikely to occur in the original hirnalayan highlands of Tibet and China. A second example is of several cases of FIP that occured in European wild cats bred in groups in captivity. The third example mentioned is the relocation of hons from East Africa where all the commonly known feline viruses are wide-spread to the Etosha National Park. In the latter, virus infections such as FIV, FCV and FPV do not occur. The indiscriminate relocation and reintroduction of the wild cats mentioned here harbours a potential of undesirable consequences.
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	Notes	Document Type: German			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 287			Serial	629
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	Author	Macdonald, A.A.; Johnstone, M.
	Title	Comparative anatomy of the cardiac foramen ovale in cats (Felidae), dogs (Canidae), bears (Ursidae) and hyaenas (Hyaenidae)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	J Anat	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	186 ( Pt 2)	Issue		Pages	235-243
	Keywords	Animal; Newborn; Bears: anatomy & histology; Carnivora: anatomy & histology: embryology; Cats: anatomy & histology; Dogs: anatomy & histology; Heart Septum: anatomy & histology: embryology; Support,Non-U.S.Gov't; bear; anatomy; histology; Carnivora; embryology; Cats; cat; bears; Dog; Dogs; heart; septum; browse; non; gov't; us; government; 160
	Abstract	The structure of the foramen ovale from 16 species representing 4 carnivore families, the Felidae, Canidae, Ursidae and Hyaenidae, was studied using the scanning electron microscope. The Felidae were represented by 9 domestic cat fetuses (Felis catus), 2 snow leopard neonates (Uncia uncia), an ocelot neonate (Leopardus pardalis), 2 lion neonates (Panthera leo), a panther neonate (Panthera pardus) and 3 tigers (Neofelis tigris), comprising 2 fetuses and a neonate. The Canidae were represented by a golden jackal neonate (Canis aureus), a newborn wolf (Canis lupus), 8 domestic dog fetuses (Canis familiaris), 3 red fox neonates (Vulpes vulpes) and a dhole neonate (Cuon alpinus). The Ursidae were represented by a brown bear neonate (Ursus arctos), a day-old grizzly bear cub (Ursus arctos horribilis), a polar bear neonate (Ursus maritimus), and 2 additional bear fetuses (species unknown). The Hyaenidae were represented by a striped hyaena neonate (Hyaena hyaena). In each species, the foramen ovale, when viewed from the terminal part of the caudal vena cava, had the appearance of a short tunnel. A thin fold of tissue, the developed remains of the embryonic septum primum, extended from the distal end of the caudal vena cava for a variable distance into the lumen of the left atrium and contributed towards the 'tunnel' appearance in all specimens. It constituted a large proportion of the tube, and its distal end was straight-edged. There was fibrous material underlying the endothelium of the flap, the apparent morphology of which suggested that it comprised cardiac muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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	ISSN	0021-8782	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 269			Serial	632
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	Author	Machado, C.; Brown, P.; Turner, R.
	Title	Dental crown restorations on a snow leopard			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Journal Of Zoo Animal Medicine	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	15	Issue	4	Pages	146-150
	Keywords	dentistry; veterinary; medical; medicine; zoo; zoos; captivity; browse; 1560
	Abstract	In the spring of 1983 the San Francisco Zoo received a female snow leopard (Panthera uncia) as part of an exotic animal exchange program with the People's Republic of China. Upon examination, it was found that this nine-yea old, seventy-five pound, wild-trapped animal had sustained considerable dental injuries, including fractures of all maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth. The purpose of this paper is to describe the dental procedures undertaken to restore the physiological function of all four canines.
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	Notes	Addresses:MACHADO C, SAN FRANCISCO ZOO,SAN FRANCISCO,CA Publisher:AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS, MEDIA Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 74			Serial	633
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	Author	Maier, F.
	Title	Tracking the snow cat of Ice Mountain			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Wildlife Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	101	Issue	3	Pages	36
	Keywords	Eugene-Koshkarev; tracking; radio-collars; status; population; herder; trapping; predator; prey; hunting; Russia; herders; browse; Eugene; Koshkarev; radio; collar; collars; 1080
	Abstract	Snow leopard preservation efforts by Russian biologist Eugene Koshkarev are hampered by the lack of technology and the attitudes of the local population. Without access to radio-collars until recently, the biologists have had to use low-tech research methods such as field observation. The chabani, or semi-nomadic herders of Central Asia, fear the leopards as predators and set traps. Local governments also allow hunting
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 347			Serial	635
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	Author	Mainka, S.A.
	Title	Bilateral separation of the olecranon and proximal epiphysis from the ulnar diaphysis in a snow leopard cub			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	J Am Vet Med Assoc	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	189	Issue	9	Pages	1204-1205
	Keywords	Animal; Carnivora; injuries; Case-Report; Epiphyses; Forelimb; Male; Ulna; browse; 290
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	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 97			Serial	636
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	Author	Maity, B.; Chakraborty, G.; Pradhan, K.K.
	Title	Toxocariasis in snow leopard (Panthera unica)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Indian Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	71	Issue	5	Pages	499-501
	Keywords	toxocariasis; India; captivity; zoo; medical; medicine; veterinary; browse; 1410
	Abstract	Spontaneous occurrence of toxocariasis (Toxocaracati) in captive snow leopards with symptoms of diarrhoea, general malaise, letherapy, dehydration, partial or complete anorexia, vomiting with or without expulsion of the ascarid is reported. Response to anthelmintic drug pyrantal pamoate along with antibacterial drug sulphadimethyl pyrimidine and supportive therapy is recorded.
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 238			Serial	639
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	Author	Mallon, D.
	Title	The snow leopard in Ladakh			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	4	Issue		Pages	23-37
	Keywords	Ladakh; India; livestock; herders; tracking; tracks; surveys; sign; distribution; predator; prey; herder; mortality; conservation; status; browse; 2380
	Abstract	Reports on 1 summer survey and four winter surveys covering some 3100 km in Ladakh, India. Reports on snow leopard sign commonly found, distribution, prey, attacks on livestock and peoples reaction, mortality factors and conservation status. Suggest recomendations for preventing unnecessary killing of snow leopards and estimates population of 100 to 200 snow leopards in Ladakh
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	Notes	Full text available at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 78			Serial	642
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	Author	Mallon, D.
	Title	The Snow Leopard, Panthera uncia, in Mongolia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	4	Issue		Pages	3-9
	Keywords	Mongolia; snow-leopard; gobi; distribution; status; asia; herders; snow leopard; browse; 950
	Abstract	In the International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards 3, Blomqvist and Sten notes (1982) that no information had been recieved on the snow leopard in Mongolia. The present paper sets out to repair that omission by summarising the information in print on snow leopards in Mongolia and giving a brief account of its distribution in the country. This is essentially a review paper and it is hoped that more precise data may be obtained from fieldwork carried out in the future by Mongolian zoologist. The author worked in Mongolia for two years 1975-1977, and during that time collected information on mammals of Mongolia. Information on the snow leopard was obtained from colleagues at the State University of Mongolia; from zoologists and hunters; from herdsmen and local informants from all parts of the country and from three journeys made by the author: to the eastern Gobi Altai; the Khangai mountains, and a 2000 km journey through western Altai. In this paper, the term “Mongolia” refers to the territory of the Mongolian peoples Republic
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	Notes	Full text available at URLDocument Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 114			Serial	643
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	Author	Mallon, D.P.
	Title	Status and Conservation of Large Mammals in Ladakh			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Biological Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	56	Issue	1	Pages	101-119
	Keywords	Ladakh; India; snow-leopard; wolf; Canis-lupus; ibex; brown-bear; bear; Ursus-arctos; parks; reserves; hunting; herders; livestock; snow leopard; browse; canis; lupis; ursus; arctos; 800
	Abstract	The distribution and status of large mammals was surveyed in a 15 000 km2 study area in Ladakh, India. Snow leopard Panthera uncia, wolf Canis lupus, ibex Capra ibex and bharal Pseudois nayaur have an almost continuous distribution throughout; Ladakh urial Ovis vignei, Tibetan argali Ovis ammon, wild ass Equus kiang and brown bear Ursus arctos have a limited distribution. Snow leopard prefer lower altitudes and rocky, undisturbed areas. Ibex and bharal occupy similar rocky habitats but their ranges are mostly separate, with a small area of overlap. The Ladakh urial shows signs of recovery from an earlier decline. Natural resources are widely used for fuel, fodder and grazing, but favourable factors include a low human population, low level of hunting and the existence of some uninhabited and undisturbed areas. A comprehensive Protected Area Network has been proposed.
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	Notes	Publisher:ELSEVIER SCI LTD, OXFORD Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 175			Serial	647
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	Author	Martin, C.L.; Stiles, J.; Willis, M.
	Title	Feline colobomatous syndrome			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Veterinary-and-Comparative-Ophthalmology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	7	Issue	1	Pages	39-43
	Keywords	Blindness; Colobomatous-Syndrome; Congenital-Disease; Eye-Disease; Eyelid-Agenesis; Microphthalmos; Nervous-System; Nervous-System-Disease; Optic-Nerve; Retinal-Dysplasia; Sense-Organs; Veterinary-Medicine; veterinary; medical; browse; colobomatous; Syndrome; congenital; Disease; eye; eyelid; agenesis; nervous; system; Optic; Nerve; retinal; dysplasia; sense; organs; medicine; 1330
	Abstract	A syndrome of multiple congenital ocular anomalies in a litter of domestic kittens is described which appears identical to the multiple colobomatous syndrome described in captive Snow Leopards. The lesions varied between kittens in the litter, but ranged from microphthalmos with blindness to mild alterations in the lateral lid margins that resulted in trichiasis. The syndrome of eyelid agenesis in the domestic cat may encompass a broad range of congenital ocular lesions and multiple siblings, but the cause and mechanism of lesion formation is unknown.
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 319			Serial	650
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	Author	Matyushkin, E.N.
	Title	Tracks and tracking techniques in studies of large carnivorous mammals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Zoologichesky Zhurnal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	79	Issue	(4)	Pages	412-429
	Keywords	Lynx; Scent-Marking; Organization; population; behavior; Felidae; Forest; Russia; tracking; pug marks; scent; marking; browse; 60; Russian
	Abstract	In Russia, traditions of track observations and the use of tracking techniques in studying the ecology and behavior of mammals were founded by A.N. Formozov. An analytic review of his data on large carnivorous mammals (tiger, snow leopard, wolf, brown bear, wolverine, and others) is given. A special detailed observation of animals' tracks as a source of information on their life is shown only to start. The efficiency of track observations in various fields of studies, including counting animals, is estimated. The values of day and night distances for various animal species, given in literature, have never been properly substantiated methodically. The tracking method is the most effective in studying the use of the home range by animals, drawing the network of their movements and scent-marking behavior. The hunting behavior of large predators in dense forests is can only be deduced by observing their tracks. In some cases, the use of tracking has a distinct advantage over radio tracking. The main propositions are illustrated by the materials of the author obtained in various Russian regions (in forests of the northern Russian Plain and southern Far east) for 1958-1998.
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	Notes	Document Type: Russian			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 391			Serial	652
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	Author	McCarthy, T.; Allen, P.
	Title	Knitting for snow leopards			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Cat News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	30	Issue		Pages	24-25
	Keywords	conservation-programs; endangered; threatened-species; human-dimensions; management; conservation; asia; Mongolia; herder; herding; herders; browse; threatened; species; programs; Human; dimensions.; 1040
	Abstract	The authors describe an innovative conservation program for the endangered snow leopard. A program was established in which herding families in Mongolia knit scarves, gloves, and hats from camel, sheep, and cashmere wool for sale as eco-friendly products. The program increases family incomes, brings in revenue for conservation programs, and educates the herders on the leopards. klf.
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	Notes	Full Text at URL. Author Contact: 4649 Sunnyside Ave N. ,Suite 325, Seattle Wa 98103Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 368			Serial	659
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	Author	McVittie, R.
	Title	Nursing behavior of snow leopard cubs			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1978	Publication	Applied-Animal-Ethology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	4	Issue	2	Pages	159-168
	Keywords	suckling; behavior; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; browse; 1580
	Abstract	Reports that a preliminary project on nursing behavior in 3 young snow leopards revealed 2 phases in suckling pattern: nonnutritive and nutritive. The latter was distinguished by stereotypic rhythmical movements of the ears associated with swallowing. The cubs also demonstrated a teat preference, but the adaptive significance of such preferences and the accompanying agonistic behavior were unclear. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned)
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 37			Serial	669
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	Author	Medvedev, D.G.
	Title	The Snow Leopard in the Eastern Sayan Mountains			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	6	Issue		Pages	17-19
	Keywords	Sayan; siberia; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; status; distribution; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 2870
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	Notes	Full text available at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 164			Serial	671
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	Author	Mishra, C.; Rawat, G.S.
	Title	Livestock grazing and Biodiversity Conservation: Comments on Saberwal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Conservation Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12	Issue		Pages	25-32
	Keywords	conservation; Saberwal; biodiversity; livestock; grazing; predator; prey; browse; 1950
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 341			Serial	690
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	Author	Mishra, C.
	Title	Socio-economic transition and wildlife conservation in the Indian Trans-Himalaya			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	97	Issue	1	Pages	25-32
	Keywords	economics; economy; conservation; Himalaya; trans-himalaya; India; Ladakh; browse; transhimalaya; 1940
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	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 388			Serial	691
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	Author	Murray, D.; Kapke, C.; Evermann, J.; Fuller, T.
	Title	Infectious disease and the conservation of free-ranging large carnivores			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Animal Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	241-254
	Keywords	infectous disease; free ranging; browse; infectious; Disease; 80
	Abstract	Large carnivores are of vital importance to the stability and integrity of most ecosystems, but recent declines in free-ranging populations have highlighted the potentially devastating effect of infectious diseases on their conservation. We reviewed the literature on infectious diseases of 34 large (maximum body mass of adults >20 kg) terrestrial carnivore species, 18 of which are considered to be threatened in the wild, and examined reports of antibody prevalence (seroprevalence) and cases of infection, mortality and population decline. Of 52 diseases examined, 44% were viral, 31% bacterial and the remainder were protozoal or fungal. Many infections were endemic in carnivores and/or infected multiple taxonomic families, with the majority probably occurring via inhalation or ingestion. Most disease studies consisted of serological surveys for disease antibodies, and antibody detection tended to be widespread implying that exposure to micro-organisms was common. Seroprevalence was higher in tropical than temperate areas, and marginally higher for infections known to occur in multiple carnivore groups. Confirmation of active infection via micro-organism recovery was less common for ursids than other taxonomic groups. Published descriptions of disease-induced population decline or extinction were rare, and most outbreaks were allegedly the result of direct transmission of rabies or canine distemper virus (CDV) from abundant carnivore species to less-common large carnivores. We conclude that the threat of disease epidemics in large carnivores may be serious if otherwise lethal infections are endemic in reservoir hosts and transmitted horizontally among taxa. To prevent or mitigate future population declines, research efforts should be aimed at identifying both the diseases of potential importance to large carnivores and the ecological conditions associated with their spread and severity.
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 356			Serial	708
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	Author	Nolte-Wilson, B.
	Title	Soveriegn of menaced realm: the snow leopard			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Natura WWF-Pakistan Newsletter	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	3-9
	Keywords	Pakistan; browse; behavior; Chitrol-Gol; baiting; spays; pug; scrapes; habitat; 3130
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	Notes	Full Text at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 171			Serial	723
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	Author	Olaf, R.P.; Edmonds, B.; Gittleman, J.; Purvis, A.
	Title	Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	74	Issue		Pages	143-175
	Keywords	Carnivora; character-congruence; taxonomic-congruence; supertree; matrix-representation; parsimony; divergence-times; fossil-dates; molecular-clock; macroevolution; taxonomy; Evolution; browse; character; congruence; taxonomic; matrix; representation; divergence; times; fossil; dates; Molecular; clock; 1220
	Abstract	One way to build larger, more comprehensive phylogenies is to combine the vast amount of phylogenetic information already available. We review the two main strategies for accomplishing this (combining raw data versus combining trees), but employ a relatively new variant of the latter: supertree construction. The utility of one supertree technique, matrix representation using parsimony analysis (MRP), is demonstrated by deriving a complete phylogeny for all 271 extant species of the Carnivora from 177 literature sources. Beyond providing a `consensus' estimate of carnivore phylogeny, the tree also indicates taxa for which the relationships remain controversial (e.g. the red panda; within canids, felids, and hyaenids) or have not been studied in any great detail (e.g. herpestids, viverrids, and intrageneric relationships in the procyonids). Times of divergence throughout the tree were also estimated from 74 literature sources based on both fossil and molecular data. We use the phylogeny to show that some lineages within the Mustelinae and Canidae contain significantly more species than expected for their age, illustrating the tree's utility for studies of macroevolution. It will also provide a useful foundation for comparative and conservational studies involving the carnivores. (Received June 2 1998)(Revised November 27 1998)(Accepted December 16 1998)
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	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Copyright c Cambridge Philosophical Society 1999 Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 371			Serial	739
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	Author	Oli, M.
	Title	Local Hostility to Snow Leopards			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Cat News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	16	Issue		Pages	10
	Keywords	livestock; herders; conflict; hunting; poaching; browse; 3520
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 200			Serial	740
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	Author	Oli, M.K.; Taylor, I.R.; Rogers, M.K.
	Title	Diet of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of Zoology London	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	231	Issue	3	Pages	365-370
	Keywords	predation; scats; prey; Nepal; blue-sheep; marmot; yaks; pika; livestock; diet; blue; sheep; browse; 770
	Abstract	The diet of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) was studied from 213 scats collected between April 1990 and February 1991 in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Seven species of wild and five species of domestic mammals were taken, as well as an unidentified mammal and birds. Blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) were the most frequently eaten prey. Himalayan marmots (Marmota himalayana) were also important, except in winter when they were hibernating. During winter, snow leopards ate more Royle's pika (Ochotona roylei) and domestic livestock. Yaks were eaten more frequently than other livestock types.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: English Call Number: QL1 .J879			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 206			Serial	744
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	Author	Oli, M.K.
	Title	A key for the identification of the hair of mammals of a snow leopard (Panthera uncia) habitat in Nepal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of Zoology London	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	231	Issue	1	Pages	71-93
	Keywords	Nepal; snow leopard; scats; Hair; diet; identification; Panthera-uncia; browse; panthera uncia; panthera; uncia; 780
	Abstract	Analysis of prey remains in scats, particularly hairs, in widely used to study diet of mammalian predators, but identification of hair is often difficult because hair structures vary considerably both within and between species. Use of photographic reference of diagnostically important hair structures from mammals occurring in a predator's habitat has been found to be convenient for routine identification. A photographic reference key was developed for the identification of hairs of the mammals known to occur in a snow leopard (Panthera uncia) habitat in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. The key included a photographic reference of the diagnostic hair structures of nine species of wild and five species of domestic mammals. The cross-sectional appearance, shape and arrangement of medulla, the ratio of cortex to medulla, and the form and distribution of pigment in medulla and cortex were important diagnostic aids in the identification of hairs.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: English Call Number: QL1 .J879			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 207			Serial	745
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	Author	Oli, M.K.
	Title	Snow leopards and blue sheep in Nepal: Densities and predator: prey ratio			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Journal of Mammalogy	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	75	Issue	4	Pages	998-1004
	Keywords	Nepal; blue-sheep; prey; livestock; predation; blue; sheep; browse; 740; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; blue sheep; densities; density; predator
	Abstract	I studied snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in Manang District, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, to estimate numbers and analyze predator-prey interactions. Five to seven adult leopards used the 10-5-km-2 study area, a density of 4.8 to 6.7 leopards/100 km-2. Density of blue sheep was 6.6 10.2 sheep/km-2, and biomass density was 304 kg/km-2. Estimated relative biomass consumed by snow leopards suggested that blue sheep were the most important prey; marmots (Marmota himalayana) also contributed significantly to the diel of snow leopards Snow leopards in Manang were estimated to harvest 9-20% of total biomass and 11-24% of total number of blue sheep annually. Snow leopard: blue sheep ratio was 1:114-1:159 on a weight basis, which was considered sustainable given the importance of small mammals in the leopard's diet and the absence of other competing predators.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: English Call Number: 599.05 JO			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 236			Serial	746
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	Author	Oli, M.K.; Taylor, I.R.; Rogers, M.E.
	Title	Snow leopard Panthera unica predation of livestock: An assessment of local perceptions in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Biological Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	68	Issue	1	Pages	63-68
	Keywords	predation; livestock; herders; goat; sheep; oxen; horse; Panthera-uncia; Nepal; snow-leopard; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; public attitudes; snow leopard; browse; panthera uncia; uncia; panthera; annapurna conservation area; annapurna; conservation; area; public; attitudes; 750
	Abstract	Public attitudes towards snow leopard Panthera uncia predation of domestic livestock were investigated by a questionnaire survey of four villages in snow leopard habitat within the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Most local inhabitants were subsistence farmers, many dependent upon yaks, oxen, horses and goats, with an average livestock holding of 26.6 animals per household. Reported losses to snow leopards averaged 0.6 and 0.7 animals per household in two years of study, constituting 2.6% of total stockholding but representing in monetary terms almost a quarter of the average annual Nepali national per capita income. Local people held strongly negative attitudes towards snow leopards and most suggested that total extermination of leopards was the only acceptable solution to the predation problem. Snow leopards were reported to be killed by herdsmen in defence of their livestock. The long-term success of snow leopard conservation programmes may depend upon the satisfactory resolution of the predation conflict. Some possible ways of reducing predation losses are also discussed.
	Address
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: English Call Number: S900 .B5			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 237			Serial	747
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