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	Author	Oli, M.K.; Taylor, I.R.; Rogers, M.E.
	Title	Snow leopard Panthera unica predation of livestock: An assessment of local perceptions in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Biological Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	68	Issue	1	Pages	63-68
	Keywords	predation; livestock; herders; goat; sheep; oxen; horse; Panthera-uncia; Nepal; snow-leopard; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; public attitudes; snow leopard; browse; panthera uncia; uncia; panthera; annapurna conservation area; annapurna; conservation; area; public; attitudes; 750
	Abstract	Public attitudes towards snow leopard Panthera uncia predation of domestic livestock were investigated by a questionnaire survey of four villages in snow leopard habitat within the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Most local inhabitants were subsistence farmers, many dependent upon yaks, oxen, horses and goats, with an average livestock holding of 26.6 animals per household. Reported losses to snow leopards averaged 0.6 and 0.7 animals per household in two years of study, constituting 2.6% of total stockholding but representing in monetary terms almost a quarter of the average annual Nepali national per capita income. Local people held strongly negative attitudes towards snow leopards and most suggested that total extermination of leopards was the only acceptable solution to the predation problem. Snow leopards were reported to be killed by herdsmen in defence of their livestock. The long-term success of snow leopard conservation programmes may depend upon the satisfactory resolution of the predation conflict. Some possible ways of reducing predation losses are also discussed.
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	Notes	Document Type: English Call Number: S900 .B5			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 237			Serial	747
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	Author	Oli, M.K.; Rogers, E.M.
	Title	Seasonal pattern in group size and population composition of blue sheep in Manang, Nepal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Journal of Wildlife Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	60	Issue	4	Pages	797-801
	Keywords	prey; snow leopard; panthera uncia; Nepal; annapurna conservation area; predator; blue; sheep; browse; Panthera-uncia; panthera; uncia; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; annapurna; conservation; area; 650
	Abstract	Blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) are the principal prey of the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in the Himalayas and adjacent ranges. We studied group size and population composition of blue sheep in Manang District, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Overall mean group size was 15.6 (SE = 1.3), but it varied seasonally (P lt 0.001), with significantly smaller groups in winter than in other seasons. Mixed groups were most numerous in all seasons, and there was no evidence of sexual segregation. Yearling sex ratio (93.7 M:100 F) did not vary seasonally, nor did the ratio deviate from parity. Adult sex ratio showed a seasonal pattern favoring males post-parturition but female-biased during the rut and pre-parturition. Seasonal variation in sex-specific mortality is offered as a plausible explanation for the observed pattern in adult sex ratio.
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	Notes	Document Type: English Call Number: 639.105 JO			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 288			Serial	750
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	Author	Prakash, I.
	Title	Asian predators of livestock			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Parasites, pests and predators.World animal science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	B2	Issue		Pages	405-410
	Keywords	predators; asia; snow-leopard; livestock; status; prey; Panthera-uncia; distribution; predator; snow leopard; browse; panthera uncia; panthera; uncia; 870
	Abstract	Outlines the distribution, status and predatory behaviour on livestock of Chinese alligator Alligator sinensis, gharial Gavialis gangeticus and several species of Crocodylus and Python; and of wolf Canis lupus, Asiatic jackal C. aureus, dhole (Indian wild dog) Cuon alpinus, brown bear Ursus arctos, Asiatic black bear Selenarctos thibetanus, striped hyaena Hyaena hyaena, clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa, leopard (panther) Panthera pardus, tiger P. tigris, lion P. leo, snow leopard P. uncia, other Felidae and Viverridae. -P.J.Jarvis
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	Notes	ED: Gaafar,-S.M.; et-al.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 84			Serial	791
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	Author	Rana, B.S.
	Title	Distinguishing kills of two large mammalian predators in Spiti Valley Himachal Pradesh			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	J.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	94	Issue	3	Pages	553
	Keywords	behavior; endangered; threatened species; foods; feeding; mammals; predation; wildlife; livestock relationships; snow leopard; Tibetan wolf; prey; livestock; India; panthera uncia; canis lupis; browse; threatened; species; relationships; tibetan; wolf; panthera; uncia; canis; lupis; 610
	Abstract	The author studied livestock killed by predators in the Spiti Valley, India, to determine what species had killed yaks, horses, donkeys, and other domestic animals. Eleven of the kills examined were made by snow leopards and six by the Tibetan wolf. Wolves were involved in surplus killings, while snow leopards kill as food is needed. lgh
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 326			Serial	804
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	Author	Schaller, G.B.; Jurang, R.; Mingjiang, Q.
	Title	Status of snow leopard (Panthera-uncia) in Qinghai-Province and Gansu Province-China			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Biological Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	45	Issue	3	Pages	179-194
	Keywords	status; population; China; Qinhai-province; Gansu-province; conservation; snow-leopard; Panthera-uncia; prey; ungulates; blue-sheep; marmot; snow leopard; blue; sheep; browse; qinhai province; qinhai; province; gansu province; gansu; panthera uncia; panthera; uncia; 860
	Abstract	The status and distribution of the snow leopard Panthera uncia was investigated in two provinces of China. The cats occur over about 65,000km2 or 9% of the Qinghai Province, and in a few places along the western edge of Gansu Province. In many areas the animals have in recent decades been decimated or locally eradicated, as have their prey. Counts of wild ungulates in 9 mountain block, totalling 1375km2, known for abundant wildlife, had an average of 1.4-5.4 animals km2, principally blue sheep Psuedois nayaur, which together with marmot Marmota himalayana, represent the snow leopards main prey. Possibly 650 snow leopards survive in Qinghai but shooting and trapping of this legally protected animal and the hunting of blue sheep for local consumtion and export threaten their existence.
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	Notes	Publisher:ELSEVIER SCI LTD, OXFORD			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 113			Serial	867
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	Author	Yanfa, L.
	Title	A preliminary investigation into the geographic distribution of the snow leopard Panthera uncia Schreber			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Acta Theriologica Sinica	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5	Issue	3	Pages	184-188
	Keywords	distribution; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; Chinese
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	Publisher		Place of Publication	China	Editor
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	Notes	In both Chinese and English.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 974			Serial	1044
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	Author	Marma, B.B., Yunchis, V.V.
	Title	Biology of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia uncia)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1969	Publication	Zoologicheskii Zhurnal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	47	Issue	11	Pages	1689-1694
	Keywords	snow leopard, captivity, Panthera uncia, reproduction, Kaunas Zoo, Lithuania
	Abstract	The methods to obtain progeny of the snow-leopard (Panthera uncia uncia) in captivity were being elaborated in the zoological garden of Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR. The blood characteristics for snow-leopards is given and compared to that for African lions and Sumatran tigers. A series of internal, external and clinical indices is established. The rut lasts for 5-7 day, the duration of pregnancy equals 98 days. The duration of lactation varies from 3 to 4 months. Sexual maturity is attained on the 3rd-4th year. From 1960 to 1967 in zoological ghardens of the world abuot 29 snow-leopards were born. 14 of them -- in the Kauna zoological garden.
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	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1249
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	Author	Wegge, P., Shrestha, R., Flagstad, O.
	Title	Snow leopard Panthera uncia predation on livestock and wild prey in a mountain valley in northern Nepal: implications for conservation management			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Wildlife Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	18	Issue	10.2981/11-049	Pages	131-141
	Keywords	bharal, blue sheep, diet, genetic sampling, naur, Panthera uncia, predation, Pseudois nayaur, scat analysis, snow leopard, wildlife conflict
	Abstract	The globally endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia is sparsely distributed throughout the rugged mountains in Asia. Its habit of preying on livestock poses a main challenge to management. In the remote Phu valley in northern Nepal, we obtained reliable information on livestock losses and estimated predator abundance and diet composition from DNA analysis and prey remains in scats. The annual diet consisted of 42%livestock. Among the wild prey, bharal (blue sheep/ naur) Pseudois nayaur was by far the most common species (92%). Two independent abundance estimates suggested that there were six snow leopards in the valley during the course of our study. On average, each snow leopard killed about one livestock individual and two bharal permonth. Predation loss of livestock estimated fromprey remains in scats was 3.9%, which was in concordance with village records (4.0%). From a total count of bharal, the only large natural prey in the area and occurring at a density of 8.4 animals/km2 or about half the density of livestock, snow leopards were estimated to harvest 15.1% of the population annually. This predation rate approaches the natural, inherent recruitment rate of this species; in Phu the proportion of kids was estimated at 18.4%. High livestock losses have created a hostile attitude against the snow leopard and mitigation measures are needed. Among innovative management schemes now being implemented throughout the species’ range, compensation and insurance programmes coupled with other incentive measures are encouraged, rather than measures to reduce the snow leopard’s access to livestock. In areas like the Phu valley, where the natural prey base consists mainly of one ungulate species that is already heavily preyed upon, the latter approach, if implemented, will lead to increased predation on this prey, which over time may suppress numbers of both prey and predator.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1386
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	Author	Suryawanshi, K.R., Bhatnagar, Y. V. B., Redpath, S., Mishra, C.
	Title	People, predators and perceptions: patterns of livestock depredation by snow leopards and wolves			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Journal of Applied Ecology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	50	Issue		Pages	550-560
	Keywords	Canis lupus, Capra ibex, human–wildlife conflict, large carnivores, Panthera uncia, Pseudois nayaur, trans-Himalaya
	Abstract	1. Livestock depredation by large carnivores is an important conservation and economic concern and conservation management would benefit from a better understanding of spatial variation and underlying causes of depredation events. Focusing on the endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia and the wolf Canis lupus, we identify the ecological factors that predispose areas within a landscape to livestock depredation. We also examine the potential mismatch between reality and human perceptions of livestock depredation by these carnivores whose survival is threatened due to persecution by pastoralists. 2. We assessed the distribution of the snow leopard, wolf and wild ungulate prey through field surveys in the 4000 km2 Upper Spiti Landscape of trans-Himalayan India. We interviewed local people in all 25 villages to assess the distribution of livestock and peoples’ perceptions of the risk to livestock from these carnivores. We monitored village-level livestock mortality over a 2-year period to assess the actual level of livestock depredation. We quantified several possibly influential independent variables that together captured variation in topography, carnivore abundance and abundance and other attributes of livestock. We identified the key variables influencing livestock depredation using multiple logistic regressions and hierarchical partitioning. 3. Our results revealed notable differences in livestock selectivity and ecological correlates of livestock depredation – both perceived and actual – by snow leopards and wolves. Stocking density of large-bodied free-ranging livestock (yaks and horses) best explained people’s threat perception of livestock depredation by snow leopards, while actual livestock depredation was explained by the relative abundance of snow leopards and wild prey. In the case of wolves, peoples’ perception was best explained by abundance of wolves, while actual depredation by wolves was explained by habitat structure. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our results show that (i) human perceptions can be at odds with actual patterns of livestock depredation, (ii) increases in wild prey populations will intensify livestock depredation by snow leopards, and prey recovery programmes must be accompanied by measures to protect livestock, (iii) compensation or insurance programmes should target large-bodied livestock in snow leopard habitats and (iv) sustained awareness programmes are much needed, especially for the wolf.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1396
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	Author	Jumabay, K., Wegge, P., Mishra, C., Sharma, K
	Title	Large carnivores and low diversity of optimal prey: a comparison of the diets of snow leopards Panthera uncia and wolves Canis lupus in Sarychat-Ertash Reserve in Kyrgyzstan			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-7
	Keywords	Canis lupus, Central Asia, food habits, intraguild competition, Panthera uncia, scat analysis
	Abstract	In the cold and arid mountains of Central Asia, where the diversity and abundance of wild ungulates are generally low, resource partitioning among coexisting carnivores is probably less distinct than in prey-rich areas. Thus, similar-sized carnivores are likely to compete for food. We compared the summer diets of snow leopards Panthera uncia and wolves Canis lupus in Sarychat-Ertash Reserve in the Tien-Shan mountains of Kyrgyzstan, based on analysis of genetically confirmed scats. Abundances of the principal prey species, argali Ovis ammon and Siberian ibex Capra sibirica, were estimated from field surveys. The diets consisted of few species, with high interspecific overlap (Pianka’s index50.91). Argali was the predominant prey, with .50% frequency of occurrence in both snow leopard and wolf scats. This was followed by Siberian ibex and marmots Marmota baibacina. Being largely unavailable, remains of livestock were not detected in any of the scats. In the snow leopard diet, proportions of argali and ibex were in line with the relative availabilities of these animals in the Reserve. This was in contrast to the diet of wolf, where argali occurred according to availability and ibex was significantly underrepresented. The high diet overlap indicates that the two predators might compete for food when the diversity of profitable, large prey is low. Competition may be more intense in winter, when marmots are not available. Hunting of argali and ibex outside the Reserve may be unsustainable and therefore reduce their abundances over time. This will affect both predators negatively and intensify competition for food. Reduction in ibex populations will directly affect the snow leopard, and the wolf is likely to be indirectly affected as a result of increased snow leopard predation of argali.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1397
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